Abstract
目的
总结儿童肱骨远端骨干-干骺端交界区(distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction,DHMDJ)骨折治疗研究进展,为临床提供参考。
方法
广泛查阅国内外有关文献,对儿童DHMDJ横形骨折及内侧柱不稳定骨折特点及相关治疗方法进行总结分析。
结果
儿童DHMDJ骨折在临床并不少见,其骨折线位置较高,往往具有多方向不稳定性,治疗上闭合复位困难,容易引起肘关节冠状面和矢状面畸形等并发症。以往克氏针技术对于中、低位骨折疗效较好,但容易引起医源性尺神经损伤。弹性髓内钉适用于骨折线位置较高的横形骨折,然而需要二次手术取出内固定物,还可能导致医源性骺板损伤。外固定架是治疗DHMDJ骨折新方式,无论是横形骨折,还是内侧柱不稳定骨折,临床疗效均满意。然而,目前相关研究较少,多集中于生物力学研究,疗效缺少高质量临床研究支持。
结论
儿童DHMDJ骨折治疗以恢复骨折解剖对位和防止复位丢失为最终目的,内固定物选择取决于骨折线位置和骨折形态。
Keywords: 肱骨远端骨干-干骺端交界区, 骨折, 内侧柱, 治疗, 儿童
Abstract
Objective
To summarize the research progress in the treatment of distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (DHMDJ) fractures in children and to provide reference for clinical practice.
Methods
The characteristics and treatment methods of transverse and comminuted DHMDJ fractures in children were summarized and analyzed by referring to relevant literature at home and abroad.
Results
DHMDJ fractures in children are not uncommon clinically, with high fracture line position, multi-directional instability, difficult closed reduction in treatment, and easy to cause complications such as coronal and sagittal deformity of the elbow. The Kirschner wire technique was effective for DHMDJ fractures with the fracture line at the middle and low levels, but was prone to iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. Elastic stable intramedullary nail is suitable for higher-position transverse DHMDJ fractures. However, this technique requires a second operation to remove the internal fixator, and may cause iatrogenic epiphysis plate injury in children. External fixator is a new way to treat DHMDJ fractures, and it can show satisfactory results for transverse and comminuted DHMDJ fractures. However, at present, there are few relevant studies, and most of them focus on biomechanical studies, and the efficacy lacks high-quality clinical research support.
Conclusion
The ultimate goal of DHMDJ fracture treatment in children is to restore the anatomical alignment of the fracture and prevent the loss of reduction. The choice of internal fixator depends on the location of the fracture line and the shape of the fracture to provide personalized treatment.
Keywords: Distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction, fracture, media column, treatment, children
儿童肱骨远端骨干-干骺端交界区(distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction,DHMDJ)骨折是指从肱骨远端骨干沿干骺端开始增粗部位至肱骨鹰嘴窝上缘部分的骨折,属于特殊类型肱骨髁上骨折(supracondylar humeral fracture,SCF)[1-3],占儿童肱骨骨折的1.5%[4];2008年Fayssoux等[5]首次提出该骨折名称,并根据骨折线方向分为横形和斜形两种类型。随着研究深入,近年有学者提出了粉碎性DHMDJ骨折,骨折累及肱骨远端内、外侧柱,损伤程度更严重[6]。因此,根据骨折线和骨折块特点,DHMDJ骨折可分为横形、斜形和粉碎性骨折,后两种又统称为“不稳定骨折”[1, 7-10]。对于不稳定骨折,骨折线或骨折块累及肱骨远端内侧柱时,具有解剖特殊性,内侧柱塌陷在X线片上不仅易漏诊,而且经验缺乏的医生往往采取原位石膏固定治疗,错失手术机会导致肘内翻畸形[11]。现对儿童DHMDJ横形骨折以及内侧柱不稳定骨折特点及治疗方法作一综述,为临床治疗提供参考。
1. DHMDJ横形骨折
1.1. 骨折特点
DHMDJ横形骨折在冠状面上骨折线较为平直,治疗难点主要是闭合复位困难以及复位后不稳定。DHMDJ部位与肱骨远端髁上肌肉起点相邻,导致骨折端不稳定;而且骨折远端骨块较长,产生的移位力臂较大,因此患者轻微体位变动即可增加再移位风险。有学者认为横形骨折相比于斜形和粉碎性骨折所受到的暴力能量更大,移位更严重,而且DHMDJ区域断端接触面积更小,因此治疗更困难[5-6]。
1.2. 手术治疗
上述骨折特点导致DHMDJ横形骨折保守治疗困难,目前临床主要采用手术闭合复位内固定治疗,可选择内固定物包括克氏针、弹性髓内钉(elastic stable intramedullary nail,ESIN)、外固定架等[12-13],内固定物选择主要依据骨折线位置。
1.2.1. 克氏针固定
目前对于克氏针用于治疗DHMDJ横形骨折的主要争议是构型问题。对于常见的移位SCF,从外侧分散或者内、外侧交叉植入2~3枚克氏针即能提供足够稳定性[14-16]。也有研究证实外侧分散植针不仅能达满意固定效果,还能有效避免内侧植针造成的医源性尺神经损伤[17-20],但是这些克氏针构型需要满足在骨折块上呈最大分散这一基础[21-23]。也有研究表明,单独外侧植针固定导致的复位丢失发生率高于交叉植针,尤其对于一些不稳定SCF[18, 24-25]。一项生物力学研究显示外侧植针在非扭转应力中稳定性较高,而交叉植针在扭转应力中稳定性更高[26]。近年,一项有限元分析研究认为对于DHMDJ横形骨折,3枚克氏针交叉植入固定在抵抗屈曲、内翻、旋转应力中作用较强,外侧分散植入在抵抗伸直、外翻应力中作用较强[27]。有学者认为克氏针构型的选择要结合骨折特点,对于骨折线位置更高的DHMDJ骨折,从外侧植入2枚以上双皮质固定克氏针十分困难,此时内侧植针固定优势明显[7, 25]。另有研究提出了一种新的植针技术,通过提前穿入1枚髓腔针作为操纵杆先控制骨折远端骨块多向不稳定性,再结合2枚克氏针交叉植入固定,取得了与普通技术相似的临床和影像学结果,且手术时间明显缩短,术中复位和透视次数减少[28-29]。Ji等[12]的一项研究证实对植针分散度有决定性作用的近端外侧针,其植入高度有限,出针点有一个“临床最高点”,此时要求入针点经过肱骨小头骨化中心,通过选择更大的植针角度来实现更强的稳定性。因此,对于骨折线位置较高的DHMDJ横形骨折,克氏针应用较局限。
1.2.2. ESIN固定
ESIN主要用于治疗长骨骨干骨折[30-31]。对于DHMDJ横形骨折,ESIN的应用存在争议。董展等[32]通过对14例ESIN固定的DHMDJ横形骨折患儿长期随访,认为ESIN是一种安全可靠的治疗方法。有学者认为肱骨远端的“8”字横截面使得2枚ESIN能同时固定内、外侧柱,固定稳定性优于克氏针[4,33]。另有研究报道,DHMDJ骨折的骨块相对于骨干骨折远端部分较短, 如选择ESIN治疗,一方面不能遵守ESIN三点固定原则,无法获得足够稳定性;另一方面由于骨折远端植钉空间狭小,易引起医源性骺板损伤[5, 34-35],而且通常需要二次手术取出,创伤较大。相比于克氏针,ESIN固定骨折线位置较高的DHMDJ骨折具有更高稳定性,且不会出现克氏针出针高度受限问题。然而对于骨折线位置较低或者斜形骨折,ESIN交叉点往往会靠近骨折线,造成旋转不稳定。另外,ESIN是单平面固定,在矢状面应力和旋转应力作用下的稳定性弱于克氏针交叉植入,这些因素导致ESIN在DHMDJ横形骨折应用有限。相关生物力学研究[36-37]均证实了上述观点,研究进一步将横形骨折DHMDJ区域分成三部分,认为对于高位骨折ESIN是更好的固定方式,而对于中、低位骨折采取外侧植入2枚克氏针和内侧植入1枚克氏针的交叉固定方式最稳定。
1.2.3. 外固定架固定
多项研究表明外固定架在SCF中固定效果较好[38-41]。Hohloch等[13,42]认为外固定架联合尺侧克氏针固定SCF在内旋应力情况下稳定性优于交叉克氏针固定。但是由于内侧植针可能会引起尺神经损伤,因此大多数医生不建议这种方法。Liu等[27]的研究显示在DHMDJ骨折线内斜情况下,外固定架联合桡侧克氏针固定对水平应力有良好抵抗作用,但是对扭转应力的抵抗作用较差,这可能与桡侧克氏针应力集中点与旋转中心在骨折线上方有关;而在其他骨折线模式(外斜或者水平)中,此种固定方式稳定性较差。外固定架联合克氏针固定,外固定架能从整体上维持骨折远、近端力线,克氏针在局部发挥稳定性,两者相辅相成,术后患者能早期活动,尽早恢复功能。王磊等[43]采用外固定架联合克氏针固定治疗8例儿童DHMDJ横形骨折,术后均无严重并发症发生,并取得了较好肘关节功能,提示该联合固定方式用于DHMDJ骨折治疗的有效性。但是,由于此类骨折患者例数较少,目前相关研究多聚焦于有限元分析和生物力学研究,缺乏临床研究,未来需要更大样本临床病例研究指导临床治疗。
2. DHMDJ内侧柱不稳定骨折
2.1. 骨折特点
DHMDJ内侧柱不稳定骨折主要包括内侧柱粉碎和内侧柱骨折线倾斜。内侧柱粉碎定义为肱骨远端内侧柱有三角形小骨块导致内侧骨皮质接触不良[9,44]。肱骨髁上区域横截面有其独特性,内侧柱横截面仅占肱骨髁上区域总横截面的35%~40%[38],如果内侧骨块轻微移位或粉碎,即会造成DHMDJ区域内侧柱接触面积进一步减小,导致内侧柱不稳定,从而进一步出现内侧柱塌陷,进而造成肘内翻畸形。研究显示冠状面骨折线倾斜角度>10° 或矢状面>20° 的DHMDJ骨折容易出现旋转或伸直畸形[1, 7]。粉碎性骨折导致断端缝隙增大,骨膜撕裂严重,轴向和旋转不稳定进一步增加,治疗不当易出现复位丢失、肘内翻畸形等并发症[8-10]。对于难复性内侧柱不稳定骨折,手术技巧包括髓腔钉辅助复位、外固定架辅助复位、蚊氏钳撬拨辅助复位等方式,准确选择治疗方式对降低手术操作难度和维持复位后稳定性尤为重要。
2.2. 手术治疗
目前,DHMDJ内侧柱不稳定骨折主要治疗方式仍是闭合复位经皮克氏针固定。Larson等[45]的一项生物力学研究证实内侧柱粉碎增加了DHMDJ骨折的旋转不稳定性,同时对于内翻应力的抵抗也大大减小,对于此时内侧植入克氏针的必要性和有效性存在争议。有生物力学研究显示交叉克氏针抗扭转稳定性优于外侧针[24, 46]。Silva等[9]发现对于内侧柱完整的DHMDJ骨折,外侧分散植入3枚克氏针即可提供足够抗扭转强度,但是对于内侧柱粉碎骨折,2枚外侧针和1枚内侧针的交叉构型稳定性优于单纯外侧针构型。Chong等[21]的一项研究同样证实2枚外侧针和1枚内侧针构型能在骨折线处获得最理想的针距比和交叉角,获得最强稳定性。但是考虑到内侧植入克氏针存在尺神经损伤风险,有学者提倡采用单纯外侧植针规避风险发生[22]。Rees等[47]也认为交叉植针更适合稳定性差的DHMDJ骨折,但是建议在术中采用内旋应力测试判断内侧柱稳定性,从而确定是否有必要内侧植针以及植针数目。Kwak-Lee等[48]的一项研究证实外侧植针固定Gartland Ⅲ型SCF时,内侧柱粉碎是骨折复位丢失的危险因素。他们认为内侧柱粉碎导致克氏针在骨折线处的有效针距变小,使克氏针分散度降低,并且建议增加1枚内侧植针。其他研究同样证实了内侧柱粉碎对SCF内固定稳定性的影响[9-10, 44]。有研究表明对于内斜(骨折线内高外低)DHMDJ骨折,外固定架在抵抗屈伸以及内、外翻应力中作用较强,2枚内侧针和1枚外侧针构型在抵抗旋转应力中作用较强;对于外斜(骨折线外高内低)DHMDJ骨折,2枚外侧针和1枚内侧针构型在抵抗屈曲和旋转应力中作用较强,ESIN在抵抗伸直和内、外翻应力中作用较强[27]。
目前,对于内侧柱粉碎DHMDJ骨折研究偏少,内固定物也都局限于克氏针。Slongo等[38]认为内侧柱粉碎是外固定架应用指征,但是需要进一步临床及生物力学研究验证外固定架有效性。
3. 总结与展望
儿童DHMDJ骨折特点、治疗方式与SCF既有共性,也有其特性,包括骨折复位及内固定物植入困难、复位后稳定性差、容易再移位遗留并发症等特点。儿童DHMDJ骨折的治疗需要仔细评估后,个性化选择内固定物及其构型,以达到最佳治疗结果。对于内侧柱不稳定DHMDJ骨折,推荐外固定架和克氏针联合应用,增强整体和局部固定效能。目前,DHMDJ骨折研究以生物力学研究为主,而且多局限于横形骨折,手术固定方式报道也较单一,疗效缺少高质量临床研究支持。未来需要研究更多更安全以及有效的固定方式,用于临床儿童DHMDJ骨折的治疗。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点及报道
作者贡献声明 申向阳:文献检索、论文撰写;贾国强:论文指导及修改
Funding Statement
安徽省卫生健康委员会资助项目(AHWJ2023BAa0106);安徽医科大学基金(2022xkj111);国家临床重点专科建设项目
Projects Supported by Anhui Provincial Health Commission (AHWJ2023BAa0106); Anhui Medical University Foundation (2022xkj111); National Clinical Key Specialty Foundation
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