Abstract
目的
对人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)不同手术入路及MRI评估研究进行综述,明确不同手术入路可能造成的肌肉损伤,帮助临床医生术中进行规避并在术后识别某些肌肉相关并发症的成因。
方法
广泛查阅国内外有关THA不同手术入路及MRI评估的研究文献,总结后入路、改良直接外侧入路、直接前入路以及微创前外侧入路(又称慕尼黑骨外科入路)的MRI表现。
结果
传统后入路主要损伤短外旋肌群,增大术后脱位率;保留梨状肌后入路可以明显改善术后梨状肌肌腱质量,但可能导致梨状肌盆腔内部分损伤。改良直接外侧入路主要损伤臀中肌,增大术后跛行风险。直接前入路主要损伤阔筋膜张肌,以及可能会造成短外旋肌群和切口周围肌肉损伤。微创前外侧入路主要损伤臀上神经,继而导致阔筋膜张肌去神经化,还可能导致臀中肌和臀小肌损伤。肌肉损伤情况明显影响THA预后,微创入路更适用于老年患者。
结论
通过MRI可以明确不同手术入路造成的不同类型肌肉损伤。相比传统入路,微创入路可以减少肌肉损伤、改善术后功能,且老年患者受益更多;但由于微创入路术野较小,强行扩大术野将导致意料之外的肌肉损伤,影响术后功能恢复。
Keywords: 人工全髋关节置换术, MRI, 手术入路, 肌肉损伤
Abstract
Objective
To review the research on different surgical approaches and MRI evaluation of total hip arthroplasty (THA), to clarify the possible muscle damage caused by different approaches, and to help clinicians avoid intraoperative muscle damage and identify the causes of certain muscle-related complications after operation.
Methods
The research literature on different surgical approaches and MRI evaluation of THA at home and abroad was extensively reviewed to summarize the MRI performance of the posterior approach, modified direct lateral approach, direct anterior approach, and minimally invasive anterolateral approach (also called Orthopadische Chirurgie Munchen approach).
Results
The traditional posterior approach mainly damages the short external rotator muscle group and increases the incidence of postoperative dislocation; the piriformis-keeping posterior approach significantly improves the quality of the pyriformis tendon in the postoperative period, but it may lead to damage to the intrapelvic portion of the piriformis muscle. The modified direct lateral approach mainly damages the gluteus medius muscle, which increases the risk of postoperative claudication. The direct anterior approach mainly damages the vastus tensoris muscle and may result in damage to the short external rotator muscle group and the muscles around the incision. The minimally invasive anterolateral approach primarily damages the superior gluteal nerve, which subsequently leads to denervation of the broad fascial tensor fasciae latae, and this approach may also result in injury to the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles. The muscle damage status significantly affects prognosis, and the minimally invasive approach is more suitable for elderly patients.
Conclusion
MRI can clarify the different types of muscle damage caused by different surgical approaches. Minimally invasive approaches can reduce muscle damage and improve postoperative function compared with traditional approaches, and can benefit elderly patients more, but due to the small field, forcing to expand the surgical field will lead to unintended muscle damage and reduce postoperative function.
Keywords: Total hip arthroplasty, MRI, surgical approach, muscle damage
人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)是治疗各种终末期髋关节疾病的有效方法,可以缓解疼痛、恢复关节功能并改善患者生活质量[1]。既往几十年间,THA手术量在全世界范围呈增长趋势,如今全球手术量每年超过100万例,预计到2030年全球手术量将达到每年200万例[2]。
传统THA入路包括后入路、直接前入路等。研究发现,术后关节周围肌肉损伤情况对于患髋功能恢复和并发症的发生有重要影响[3-4]。为了减少肌肉等软组织损伤,降低术后并发症发生概率,研究者们报道了许多微创入路,如直接前入路(direct anterior approach,DAA)、微创前外侧入路 [又称慕尼黑骨外科(Orthopadische Chirurgie Munchen,OCM)入路]、保留梨状肌后入路(piriformis-keeping posterior approach,PSPA)和SuperPath入路等。理论上微创入路可以减少肌肉损伤,但目前国内缺乏与其相关的影像学验证。X线片虽是THA术后常规检查,但无法显示软组织。MRI是目前通过形态学变化分析肌肉损伤的“金标准”,主要通过肌肉体积萎缩、肌腱撕裂、去神经支配和创伤后脂肪浸润等方式评估[5-6]。MRI具有优越的组织对比度,能准确和灵敏评估病理软组织,准确、直观显示与手术相关的肌肉创伤,协助确定术后患者疼痛原因,且三维MRI避免了二维MRI由切片造成关键信息丢失的弊端[7]。此外,学者们对常规髋关节MRI成像技术进行一些修改,可以优化图像呈现。例如,有学者建议使用1.5T成像、更宽接收器带宽和更小体素尺寸,以减少失真并提高空间分辨率;快速自旋回波成像及其180° 重聚焦脉冲可以减少与关节置换术相关的静态场退相引起的信号损失。其次,中级加权成像能提供准确描述假体周围骨、滑膜、软组织及金属沉积物和不良局部组织反应所需的空间分辨率、对比度噪比和流体灵敏度[8]。但由于存在与金属假体相关的伪影,既往使用MRI评估THA术后肌肉损伤情况受到限制。近年来,研究者们开发了多种旨在减少金属伪影的技术,如预极化MRI、金属伪影减少序列(MARS)、多次采集可变共振图像联合(MAVRIC)、层间编码金属伪影校正技术(SEMAC)等,可提供高清晰软组织影像[9-10]。本文对不同THA手术入路的MRI表现进行综述,阐明不同手术入路主要及可能造成的肌肉损伤,为临床医生在术中进行规避提供参考。
1. 后入路
1.1. 概述
后入路又称为“Southern入路”或“Moore入路”,由Bernhard Langenbeck在1874年首次描述。据统计,后入路是目前THA最常用手术入路,学习曲线较短,可充分显露髋臼和股骨头,有利于假体精确植入[11]。显露方式:患者取健侧卧位,通过放置于耻骨联合和骶骨的垫板来稳定体位,确保骨盆侧面垂直于床面;切口起自髂后上棘外下方5 cm处,沿臀大肌纤维方向至股骨大转子后缘,远端沿股骨干方向延伸5 cm;逐层分离至阔筋膜和髂胫束,将髂胫束纵向切开后沿肌肉纤维走行方向钝性分离臀大肌,内旋股骨,显露梨状肌与外旋肌群,紧贴肌腱的股骨止点处离断短外旋肌群,留置缝线便于术后缝合,向后牵拉肌腱以保护坐骨神经;在关节囊后上方置入Hohmann拉钩,纵向或T形切开关节囊;清理关节囊周围骨赘,内收并内旋患肢,使髋关节脱位,即可进行后续截骨。
后入路充分保留了包括臀中肌在内的外展肌群,但因离断了外旋肌群而增加了术后脱位风险。研究发现,经后入路THA术后脱位发生率接近10%[12]。一项纳入8 840例行THA患者的研究显示,后入路组脱位发生率是DAA组的4.9倍[13]。术后脱位严重影响患者的生活质量,如何避免该并发症是当下重要研究方向。
1.2. MRI表现
既往已有大量研究证明,术中重建梨状肌与外旋肌群可以降低术后脱位发生率[14-16]。但Khan等[17]通过二维MRI测量发现梨状肌在重建后显著恶化,与术前相比肌肉体积减小近50%。McLawhorn等[18]使用后入路行THA,术后随访49个月MRI检查示梨状肌进行性萎缩。Wang等[7]通过三维MRI重建肌肉形态对术中修复效果进行定量分析发现,随着时间推移,重建的梨状肌与外旋肌群出现明显退化,肌肉体积下降、脂肪肌肉比上升,导致患髋外旋角度缩小;此外,与重建的肌肉相比,离断但未重建的肌肉退化更加明显。我们认为重建可以为肌腱提供附着点,可能有助于术后早期肌肉恢复;但需要明确的是,非原位缝合修复虽然可以为肌肉恢复提供初始稳定性,但随着时间推移,肌肉退化仍会缓慢发生。
于是,研究者们采用微创技术对后入路进行优化,提出了PSPA。与后入路不同的是,PSPA仅开口7~9 cm,在术中不剥离梨状肌止点,而是使用牵开器将梨状肌拉开,仅离断其下方的外旋肌群。既往研究发现,避免离断梨状肌比将其离断后行原位重建更能提高关节稳定性,降低术后脱位发生率[19]。Khan等[17]报道了经后入路THA患者术后2年随访MRI示梨状肌肌肉体积显著减小,而PSPA避免了梨状肌的恶化,保留了肌肉体积。近年有研究通过MRI检查发现,PSPA可以良好地保护梨状肌,在保持肌肉连续性和预防肌肉萎缩方面均优于传统后入路[20]。Tan等[21]对经传统后入路(n=52)与PSPA(n=48)的患者进行对比研究,发现PSPA组患者的梨状肌肌肉体积和肌肉等级均优于传统后入路组,差异有统计学意义。此外,有研究发现术中牵开器的使用增加了盆腔内肌肉损伤风险。Lalevée等[22]对21例患者进行术前及术后MRI分析,发现虽然PSPA良好保护了梨状肌肌腱,但有2例患者(9.5%)梨状肌肌腱的骶骨起点出现了部分撕脱。Amanatullah等[23]对23例患者进行MRI研究,发现22例患者的梨状肌肌腱没有损伤,但有21例出现骶骨起点、肌腹部和腱腹交界处完全或部分损伤。
由此我们认为,后入路主要损伤短外旋肌群,改良的PSPA可有效保护梨状肌。但需注意的是,保留梨状肌会明显限制手术视野,不恰当的牵拉可能会造成意料之外的梨状肌损伤。若术中发现视野显露困难,临床医生应果断延长切口,甚至转为标准术式[24]。
2. 改良直接外侧入路(modified direct lateral approach,mDLA)
2.1. 概述
mDLA又称为“改良Hardinge入路”,是目前在全球应用广泛程度仅次于后入路的THA手术入路[25]。显露方式:患者取侧卧位或仰卧位,切口以大转子为中心,由远及近、由前向后略为倾斜纵向切开皮肤,长12~15 cm;分离皮下组织,沿阔筋膜张肌与臀大肌间隙切开阔筋膜,确定臀中肌前后缘,在其前、中1/3交界处钝性分离,注意控制在大转子上方5 cm以内,以避免损伤臀上神经;随后以拉钩拉开臀中肌与股外侧肌的肌腱,外旋髋关节,沿肌纤维方向劈开臀小肌,显露并切开关节囊,用脱位钩钩住股骨颈,屈曲、外旋髋关节,使股骨头从前方脱位,进行后续截骨。mDLA具有操作简单且安全的特点,其经臀中肌进入,向大转子近侧切开范围<5 cm,避免了对重要血管和神经造成损伤;同时该入路的显露效果较好,有利于定位和假体植入,减少术后双下肢不等长的发生[26-27]。尽管如此,mDLA也存在一定缺陷,如切开臀中肌前1/3及部分臀小肌可能会导致髋关节外展功能障碍;关闭切口时需要严密缝合修补臀肌,增加手术时间;切口位置稍偏移即会明显导致假体植入困难;并且该入路对后关节囊显露困难,增加了手术操作难度[28-29]。
2.2. MRI表现
大量研究表明,臀中肌质量是THA术后功能影响因素之一。孙迎迎等[30]的研究证明mDLA术中不可避免地会造成臀中肌损伤,增加术后单腿站立试验(Trendelenburg征)阳性概率。Vadalà等[31]研究也发现,臀中肌肌腱变性和脂肪浸润是THA术后持续跛行和Trendelenburg征阳性的决定因素。Müller等[32]通过对经mDLA(n=16)与OCM入路(n=21)THA的患者进行随访研究发现,与OCM组比较,mDLA组患者术后3、12个月臀中肌肌腱缺损率更高 [(37.5%、25.0%)vs(14.3%、9.5%)],术后12个月肌肉萎缩程度更高(1.75%±1.80% vs 0.98%±1.10%),且Trendelenburg征更明显,Harris评分更低。此外,有研究表明应用mDLA进行THA翻修与臀中肌的恶化相关。von Roth等[33]分别对首次接受mDLA行THA与经mDLA行THA翻修的患者进行随访发现,首次组患者臀中肌脂肪浸润程度由术前平均3.6%增加至术后6个月平均11.5%,第一次翻修组由平均29.1%增加至平均33.6%;随着翻修次数增加,臀中肌质量进行性恶化,Trendelenburg征阳性患者比例逐渐增加。然而,他们发现12%的脂肪浸润并不会导致术后跛行发生。Manafi Rasi等[34]对88例采用mDLA行首次THA的患者于术后6个月行MRI随访发现,臀中肌肌肉直径由术前(27.07±7.49)mm减小至(25.64±7.35)mm(P<0.001),但Trendelenburg征第5秒阳性率从38.6%下降至4.5%,第20秒阳性率从90.9%下降至73.9%,表明尽管肌肉直径减小,但肌肉力量有所改善。同样,Wang等[35]通过三维MRI对采用后入路或mDLA行THA患者的术后臀中肌进行检查,发现臀中肌力量水平不仅仅由肌肉体积决定,而是一系列因素综合作用的结果。
我们认为mDLA不可避免地会造成臀中肌损伤,增加术后跛行风险,但损伤程度较小,不会对术后功能产生影响。
3. DAA
3.1. 概述
DAA是在传统Smith-Peterson入路基础上改良、发展而来。该入路由肌间隙进入关节,不需切开任何肌肉,手术创伤小;它保留了后方关节囊,可避免后脱位的发生;其切口可改良为比基尼切口,更加美观。DAA优势显著,近年来越来越受临床医生青睐[36-38]。其显露方式:患者取仰卧位,于双侧臀部置软垫使骨盆前倾并轻度伸展下肢;于髂前上棘外下2 cm作一长8~10 cm的切口,分层切开显露阔筋膜张肌,从阔筋膜张肌与缝匠肌、股直肌间隙(Hueter间隙)进入,结扎或电凝切断旋股外侧动脉分支,确保无出血,显露关节囊并切开,充分显露股骨颈[39-40]。然而随着研究深入,DAA也逐渐暴露出一些不足,如股外侧皮神经损伤发生率高、常规仰卧位股骨显露困难导致手术时间延长、股骨骨折风险增大、学习曲线较长等[41-42]。
3.2. MRI表现
DAA是通过肌间隙进入关节,理论上对肌肉损伤较小,但由于切口较小,为充分显露关节以安全实施THA,较大力量和较长时间牵引可能导致切口周围肌肉(如阔筋膜张肌、臀中肌和股直肌)受损,加剧术后疼痛,影响患肢功能[43]。Rykov等[44]分别对经DAA与后入路患者进行MRI分析发现,DAA组患者的阔筋膜张肌萎缩较重,股直肌、缝匠肌和股方肌出现表面积增大的水肿征象。为此,Zhao等[45]在DAA术中将前关节囊切开后缝合至皮肤,避免了阔筋膜张肌与牵开器的直接接触,并与未保护组进行比较,术后MRI检查发现保护组明显减轻了阔筋膜张肌的肌肉水肿与脂肪浸润,Harris评分显著升高。同样,Lalevée等[46]对DAA、OCM和PSPA的肌肉损伤情况进行了MRI对比研究,发现DAA最容易导致阔筋膜张肌损伤;但令人意外的是,作者在MRI上还观察到了DAA的梨状肌和闭孔内肌损伤,且较PSPA更常见。与之相似,Cailleaud等[47]研究发现,DAA术后MRI显示梨状肌与闭孔内肌脂肪浸润程度增加,并且逐渐恶化。此外,一项包含5 090例经DAA行THA的多中心研究发现术后有0.23%(12/5 090)的脱位发生率,但其中10例为后脱位,间接证明DAA造成了关节后方软组织损伤[48]。我们分析这可能与术中为了将股骨抬高以植入假体,而对后方组织的暴力牵引和过度松解有关。最近一项研究也证实,DAA术中对于后方肌肉的松解虽然可以协助显露股骨,但会增大术后肌腱愈合不良和肌肉体积萎缩发生概率[49]。
由此我们认为,DAA造成阔筋膜张肌损伤的可能性较大,但术中不恰当操作将会造成短外旋肌群和切口周围肌肉损伤,增大术后脱位和伸膝无力风险。为此,临床医生可借鉴Zhao等[45]的方法,将前关节囊置于牵开器与阔筋膜张肌之间以保护肌肉;此外,优化股骨髓腔显露可进一步保护部分短外旋肌,使DAA获得更好临床疗效。
4. OCM
4.1. 概述
OCM是从传统前外侧入路改良而来。显露方式:患者取仰卧位或侧卧位,侧卧位时应去除远端手术台的后半部以满足截骨需要;皮肤切口自大转子前缘向髂前上棘后方延长6~8 cm,使1/4切口位于大转子上,其余部分位于大转子顶点近端;沿皮肤切口继续分离皮下组织和筋膜,辨识臀中肌与阔筋膜张肌的肌间隙,通过股骨颈前部和上部沿臀小肌插入手指打开该间隔,以2把Hohmann拉钩在关节囊外放置于股骨颈上、下方,患肢外展、外旋,避免过度牵拉臀中肌前缘;以内侧为基底作U形关节囊瓣,拉钩改置于关节囊内[50]。
该入路无需特殊置入物和特殊器械,方便手术操作;此外,它利用臀中肌与阔筋膜张肌的肌间隙进入关节,能够保护外展肌和后关节囊,避免术后步态异常及后脱位的发生。贾小龙[51]通过将OCM与传统后入路进行比较,发现OCM组患者切口更小、术中出血量更少、住院时间更短、术后Harris评分更高、并发症更少。虽然OCM有诸多优点,但潜在的臀上神经与臀肌损伤风险在一定程度上限制了其临床应用。Starke等[52]的研究显示,臀上神经的外周运动分支进入阔筋膜张肌部位与大转子的距离差异很大,为40~110 mm,平均72.5 mm;此外,在进入肌肉前,该神经分支也有较大解剖学变异,并将臀上神经末端分支进入阔筋膜张肌区域的内75%定义为“红色区”。Starke等认为,为了获得良好手术视野,OCM不可避免地波及“红色区”,增大了臀上神经损伤风险。此外,微创入路视野有限,需要术者具有一定解剖基础和经验积累,处理不当可能会导致假体位置不良以及由器械钝性牵拉造成的软组织损伤[47]。
4.2. MRI表现
臀上神经损伤后将导致其支配的阔筋膜张肌去神经化。Unis等[53]对26例经OCM入路的患者进行随访,术后9个月MRI示有74%患者出现阔筋膜张肌萎缩或肥大;Takada等[54]对比了164例经OCM入路患者的术前与术后MRI,发现仅有13例(8%)患者的阔筋膜张肌发生萎缩。通过分析其评价标准,我们发现上述研究将阔筋膜张肌萎缩定义为Goutallier分级≥2级或术后阔筋膜张肌横截面积减少≥40%,似乎过于严格;且Takada等[54]为了避免臀上神经损伤,限制了大转子近端的切口长度,虽然降低了阔筋膜张肌萎缩程度,但他们在术后MRI上观察到了臀小肌损伤。我们认为,此做法虽然在解剖层面上避免了手术切口涉及臀上神经的走行区,但加大了术野显露难度,使股骨假体植入复杂化,过大的牵引力可能导致臀小肌损伤发生。为了减轻OCM对臀上神经造成的损伤,Billuart等[55]通过术中对臀上神经进行松解后将其牵拉远离术区来进行保护,术后MRI上仅观察到1例患者(4.2%)出现阔筋膜张肌脂肪浸润,且术者于该患者术中并未找到确切的臀上神经分支;但令人意外的是,作者还观察到了较高的臀小肌(10/24,41.7%)与臀中肌前1/3(8/24,33.3%)的脂肪浸润,并认为与Hohmann拉钩的过度牵引有关。Müller等[56]使用MRI比较mDLA和OCM,结果显示经OCM入路肌肉损伤较少,但常在臀中肌前1/3发生病变,考虑为继发于股骨侧假体植入时肌肉前部的直接损伤。Oda等[57]对66例采用仰卧位OCM行THA患者进行术前与术后1年MRI检查,发现超过90%患者的闭孔肌、臀中肌与臀小肌均无萎缩和脂肪浸润,而阔筋膜张肌的肌肉横截面积明显缩小,脂肪浸润增加;但阔筋膜张肌萎缩和无萎缩患者的术后Harris评分差异并无统计学意义。此外,Grob等[58]指出臀上神经终末分支病变并不总是伴随症状,他们认为经OCM入路患者的阔筋膜张肌虽然肌肉体积明显萎缩,但具有与对侧完全相同的良好功能。
由此我们认为,使用OCM时臀上神经分支受损风险很高,主要对阔筋膜张肌产生影响,而术中不恰当的牵拉和假体植入可能会对臀中肌前1/3和臀小肌造成损伤。临床医生可以在术中对臀上神经分支进行松解来保护,但其解剖变异性较大,很难提前预测分支模式。考虑到OCM的整体益处与患者的肌肉代偿能力,我们认为可以允许对臀上神经分支的少许损伤。此外,鉴于臀肌对于步态及预后的重要性,临床医生需优化术野显露及股骨假体植入方式来避免臀肌损伤。
5. 肌肉损伤与预后
目前国内外对于THA采用何种手术入路与预后的关系意见不一。微创入路在理论上比传统入路对肌肉损伤小,预后更好。Ang等[59]通过一项包括2 010例患者的荟萃分析发现,DAA相比于后入路有着更好的早期(6周)功能结局,平均住院时间更短。但有相当多的研究证明手术入路与预后无明显联系。Robinson等[60]对10例DAA与9例后入路患者术后进行6个月随访,虽然MRI显示DAA组患者表现出更少的肌萎缩,但两组Harris评分无明显差异。与之相似,De Anta-Díaz等[61]对经DAA(n=49)和mDLA(n=50)的患者进行了12个月随访,发现虽然两组患者存在不同种类的肌肉损伤,但功能结局相似。
相比于手术入路,肌肉体积是明显影响THA预后的关键因素,且在老年患者中尤为明显。Harada等[62]通过对42例THA患者术后进行1年随访,发现较大的臀中肌体积是术后每日行走步数较高的预测因子(P<0.05)。老年患者(>70岁)的肌肉骨骼更加脆弱,且再生能力低下。Müller等[63]研究表明通过侵入性更强的mDLA行THA的老年患者,其肌肉萎缩程度明显高于采用微创入路的老年患者;且在使用相同入路的患者中,老年患者术后肌肉萎缩和脂肪浸润程度更高,Harris评分更低,Trendelenburg征更加明显。我们认为,微创入路最常用于年轻患者中,但由于年轻患者拥有足够的再生能力,对肌肉创伤相对不敏感,能够很好地进行功能代偿。这也解释了许多研究未能发现接受微创或传统入路的患者在预后方面存在差异的原因。总之,肌肉体积明显影响THA预后,微创入路可以减少肌肉萎缩,改善患肢功能,在老年患者中疗效更加明显。
6. 总结
THA被誉为20世纪最成功的骨科手术之一,但传统手术入路副损伤较重。随着人们逐渐意识到髋关节周围软组织情况明显影响预后,保留软组织的THA微创入路得到了发展。微创入路可以减少肌肉损伤,减轻术后疼痛,使患者更早地恢复功能,且对老年患者更加适用。此外,微创入路虽然比传统开放入路造成的肌肉损伤更少,但由于术野小,术中常需对周围软组织进行更大力量与更长时间的牵拉以保证假体良好植入,常造成意料之外的肌肉损伤,导致并发症发生,与微创的初衷相悖。因此,未来研究应致力于优化术野显露及假体植入方面。此外,微创入路具有一定学习曲线,术者必须具备充分的解剖知识和手术经验,盲目推行微创可能会起到相反效果。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和报道
作者贡献声明 刘学淼、万璞:内容构思和设计、观点形成、文献检索及文稿撰写;栗智、田康:文章内容修改整理;张卫国:文章校对及提出修改意见
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81601901、82002908);辽宁省自然科学基金资助项目(2019-MS-079)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81601901, 82002908); Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2019-MS-079)
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