ABSTRACT
Introduction
Women experience excess cardiovascular risk compared to men in the setting of similar metabolic disease burden. This consistent finding could be related to sex differences in the vascular response to various forms of metabolic stress. In this study we examine the association of both systemic and organ-specific metabolic stress with vascular health in women and men.
Methods
We conducted an observational study of 4,299 adult participants (52% women, aged 59±13 years) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 cohort and 110,225 adult outpatients (55% women, aged 64±16 years) of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC) 2019 cohort. We used natural splines to examine the association of systemic and organ-specific measures of metabolic stress including body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), hepatic FIB-4 score, and CKD-EPI estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on systolic blood pressure (SBP). Piecewise linear models were generated using normal value thresholds (BMI <25 kg/m 2 , HbA1c <5.7%, FIB-4 <1.3, and eGFR ≥90 ml/min), which approximated observed spline breakpoints. The primary outcome was increase in SBP (relative to a sex-specific physiologic baseline SBP) in association with increase in level of each metabolic measure.
Results
Women compared to men demonstrated larger magnitudes and an earlier onset of increase in SBP per increment increase across all metabolic stress measures. The slope of SBP increase per increment of each metabolic measure was greater for women than men particularly for metabolic measures within the normal range, with slope differences of 1.71 mmHg per kg/m2 of BMI, 9.61 mmHg per %HbA1c, 6.45 mmHg per FIB-4 unit, and 0.37 mmHg per ml/min decrement of eGFR in the NHANES cohort (P difference <0.05 for all). Overall results were consistent in the CSMC cohort.
Conclusions
Women exhibited greater vascular sensitivity in the setting of multiple types of metabolic stress, particularly in periods representing the transition from metabolic health to disease. These findings underscore the importance of involving early metabolic health interventions as part of efforts to mitigate vascular risks in both women and men.
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