This is a correction to: Marian Wilson, Lillian Skeiky, Rachael A Muck, Kimberly A Honn, Rhonda M Williams, Mark P Jensen, Hans P A Van Dongen, Pain Catastrophizing Mediates the Relationship Between Pain Intensity and Sleep Disturbances in U.S. Veterans With Chronic Pain, Military Medicine, Volume 188, Issue 7-8, July/August 2023, Pages e2189–e2196, https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac065.
The originally published version of this manuscript contained a data analysis code error in calculating average daily sleep, which resulted in lower sleep duration estimates than actually occurred.
The first five sentences of the fourth paragraph of the Discussion section originally read:
“On average, the Veterans in our study were found to have short sleep duration, less than the recommended 7-8 hours of daily sleep.37 This is consistent with other literature, reporting that many service members sleep less than 6 hours per night.38 Our Veterans also had high rates of sleep fragmentation, a moderately severe level of pain intensity, and more than half of them endorsed above-average pain catastrophizing, PTSD, depression, and anxiety. All of the self-reported variables were significantly correlated with one another as expected, including sleep disturbance and average pain intensity. Objective sleep variables (sleep duration and fragmentation) were significantly associated with one another, but self-reported and objective variables were not.”
The corrected version of this passage reads:
“On average, the Veterans in our study were found to have sleep durations consistent with the recommended 7–8 hours of daily sleep.37 This is incongruent with other literature, reporting that many service members sleep less than 6 hours per night.38 However, our Veterans had high rates of sleep fragmentation, a moderately severe level of pain intensity, and more than half of them endorsed above-average pain catastrophizing, PTSD, depression, and anxiety. All of the self-reported variables were significantly correlated with one another as expected, including sleep disturbance and average pain intensity. Objective sleep variables (sleep duration and fragmentation) were not associated with one another, nor with the self-reported variables.”
These details have been corrected online.
Additionally, the following corrections have been made:
The first sentence in the Abstract, Results subsection originally read: “Actigraphy showed suboptimal sleep duration (less than 7 hours) and sleep fragmentation for most participants.” The corrected passage reads: “Actigraphy showed sleep duration of more than 7 h, with sleep fragmentation, for most participants.”
The first sentence in the Abstract, Conclusion subsection originally read: “Sleep disturbances in this sample of Veterans with chronic pain included insufficient sleep, fragmented sleep, and perceived poor sleep quality.” The corrected version reads: “Sleep disturbances in this sample of Veterans with chronic pain included fragmented sleep and perceived poor sleep quality.”
The second and third sentences in the “Sleep” subsection of the “Results” section originally read: “Actigraphically measured daily sleep duration was 6.5±1.6 h (mean ± SD). Sleep fragmentation was observed at 16.9 ± 5.8 bouts per sleep period.” The corrected version reads: “Actigraphically measured daily sleep duration was 8.3 ± 1.4 h (mean ± SD). Sleep fragmentation was observed at 17.1 ± 5.8 bouts per sleep period.”
The third sentence in the “Correlations” subsection of the “Results” section originally read: “The two objective, actigraphically- derived sleep variables (sleep duration and fragmentation) were also highly correlated with each other.” The corrected version reads: “The two-objective, actigraphically derived sleep variables (sleep duration and fragmentation) were not correlated with each other.”
The following changes have also been made to Tables II and III:
TABLE II.
Means and SD and Pairwise Correlations for Observed Study Variables
| Variable | Mean ± SD | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sleep Duration (min) | 389.4 ± 93.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Predictors | 2. Sleep Fragmentation (# bouts per sleep period) | 16.9 ± 5.8 | 0.54** | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3. Subjective Sleep Disturbance | 58.5 ± 8.1 | 0.14 | 0.04 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mediators | 4. Anxiety | 58.1 ± 9.2 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.37** | – | – | – | – |
| 5. Depression | 54.7 ± 9.4 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.37** | 0.78** | – | – | – | |
| 6. PTSD | 32.5 ± 17.6 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.47** | 0.77** | 0.74** | – | – | |
| 7. Pain Catastrophizing | 28.7 ± 12.2 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.41** | 0.58** | 0.60** | 0.54** | – | |
| Outcome | 8. Average Pain Intensity | 5.7 ± 1.7 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.24** | 0.22** | 0.20** | 0.25** | 0.43** |
P < .01.
TABLE III.
Path Coefficients for Indirect Effects of Each Mediator on the Relationship between Sleep Disturbance and Average Pain Intensity
| Mediator | Unstandardized coefficient (SE) [95% CI] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Objective sleep duration | PTSD | 0.000 (0.000) | [–0.000; 0.001] |
| Pain catastrophizing | −0.001 (0.001) | [−0.003; 0.001] | |
| Anxiety | 0.000 (0.000) | [–0.001; 0.001] | |
| Depression | 0.000 (0.000) | [−0.001; 0.001] | |
| Objective sleep fragmentation | PTSD | 0.002 (0.005) | [–0.008; 0.014] |
| Pain catastrophizing | −0.002 (0.014) | [−0.027; 0.029] | |
| Anxiety | −0.001 (0.005) | [−0.012; 0.008] | |
| Depression | −0.001 (0.006) | [−0.013; 0.012] | |
| Self-reported sleep disturbance | PTSD | 0.011 (0.011) | [−0.009; 0.035] |
| Pain catastrophizing** | 0.038 (0.011) | [0.020; 0.064] | |
| Anxiety | −0.002 (0.009) | [−0.019; 0.018] | |
| Depression | −0.011 (0.010) | [−0.033; 0.006] | |
P < 0.01.
Table II , as originally published:
Table II , corrected version:
TABLE II.
Means and SD and Pairwise Correlations for Observed Study Variables
| Variable | Mean ± SD | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sleep Duration (min) | 495.2 ± 85.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Predictors | 2. Sleep Fragmentation (# bouts per sleep period) | 17.1 ± 5.8 | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3. Subjective Sleep Disturbance | 58.5 ± 8.1 | 0.10 | 0.07 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mediators | 4. Anxiety | 58.1 ± 9.2 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.37** | – | – | – | – |
| 5. Depression | 54.7 ± 9.4 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.37** | 0.78** | – | – | – | |
| 6. PTSD | 32.5 ± 17.6 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.47** | 0.73** | 0.74** | – | – | |
| 7. Pain Catastrophizing | 28.7 ± 12.2 | −0.11 | 0.02 | 0.41** | 0.58** | 0.60** | 0.54** | – | |
| Outcome | 8. Average Pain Intensity | 5.7 ± 1.7 | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.24** | 0.22** | 0.20** | 0.25** | 0.43** |
P < .01.
Table III , as originally published:
TABLE III.
Path Coefficients for Indirect Effects of Each Mediator on the Relationship between Sleep Disturbance and Average Pain Intensity
| Mediator | Unstandardized coefficient (SE) [95% CI] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Objective sleep duration | PTSD | 0.000 (0.000) | [−0.001; 0.001] |
| Pain catastrophizing | 0.000 (0.001) | [−0.001; 0.002] | |
| Anxiety | 0.000 (0.000) | [−0.001; 0.000] | |
| Depression | 0.000 (0.000) | [−0.001; 0.001] | |
| Objective sleep fragmentation | PTSD | −0.000 (0.005) | [−0.012; 0.012] |
| Pain catastrophizing | −0.000 (0.013) | [−0.024; 0.027] | |
| Anxiety | −0.001 (0.004) | [−0.012; 0.008] | |
| Depression | 0.001 (0.006) | [−0.009; 0.016] | |
| Self-reported sleep disturbance | PTSD | 0.011 (0.011) | [−0.009; 0.035] |
| Pain catastrophizing** | 0.038 (0.011) | [0.020; 0.064] | |
| Anxiety | −0.002 (0.009) | [−0.019; 0.018] | |
| Depression | −0.011 (0.010) | [−0.033; 0.006] | |
P < .01.
Table III , corrected version:
The main conclusions of the paper are not affected by these corrections.
The authors regret the errors.
This correction notice was amended on 20 March 2022 to add the text beginning “Additionally, the following corrections have been made:” and ending “The authors regret the errors.” The corrections described in this additional text were made at the same time.