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. 2024 May 7;13(10):796. doi: 10.3390/cells13100796

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immunohistochemical localization of PAI-1 in human CCA. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained distal and intrahepatic human CCA depict tumor cells (arrows) and fibroblasts (arrowheads) within the desmoplastic CCA microenvironment (top panels) (×40) with the corresponding SERPINE1 (PAI-1) immunolocalization (bottom panels) in serial sections. Abundant fibroblasts in distal CCA are PAI-1-positive, whereas tumor cells are largely negative (left bottom panel (×40). In intrahepatic CCA, prominent focal PAI-1 immunoreactivity is evident in some CCA tumoral glands (middle bottom panel) (×40) and intensely in stromal fibroblasts (right bottom panel) (×40) [66]. The normal liver tissue, including portal tracts and lobules, is PAI-1-negative.