Table 1.

Key chemokines/chemokine receptors and molecules for immune cell adhesion; pro- and antitumor functions.

	Cancer	Functions	Outcome/Mechanism
Cell adhesion molecules, Receptors
ICAM-1/ICAM-2/ICAM-3, αLβ2 or αMβ2	Colorectal cancer, Melanoma, Breast cancer, Pediatric osteosarcoma, Pancreatic cancer, Gastric cancer	T cell migration and adhesion	Antitumor/recruitment of antitumoral T cells to tumor microenvironment (TME) [12,13,14,15,53,54,55,56,63,64,65]
		Neutrophil/PMN-MDSC migration and adhesion	Protumor/recruitment of immunosuppressive neutrophils/PMN-MDSCs to TME [16,25,26,27,28], metastasis [406,407,408] Antitumor/recruitment and retention of tumoricidal neutrophils to/in TME [412,413]
		Monocyte/macrophage/M-MDSC migration and adhesion	Protumor/recruitment and retention of immunosuppressive monocytes/macrophages/M-MDSCs to/in TME [16,29] Antitumor/recruitment and retention of antitumor monocytes/macrophages to/in TME [413,414]
VCAM-1, α4β1	Renal cell carcinoma, Breast cancer	T cell migration	Protumor/disruption of T cell binding to tumor cells [60]
		Monocyte/macrophage adhesion/retention to tumor cells	Protumor/tumor survival at metastatic sites [409], bone metastasis by osteoclastogenesis [411]
Selectins, Selectin ligands	Breast cancer, Melanoma	T cell trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) and tumors, Tumor cell interaction with endothelium	Antitumor/generation of antitumor T cells in LNs [66], T cell infiltration into tumors [73,182]
			Protumor/suppression of T cell generation in LNs by L-selectin shedding/downregulation of T cells [70,71,72], Tumor cell extravasation [67,68]
Chemokines, Chemokine receptors
CCL19/21, CCR7 or CXCR7	Lung carcinoma, Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Gastric cancer	T cell migration to/in LNs and TME	Protumor/metastasis of CCR7+ tumors [84,85,86,87], Treg migration to TME [89], T cell sequestration by TME remodeling [91] Antitumor/generation and tumor infiltration of cytotoxic T cells [38,81], chemokine scavenge by CXCR7 [119]
CXCL9/10/11, CXCR3 or CXCR7	Colorectal carcinoma, Melanoma, Fibrosarcoma, Ovarian cancer	T cell migration to TME	Protumor/chemokine scavenge by CXCR7 [104,105], tumor infiltration of CXCR3+ Treg cells [106] Antitumor/activation and tumor infiltration of CXCR3+ T cells [94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102]
CXCL12, CXCR4 or CXCR7	Melanoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Ovarian cancer	T cell migration and localization to/in TME	Protumor/sequestration of T cells in TME [107], inhibition of tumor infiltration of T cells [108], recruitment of Treg cells and TAMs [106,110], chemokine scavenge by CXCR7 [120] Antitumor/tumor infiltration of T cells [109], retention and microlocalization of CD8+ T cells in tumors [111]
CCL2, CCR2	Lung carcinoma, Melanoma, Glioma, Inflammatory breast cancer	Monocyte/macrophage mobilization and localization to/in TME	Protumor/suppression of CD8+ T cells, and promotion of neovascularization and metastasis by M-MDSCs recruited to tumors and premetastatic sites [192,199,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,442,443,444,445,475] Antitumor/Tumor entrainment of neutrophils – tumor killing [412], antitumor monocyte recruitment to premetastatic lung [413], Recruitment of CCR2+ T cells and antigen presenting cells [449,450]
CXCL1/2/5/8, CXCR2	Melanoma, Gastric cancer, Lung cancer, Fibrosarcoma, Papilloma, Colon cancer	Neutrophil mobilization and localization to/in TME and CTCs	Protumor/suppression of CD8+ T cell activities and tissue infiltration, suppression of tumor cell senescence, promotion of tumor genomic instability, neovascularization, invasion, metastasis, and EMT by neutrophils/PMN-MDSCs recruited to tumors and premetastatic sites [187,192,202,212,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,467,470,475], CTC-myeloid cell cluster [388,408]