Abstract
Multiple microbial detections in stool samples of indigenous individuals suffering from chronic gastroenteric disorder of a likely infectious origin, characterized by recurring diarrhea of variable intensity, in the rural north-east of Colombia are common findings, making the assignment of etiological relevance to individual pathogens challenging. In a population of 773 indigenous people from either the tribe Wiwa or Kogui, collider bias analysis was conducted comprising 32 assessed microorganisms including 10 bacteria (Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp., enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), Tropheryma whipplei and Yersinia spp.), 11 protozoa (Blastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Entamoeba histolytica, Endolimax nana, Giardia duodenalis, Iodamoeba buetschlii and Pentatrichomonas hominis), 8 helminths (Ascaris spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis spp., Necator americanus, Schistosoma spp., Strongyloides spp., Taenia spp. and Trichuris spp.), microsporidia (Encephalocytozoon spp.) and fungal elements (microscopically observed conidia and pseudoconidia). The main results indicated that negative associations potentially pointing towards collider bias were infrequent events (n = 14), while positive associations indicating increased likelihood of co-occurrence of microorganisms quantitatively dominated (n = 88). Microorganisms showing the most frequent negative associations were EPEC (n = 6) and Blastocystis spp. (n = 3), while positive associations were most common for Trichuris spp. (n = 16), Dientamoeba fragilis (n = 15), Shigella spp./EIEC (n = 12), Ascaris spp. (n = 11) and Blastocystis spp. (n = 10). Of note, positive associations quantitively dominated for Blastocystis spp. In conclusion, collider bias assessment did not allow clear-cut assignment of etiological relevance for detected enteric microorganisms within the assessed Colombian indigenous population. Instead, the results suggested complex microbial interactions with potential summative effects. Future studies applying alternative biostatistical approaches should be considered to further delineate respective interactions.
Keywords: gastroenteritis, etiology, tropics, high endemicity, resource limited, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, microsporidia, fungi
1. Introduction
In remote rural areas of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the north-east of Colombia, indigenous tribes called Wiwa and Kogui live under very resource-poor conditions, e.g., without hygiene standards (sanitation, clean drinking water, electricity, etc.) known from resource-rich industrialized countries. Instead, they live closely together with their livestock and use top dressing as a fertilizer. Therefore, smear infections, food- and water-borne infections as well as soil-transmitted infections can easily occur. Consequently, infectious gastroenteritis, which is commonly spread by such modes of transmission, is among the most pressing health issues in the local population, as recently shown by our group [1].
In both Wiwa and Kogui populations, surveillance assessments including both stool microscopy and molecular diagnostic approaches have been conducted [1,2,3]. Shortly summarized, the assessed indigenous populations suffered from the medical condition of virtually constant chronic gastroenteric disorders of a likely infectious etiology with only gradual changes in intensity over time, associated with disturbed stool frequency and consistency. As this state of gastroenteric disturbance was considered “normal” in the local population, respective complaints were socially discouraged. Consequently, the indigenous only showed up for medical assessment and therapy if disease symptoms reached unbearable or critical states, e.g., in the case of bloody diarrhea. In line with this socio-culturally maintained state of chronic gastroenteric disorder in the assessed indigenous populations, high rates of enteric pathogens were detected in their stool specimens during the surveillance assessments associated with high rates of multiple detections within the same sample, as previously described [1,2,3].
As previously shown [4,5,6,7], however, multiple pathogen detections in primarily non-sterile compartments like the human gastrointestinal tract make the assignment of etiological relevance for decisions on antimicrobial therapy challenging [4,5,6,7]. The reason is that most pathogens associated with infectious gastroenteritis, with rare exceptions like mycobacteria of the tuberculosis complex, show so-called “facultative pathogenicity”. This means that they can both occur as causative agents of infectious gastroenteritis and as harmless colonizers or elements of the microbiome. The latter can occur primarily or as a residual state following previous, clinically cured, enteric infections. The associated uncertainty regarding the assignment of etiological relevance in the case of diagnostic detections resulted in discouraging the use of highly sensitive diagnostic real-time multiplex PCR panels for the routine management of diarrhea patients in the up-to-date German guideline from November 2023 [8].
Suggestions for the inclusion of quantification or semi-quantification in the estimation of etiological relevance of detected stool pathogens have been made [5,6,7] but did not lead to the definition of broadly accepted interpretation standards so far, partly due to non-consistency of respective observations. Insofar, the definition of reliable parameters for the discrimination of etiological relevance or just co-existing colonization is still an unmet diagnostic need, in particular for high-endemicity settings where multiple pathogen detections are more the standard rather than the exception [4,5,6,7].
Indeed, there is presumably more than just quantity which decides on the etiological relevance of pathogens in the human gut. Epidemiological observations of a reduction in disease severity over time in the case of repeated exposure of an initially susceptible population to gastrointestinal pathogens in resource-poor settings point towards the development of acquired semi-immunity under such circumstances [9]. As early as in 1987, it was shown that in young children living in high-endemicity settings, rapid cycling of pathogen exposition, clearance and re-expositions is associated with waning disease severity of enteric campylobacteriosis, resulting in shifts from infections to carrier states [10,11]. Unfortunately, the specific nature of the associated semi-immunity is not yet entirely understood, although it is already harnessed in preventive medical applications. Oral vaccination against typhoid fever is such an example of induced short-term protection in the human gut. As expected, especially considering the type of application, a recent meta-analysis confirmed an association between the quantity of oral antigen exposure and the strength of associated immune protection after oral typhoid fever vaccination [12]. In the case of chronic parasite infections with enteric helminths, of note, 70% of reported pathogenicity was found to be associated with only 15% of infected individuals, in line with comparably well-characterized immunological adaptation processes, as summarized in a previous review [13].
Apart from semi-immunity mediated by adaptive immune responses, the composition of the gut microbiome is also believed to mitigate an enteric pathogen’s ability to show clinically apparent virulence. Under optimum conditions, even colonization resistance towards enteric pathogens can be mediated by favorable compositions of the gut microbiome, as suggested for both laboratory animals and humans [14,15]. And even below the microbiome level, specific co-occurrence patterns of enteric microorganisms have been suggested to alter the virulence of individual microorganisms in the human gut [16,17].
In spite of the above-mentioned challenges for the assignment of etiological relevance to enteric pathogen detections in stools samples from individuals from high-endemicity settings, tools for such assignments are nevertheless desirable to guide both prioritization of public health measures as well as individual treatment decisions. Collider bias assessment is such a tool for situations in which a defined condition can be “multi-realized” due to the differential influences of various causes leading to the same effect as reported by Tönnies and colleagues [18]. Translated to the here-described situation, chronic gastroenteric disorders of a likely infectious etiology in the Colombian indigenous people, later referred to as chronic gastroenteric disorders, can be caused by a variety of different microbial pathogens. Assuming that there is a single leading pathogen in each case of gastroenteric disorder rather than summative effects of multiple microorganisms, such leading pathogens should be negatively associated with each other within the population of indigenous individuals suffering from chronic gastroenteric disorder, in line with the premises of collider bias [18].
Consequently, we performed a collider bias analysis with the meta-data from previous surveillance studies on enteric microorganisms in Colombian indigenous individuals with chronic gastroenteric disorders [1,2,3]. The aim was the identification of potential leading pathogens based on negative associations pointing towards potential collider bias situations.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
The assessment was designed as an explorative, hypothesis-forming, retrospective study using meta-data from previous observational and surveillance assessments on microorganisms detected in stool samples of Colombian indigenous Wiwa and Kogui populations suffering from gastroenteric disorders.
2.2. Applied Datasets
Composite datasets were created based on the meta-data of historic surveillance assessments on Colombian indigenous Wiwa and Kogui populations from the years 2014, 2018 and 2021, as previously published [1,2,3]. These assessments included diagnostic stool results based on both microscopy and real-time PCR in varying compositions. Also, residual materials from the samples had been included in test evaluation assessments, the results of which were also used for the composite datasets. For the study, no patient-related information was included in the composite datasets derived from the meta-data of the previous assessments [1,2,3]. However, as documented in the previous works [1,2,3], the female percentage of the patients varied from 35.4% to 51.4% and the mean age varied between 24.5 and 26.5 years of the age over the assessed sub-populations.
2.3. Assumptions Regarding the Dataset
For the collider bias assessment, a number of premises were considered as guaranteed, thereby accepting associated simplifications. First of all, chronic gastroenteric disorders abundant in all participating individuals [1,2,3] were considered as a unique syndromic entity just showing gradual differences in its clinical manifestation. Second, variance in the diagnostic accuracy of the applied diagnostic approaches, as defined by sensitivity and specificity over the various included surveillance assessments, was not considered, resulting in simple binary coding of the diagnostic results for each parameter (0 = negative, 1 = positive). Available cycle threshold values (Ct-values) of real-time PCR as a means of semi-quantification were recorded in the datasets, but collider bias calculation is a qualitative approach.
Each microorganism that was detected at least once in the stool samples of the assessed Wiwa and Kogui participants was included in the assessment. This resulted in the exclusion of Ancylostoma spp., Clostridioides difficile and Vibrio spp. as parameters that were included in the real-time PCR-based screening scheme but never detected in any of the assessed individuals. Recorded microorganisms were included irrespective of whether likely etiological relevance was considered or not. This strategy resulted in the inclusion of a total of 32 parameters in the analysis, comprising 10 bacterial pathotypes, species or genera (Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp., enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC, not further discriminable based on the ipaH gene detected in real-time PCR), Tropheryma whipplei and Yersinia spp.), 11 protozoa (Blastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Entamoeba histolytica, Endolimax nana, Giardia duodenalis, Iodamoeba buetschlii and Pentatrichomonas hominis), 8 helminths (Ascaris spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis spp., Necator americanus, Schistosoma spp., Strongyloides spp., Taenia spp. and Trichuris spp.) and the microsporidial genus Encephalocytozoon spp. as well as conidia and pseudoconidia as fungal elements.
Considering the assessed bacteria, only real-time PCR results were available from the surveillance assessments used for the composition of the datasets [1,2,3]. For technical reasons associated with the used real-time PCR assays (eae gene used for EPEC screening occurring in STEC as well), mono-infections with STEC were technically indistinguishable from double infections with STEC and EPEC. Considering the very high overall EPEC proportions in the study population, the double infection hypothesis was favored. In detail, from a range between 197 and 210 EPEC detections depending on the true proportion of double infections, the higher assumption of 210 EPEC detections was chosen (please also see Table 2 from the results chapter).
For the above-mentioned protozoa and helminths, either microscopic detections only or, if available, real-time PCR-based detection and/or confirmation were considered as positive results. One exemption was the discrimination of Entamoeba histolytica and E. bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, which are microscopically indistinguishable based on the morphology of their cysts. Accordingly, the diagnosis E. histolytica was considered in case of positive E. histolytica-specific real-time PCR only. As E. dispar-specific real-time PCR was not conducted, cyst detections matching positive E. histolytica real-time PCR results might have been derived from either the abundance of E. histolytica alone or the combination of E. histolytica and other species of the E. bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex. Considering consistently very high cycle threshold (Ct) values in E. histolytica-specific real-time PCR indicative of very low pathogen densities below the microscopic detection threshold as well as high proportions of cyst detections but only very poor matching with E. histolytica-specific real-time PCR signals, cyst-detections were generally assigned to the E. bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, while potential co-infection including E. histolytica was assumed in a minority of 14 instances of microscopic cyst detections combined with positive E. histolytica PCR. Considering this overall low number of events of cyst detections matching with positive E. histolytica-specific real-time PCR (please also see Table 2 from the results chapter for details), the quantitative relevance of potentially associated failure was considered as negligible. Further noteworthy, hookworm eggs were generally attributed to Necator americanus. The reason is that no trace of abundance of Ancylostoma spp. DNA was detected in any of the samples of the assessed indigenous individuals. In two individual instances, in which atypically shaped hookworm eggs had been characterized as “Unicinaria spp.-like” by microscopists in combination with negative Necator americanus-specific real-time PCR signals, these findings were excluded as uncertain from further calculations. Similarly, three atypically shaped nematode eggs characterized as “Tricocephalus spp.-like” by microscopists and thus using the outdated term for “Trichuris” were excluded as uncertain findings due to negative Trichuris spp.-specific real-time PCR results in the same samples.
As no microsporidia-specific staining techniques had been used during the surveillance assessments [1,2,3], Encephalocytozoon spp. results were only considered in cases in which specific real-time PCR had been performed. Finally, an abundance or absence of fungal elements like conidia and pseudoconidia had only been recorded for a minority of samples from the datasets and so calculations were restricted to this minority.
2.4. Statistical Assumptions
The assignment of causal relationships in observational studies is affected by the problem of causal interference. Confounding—i.e., the interference of a “confounder” with both exposure and outcome of an observational study—can at least partially be corrected by applying various statistical methods, as detailed elsewhere [19,20,21]. Correction for confounding, however, can result in so-called “collider bias”, if “colliding” of at least two factors affects the outcome [18]. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), i.e., simple graphical representations of causal associations, are frequently applied to identify potential sources of collider bias without a need for a deeper understanding of the underlying calculations and to easier distinguish colliding from classic confounding [22,23]. For the particular example of gastroenteric pathogens leading to the outcome gastroenteric disorder, it is visualized in the DAG presented in Table 1 how a presumed confounder “pathogen 2” can contribute to the collider “combined pathogen effect” in individuals with the outcome “gastroenteric disorder” due to exposure to “pathogen 1”.
Table 1.
Directed acyclic graph visualizing how exposure to pathogen 1 and apparent “confounding” by pathogen 2 might indeed result in “colliding” into the factor combined pathogen effect in Colombian indigenous individuals with gastroenteric disorder.
| Gastroenteric pathogen 1 (exposure) | Gastroenteric pathogen 2 (confounder) | |||
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| ↓ | Combined effect of pathogen 1 and 2 (collider) | ↓ | ||
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ||
| Gastroenteric disorder (outcome) | ||||
If, however, both “pathogen 1” and “pathogen 2” are by themselves causally associated with the outcome “gastroenteric disorder”, it is assumed that the outcome will be more frequently associated with the exposure of either one or the other than with a combination of both of them. This is because more permissions need to be fulfilled to achieve the latter, more complex situation of combined occurrence. Accordingly, multivariate statistical approaches such as (longitudinal) mediation, moderation and suppression analysis, as well as their complex interplay might be considered. The latter, as well as collider bias assessment, have hardly been statistically addressed in gastrointestinal research, for which reason the assessment of collider bias by odds ratio is considered an important starting point: a negative association between “pathogen 1” and “pathogen 2” should be assumed if they indeed are elements of a colliding. For the study presented here, this negative association was assessed by performing odds ratio analysis.
Generally, individually lacking diagnostic parameters were no criteria for the exclusion of a sample from analysis. For the odds ratio calculations for the various microorganisms, only samples that had indeed been assessed for both microorganisms were included, resulting in varying total numbers of assessed samples for the various odds ratio calculations. Odds ratios with two-sided p-values and 95% confidence intervals using Fisher’s exact test with Yates’ continuity correction and the approximation of Woolf were calculated applying the software GraphPad InStat version 3.06 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Significance was accepted in the case of p < 0.05. Correction for multiple testing with techniques like the Bonferroni–Holmes approach [24] was not conducted in this hypothesis-forming explorative assessment. In line with the assumptions detailed above, potential collider bias [18] was assumed in the case of negative odds ratio observed for two different microbial parameters within the assessed population of Colombian indigenous individuals with chronic gastroenteric disorders.
2.5. Ethics
An ethical clearance for this statistical assessment was not required in line with German national law, because the assessments were not based on original research data involving humans or human samples but just on meta-data from previously published studies.
3. Results
3.1. Microbial Detections Derived from the Assessed Datasets
A total of 773 completely anonymized datasets with diagnostic results obtained with different stool samples from Colombian indigenous individuals with chronic gastroenteric disorders were analyzed. Proportions of detected bacteria within the datasets ranged from 0.6% to 37.2%. In proportional order of detection, EPEC were most frequently recorded, followed by Campylobacter spp., EAEC, ETEC, Shigella spp./EIEC, STEC, Tropheryma whipplei, Salmonella spp., Aeromonas spp. and Yersinia spp. In declining order of frequency, the protozoa Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, E. bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Dientamoeba fragilis, Cyclospora spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba buetschlii, Cryptosporidium spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis, as well as the helminths Trichuris spp., Ascaris spp., Hymenolepis spp., Necator americanus, Strongyloides spp., Taenia spp., Hymenolepis spp. and Schistosoma spp., were found. Only a few microsporidia were observed, and from the microscopically detected fungal elements, conidia were slightly more frequent than pseudoconidia. Details are provided in Table 2, including descriptive semi-quantification based on cycle threshold (Ct) values of real-time PCR. Shortly summarized, intermediate target DNA quantities corresponding to Ct values between 25 and 35 were recorded for most of the real-time PCR-assessed parameters. However, for Aeromonas spp., Cyclospora spp., Entamoeba histolytica and Encephalocytozoon spp., only traces of specific pathogen-DNA were observed in the stool samples, as indicated by Ct values > 35.
Table 2.
Summarized presentation of microorganism-specific datasets obtained from the chosen studies and included in the calculations.
| Microorganism | Detections n/n (%) | Number n of Microscopy-Based Detections | Number n of Molecular Confirmed Detections | Mean Value of Recorded Cycle Threshold (Ct) Values of Real-Time PCR (±Standard Deviation), (Number of Recorded Ct Values) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||
| Aeromonas spp. | 5/287 (1.7%) | n.a. | 5 | 43.2 (±1.6), (5) |
| Campylobacter spp. | 231/708 (32.6%) | n.a. | 231 | 30.4 (±5.5), (174) |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) | 177/565 (31.3%) | n.a. | 177 | 27.8 (±5.5), (177) |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) | 210/565 (37.2%) | n.a. | 210 | 27.6% (±5.5), (208) |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) | 137/565 (24.2%) | n.a. | 137 | 27.0 (±6.1), (137) |
| Salmonella spp. | 15/714 (2.1%) | n.a. | 15 | 31.0 (±5.7), (10) |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) | 20/128 (15.6%) | n.a. | 20 | 23.6 (±2.1), (20) |
| Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli | 120/708 (16.9%) | n.a. | 120 | 30.0 (±6.0), (98) |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 28/389 (7.2%) | n.a. | 28 | 30.6 (±3.0), (28) |
| Yersinia spp. | 4/708 (0.6%) | n.a. | 4 | n.d. (n.a.), (0) |
| Protozoa | ||||
| Blastocystis spp. | 391/773 (50.6%) | 128 | 263 | 30.5 (±4.3), (263) |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 17/773 (2.2%) | 0 | 17 | 34.6 (±4.6), (12) |
| Cyclospora spp. | 72/773 (9.3%) | 0 | 72 | 36.0 (±5.6), (57) |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 75/773 (9.7%) | 0 | 75 | 29.5 (7.1), (75) |
| Entamoeba coli | 227/729 (31.1%) | 227 | 0 | n.a. |
| Entamoeba bangladeshi/7íspar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex | 118/730 (16.2%) | 118 | 0 | n.a. |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 56/707 (7.9%) | n.a. | 56 | 40.0 (±5.0), (47) |
| Endolimax nana | 216/730 (29.6%) | 216 | 0 | n.a. |
| Giardia duodenalis | 402/773 (52.0%) | 54 | 348 | 30.0 (±5.1), (218) |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 55/730 (7.5%) | 55 | 0 | n.a. |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 3/729 (0.4%) | 3 | 0 | n.a. |
| Helminths | ||||
| Ascaris spp. | 130/773 (16.8%) | 23 | 107 | 32.0 (±4.0), (84) |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 31/773 (4.0%) | 14 | 17 | 32.0 (±3.5), (17) |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 126/773 (16.3%) | 10 | 116 | 30.0 (±4.6), (116) |
| Necator americanus | 86/773 (11.1%) | 4 | 82 | 34.0 (±3.3), (57) |
| Schistosoma spp. | 4/730 (0.5) | 0 | 4 | 35.0 (±1.4), (4) |
| Strongyloides spp. | 39/773 (5.0%) | 0 | 39 | 35.0 (±4.0), (34) |
| Taenia spp. | 33/773 (4.3%) | 0 | 33 | 30.8 (±4.1), (33) |
| Trichuris spp. | 158/773 (20.4%) | 14 | 144 | 29.4 (±3.3), (144) |
| Microsporidia | ||||
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 7/287 (2.4%) | 0 | 7 | 36.1 (±1.8), (7) |
| Fungi | ||||
| Conidia | 41/245 (16.7%) | 41 | 0 | n.a. |
| Pseudoconidia | 27/245 (11.0%) | 27 | 0 | n.a. |
n.a. = not applicable, n.d. = not documented.
3.2. Proportions and Patterns of Positive and Negative Associations Observed for the Assessed Microorganisms
As visualized in Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 below, positive associations between assessed microorganisms, as indicated by statistically significant odds ratios of >1 (n = 88), were much more frequent than negative associations, potentially indicating collider bias events, as suggested by statistically significant odds ratios of <1 (n = 14). Details of the odds ratio calculations are presented in Appendix A (Tables A1–A470). Of note, odds ratio calculation attempts leading to non-conclusive results due to more than one zero per row or column are not shown in Appendix A.
Table 3.
Numbers of observed positive associations (as indicated by statistically significant odds ratios of >1) and negative associations (as indicated by significant odds ratios of <1, suggesting potential collider bias) for the various included microorganisms (in alphabetical order).
| Total Number (n) | Positive Associations Observed for the Respective Microorganisms | Negative Associations Observed for the Respective Microorganisms |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Encephalocytozoon spp., Pentatrichomonas hominis, Tropheryma whipplei, Schistosoma spp. | Aeromonas spp., Ascaris spp., Campylobacter spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp., Encephalocytozoon spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobius vermicularis, ETEC, Necator americanus, Pentatrichomonas hominis, pseudoconidia, Schistosoma spp., STEC, Strongyloides spp, Taenia spp., Trichuris spp., Tropheryma whipplei, Yersinia spp. |
| 1 | Aeromonas spp., STEC, Yersinia spp. | Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Hymenolepis spp., Salmonella spp. |
| 2 | Conidia, pseudoconidia | Conidia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, E. bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, EPEC, Iodamoeba buetschlii, Shigella spp./EIEC |
| 3 | Salmonella spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis spp. | Blastocystis spp. |
| 4 | Cryptosporidium spp., EAEC, Iodamoeba buetschlii | - |
| 5 | EPEC | - |
| 6 | Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Necator americanus | EAEC |
| 7 | Cyclospora spp., ETEC, Taenia spp. | - |
| 8 | Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Strongyloides spp. | - |
| 9 | Campylobacter spp., Entamoeba coli, | - |
| 10 | Blastocystis spp. | - |
| 11 | Ascaris spp. | - |
| 12 | Shigella spp./EIEC | - |
| 13 | - | - |
| 14 | - | - |
| 15 | Dientamoeba fragilis | - |
| 16 | Trichuris spp. | - |
EAEC = enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, EIEC = enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EPEC = enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, ETEC = enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, STEC = Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
Table 4.
Associations of microorganisms characterized by statistically significant odds ratios of <1 (indicative of collider bias).
| Microorganism | Associations with Odds Ratios < 1 |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | |
| Aeromonas spp. | - |
| Campylobacter spp. | - |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) | Blastocystis spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli, E. bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) | Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) | - |
| Salmonella spp. | Endolimax nana |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) | - |
| Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) | Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
| Tropheryma whipplei | - |
| Yersinia spp. | - |
| Protozoa | |
| Blastocystis spp. | Hymenolepis spp., EAEC, conidia |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | - |
| Cyclospora spp. | - |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | EAEC |
| Endolimax nana | Salmonella spp., EAEC |
| Entamoeba coli | Shigella spp., EAEC |
| Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex | EAEC, conidia |
| Entamoeba histolytica | - |
| Giardia duodenalis | EPEC |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | Shigella spp., EAEC |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | - |
| Helminths | |
| Ascaris spp. | - |
| Enterobius vermicularis | - |
| Hymenolepis spp. | Blastocystis spp. |
| Necator americanus | - |
| Schistosoma spp. | - |
| Strongyloides spp. | - |
| Taenia spp. | - |
| Trichuris spp. | - |
| Microsporidia | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | - |
| Fungi | |
| Conidia | Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex |
| Pseudoconidia | - |
Table 5.
Associations of microorganisms characterized by statistically significant odds ratios of >1.
| Microorganism | Associations with Odds Ratios > 1 |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | |
| Aeromonas spp. | Cyclospora spp. |
| Campylobacter spp. | Shigella spp., ETEC, Blastocystis spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Ascaris spp., Hymenolepis spp., Taenia spp., Trichuris spp. |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) | Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., EPEC, ETEC |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) | Salmonella spp., ETEC, EAEC, STEC, Dientamoeba fragilis |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) | Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Necator americanus, Trichuris spp., EPEC, EAEC |
| Salmonella spp. | EPEC, ETEC, EAEC |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) | EPEC |
| Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) | Campylobacter spp., ETEC, EAEC, Yersinia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris spp., Necator americanus, Strongyloides spp., Taenia spp., Trichuris spp. |
| Tropheryma whipplei | - |
| Yersinia spp. | Shigella spp. |
| Protozoa | |
| Blastocystis spp. | Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, Ascaris spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli, E. bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Shigella spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichuris spp. |
| Cyclospora spp. | Giardia duodenalis, Aeromonas spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Ascaris spp., Trichuris spp. |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Ascaris spp., Necator americanus, Strongyloides spp., Taenia spp., EPEC, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Endolimax nana |
| Endolimax nana | Cyclospora spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
| Entamoeba coli | Cyclospora spp., Strongyloides spp., Taenia spp., Trichuris spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Blastocystis spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
| Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex | Ascaris spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Blastocystis spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Shigella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Ascaris spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp. |
| Giardia duodenalis | Campylobacter spp., Blastocystis spp., Cyclospora spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Hymenolepis spp., Trichuris spp. |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | Blastocystis spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | - |
| Helminths | |
| Ascaris spp. | Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora spp., Necator americanus, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex |
| Enterobius vermicularis | Ascaris spp., Trichuris spp., conidia |
| Hymenolepis spp. | Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, Trichuris spp. |
| Necator americanus | Shigella spp., Ascaris spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., ETEC, Dientamoeba fragilis |
| Schistosoma spp. | - |
| Strongyloides spp. | Shigella spp., Ascaris spp., Necator americanus, Blastocystis spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Trichuris spp. |
| Taenia spp. | Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli, Trichuris spp., pseudoconidia |
| Trichuris spp. | Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Ascaris spp., Necator americanus, Strongyloides spp., Taenia spp., Hymenolepis spp., ETEC, Blastocystis spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, Enterobius vermicularis |
| Microsporidia | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | - |
| Fungi | |
| Conidia | Enterobius vermicularis, pseudoconidia |
| Pseudoconidia | Taenia spp., conidia |
Table 6.
Cross-tabulation of the assessed parameters coded by numbers to visualize associations as indicated by odds ratios. Color code green = significant odds ratio of >1, indicating a positive association. Color code red = significant odds ratio of <1, indicating a negative association and thus, a potential collider bias. Color code blue = lacking significance. Color code black = odds ratio not estimable based on available data. X- and Y-axis are labeled with the coded microorganisms assessed.
| 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
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01 = Salmonella spp., 02 = Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, 03 = Campylobacter spp., 04 = Yersinia spp., 05 = Entamoeba histolytica, 06 = Giardia duodenalis, 07 = Cyclospora cayetanensis, 08 = Cryptosporidium spp., 09 = Ascaris spp., 10 = Necator americanus, 11 = Strongyloides spp., 12 = Taenia spp., 13 = Hymenolepis spp., 14 = Trichuris spp., 15 = Schistosoma spp., 16 = Enterobius vermicularis, 17 = Tropheryma whipplei, 18 = enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, 19 = enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 20 = enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, 21 = Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, 22 = Dientamoeba fragilis, 23 = Blastocystis spp., 24 = Endolimax nana, 25 = Entamoeba coli, 26 = Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex, 27 = Iodamoeba buetschlii, 28 = Pentatrichomonas hominis, 29 = Encephalocytozoon spp., 30 = Aeromonas spp., 31 = conidia, 32 = pseudoconidia.
Focusing on the few negative associations, enteroaggregative E. coli showed the most respective signals (n = 6), followed by Blastocystis spp. (n = 3) (Table 3, Table 4 and Table 6). For all other assessed microorganisms, between 0 and 2 negative associations were recorded. Even more and as detailed in Table 4, the most negative associations comprised microorganisms that are commonly considered as enteric commensals rather than pathogens.
As detailed in Table 3 and Table 5 and additionally visualized in Table 6, positive associations were much more commonly observed. Two-digit numbers of positive associations within the study population were recorded for no less than 5 assessed microorganisms, comprising Trichuris spp. (n = 16), D. fragilis (n = 15), Shigella spp./EIEC (n = 12), Ascaris spp. (n = 11) and Blastocystis spp. (n = 10) in descending order of frequency. With the exemption of Shigella spp./EIEC, all genera and species with such high numbers of recorded positive associations were protozoan or helminth parasites.
4. Discussion
This study was conducted as a hypothesis-forming explorative assessment with the aim of identifying potential etiological relevance of detected microorganisms in stool samples from Colombian indigenous individuals with chronic gastroenteric disorders of a likely infectious etiology by applying collider bias calculation. The performed analyses led to a number of results.
First of all, statistically significant odds ratios of <1, indicating negative associations potentially pointing towards collider bias within the study population, were rare events compared to observed positive associations. Even beyond quantitative rarity, the observations are difficult to interpret because microorganisms with unlikely relevance as an independent cause of infectious gastroenteritis were primarily affected. In our assessment, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was most frequently negatively associated with other recorded microorganisms. As known from previous studies in resource-limited high-endemicity settings like tropical Tanzania [7], EAEC is similarly frequent in patients with diarrhea, such as in asymptomatic individuals. And even for international travelers, in whom semi-immunity induced by frequent re-exposure to the same pathogen is quite unlikely, EAEC was not found to be significantly associated with infectious gastroenteritis as a primary pathogen in a recent study [25]. Insofar, it seems unlikely that the observed negative associations truly prove independent etiological relevance of the EAEC detections.
Blastocystis spp. was the second microorganism most frequently associated with significant odds ratios of <1 in the present assessment. Although some authors postulate a potential etiological relevance of Blastocystis spp. in human gastroenteritis depending on factors like microbiome composition and immunological situation [26,27,28,29], this opinion is not generally accepted in the scientific world. Also, Blastocystis spp. was found to be more frequently involved in positive than in negative associations, and so one might speculate that previous assumptions on hypothetic etiological relevance of this microorganism in the human gut might in fact be due to co-occurring other infections.
At least two negative associations were found for Shigella spp./EIEC detections. Even in resource-limited high-endemicity settings, several previous studies provided epidemiological evidence of the relevance of Shigella spp./EIEC as a causative agent of infectious gastroenteritis in such areas [5,6,7,16,30]. In one of those previous assessments, even a negative association with norovirus as a potential hint for collider bias was suggested [25]. In the study presented here, however, negative associations affected the protozoa Entamoeba coli and Iodamoeba buetschlii, which are usually considered as harmless colonizers indicating poor hygiene conditions rather than relevant pathogens. Also, identical quantities of negative associations were recorded for other apathogenic protozoa such as Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli and even for detected fungal conidia, suggesting that the relevance of the observation should not be overestimated. This is even more considerable keeping in mind the high number of positive associations observed for Shigella spp./EIEC in the here-presented study as well. Insofar, the two negative associations found for Shigella spp./EIEC detections poorly confirm any independent etiological relevance of this microorganism in the assessed Colombian indigenous individuals.
Apart from Shigella spp./EIEC, positive associations were most frequently observed for enteric helminths like Trichuris spp. and Ascaris spp., as well as for protozoa of questionable etiological relevance like Blastocystis spp. and D. fragilis. The latter, in particular, is well in line with a previous modelling with samples from a smaller number of Colombian indigenous individuals suggesting mediating effects of microbial clusters containing these microorganisms on the likelihood of abundance of other enteric microorganisms, as reported by our group [31]. Such assessments, however, would be beyond the scope of the here-presented collider-bias assessment and might be considered subjects for future studies. Although the observed positive associations from this study might point towards growth-facilitating effects of one microorganism on another, alternative explanations are nevertheless not ruled out. One similarly likely alternative explanation could be shared modes of transmission due to common habits of subgroups within the assessed study population. The here-presented study, based on calculations with anonymized datasets without inclusion of patient parameters, was not designed to decide on this question.
To summarize, this study did not indicate collider bias pointing towards a likely pronounced etiological relevance of specific single microorganisms as an explanation for the chronic gastroenteric disorders shared by the assessed indigenous individuals. Instead, there were numerous hints for positive associations, suggesting mutual growth support of various microorganisms detected within the assessed stool samples, which is in line with previous observations [16,17]. Insofar, we feel justified to postulate based on our results that collider bias assessment, at least on an individual pathogen level, is a too-simple approach to conclude on complex associations like identification of causal relationships between pathogen exposure and gastroenteric disorders in individuals threatened by constant exposure in high-endemicity settings for gastroenteric pathogens. Screening for these more complex associations based on other biostatistical approaches, as recently performed [31], should be considered for future analyses.
This study has a few limitations. First of all, and as stated in the methods chapter, its assessment has a number of premises which all need to hold true if the results of the assessment shall be considered conclusive. However, even the main assumption that all study participants basically shared the same syndromic entity of chronic gastroenteric disorders with only gradual differences in symptom expression is associated with uncertainty. In fact, the restricted logistic options during the studies providing the data [1,2,3] make the definition of the disease entity vague and only syndromically describable. Second, differences in diagnostic accuracy of applied diagnostic strategies over the included surveillance assessments [1,2,3] were considered negligible for this analysis. However, this is not necessarily the case, especially in situations in which results from highly sensitive real-time PCR and investigator-dependent microscopy were merged for the analyses. Third, the analyses included considerable numbers of parameters, but not necessarily all pathogens potentially occurring in the human gut with a particular neglect of viruses and also not other factors like chronic inflammatory or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Only parameters previously assessed in the quoted surveillance studies [1,2,3] could be used for the calculations. Fourth, the retrospective design and the associated need to work with previously obtained diagnostic data did not allow a case number calculation-based assessment. Accordingly, the study was considered as a hypothesis-forming analysis only.
5. Conclusions
In spite of the limitations stated above, the study results suggested that single specific pathogens did not dominate the etiology of the medical condition of chronic gastroenteric disorder, as observed in the previously assessed Colombian indigenous populations [1,2,3]. Instead, and in line with previous observations with the same individuals [31], complex interactions seem to have played a role, potentially including whole microbial clusters and summative effects of co-occurring microorganisms. Future assessments including other biostatistical algorithms should be considered to verify or falsify this hypothesis. In particular, the terms “confounder” as well as “collider” correspond to the statistical concepts of moderation and mediation [18]. Using statistical multivariate modeling techniques associated with these concepts, associations observed in this study may be mathematically elaborated, thus paving the way for individually tailored therapeutic interventions. Such approaches, however, would be beyond the scope of the here-presented hypothesis-forming analysis and should be considered for future follow-up assessments.
Appendix A
Odds ratio calculations for the individual parameters are shown in Tables A1–A470. Tables for which odds ratio was not estimable due to more than one zero per line or column are not provided. As a simplification, Entamoeba bangladeshi/dispar/histolytica/moshkovskii complex (indicating samples with suspicious cysts but without PCR-based confirmation of E. histolytica) is summarized as Entamoeba dispar in the following.
Table A1.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Shigella spp. | 6 | 114 |
| Non-Shigella spp. | 11 | 579 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.770 | 1.004, 7.645 | 0.0513, not significant |
Table A2.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Campylobacter spp. | 3 | 228 |
| Non-Campylobacter spp. | 12 | 465 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5099 | 0.1424, 1.825 | 0.4074, not significant |
Table A3.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Yersinia spp. | 0 | 4 |
| Non-Yersinia spp. | 15 | 689 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.943 | 0.2547, 95.912 | 1.000, not significant |
Table A4.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Entamoeba histolytica.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | 54 |
| Non-Entamoeba histolytica | 13 | 638 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.818 | 0.3996, 8.267 | 0.3362, not significant |
Table A5.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Giardia duodenalis.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Giardia duodenalis | 7 | 387 |
| Non-Giardia duodenalis | 8 | 311 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7032 | 0.2522, 1.961 | 0.6025, not significant |
Table A6.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Cyclospora spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Cyclospora spp. | 2 | 70 |
| Non-Cyclospora spp. | 13 | 629 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.382 | 0.3056, 6.254 | 0.6566, not significant |
Table A7.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 0 | 17 |
| Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | 15 | 682 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.258 | 0.07230, 21.892 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A8.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Ascaris spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Ascaris spp. | 4 | 125 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 11 | 574 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.670 | 0.5230, 5.331 | 0.3281, not significant |
Table A9.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Necator americanus.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Necator americanus | 1 | 85 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 14 | 614 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5160 | 0.06696, 3.976 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A10.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Strongyloides spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 1 | 38 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 14 | 661 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.242 | 0.1591, 9.704 | 0.5731, not significant |
Table A11.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Taenia spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 1 | 32 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 14 | 667 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.489 | 0.1898, 11.682 | 0.5118, not significant |
Table A12.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 2 | 114 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 13 | 585 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7895 | 0.1757, 3.547 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A13.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 1 | 156 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 14 | 543 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2486 | 0.03242, 1.906 | 0.2114, not significant |
Table A14.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 15 | 654 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.032 | 0.2984, 121.94 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A15.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 0 | 29 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 15 | 670 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7332 | 0.04280, 12.560 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A16.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 0 | 21 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 6 | 324 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.161 | 0.06324, 21.314 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A17.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 7 | 184 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 2 | 334 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.353 | 1.306, 30.919 | 0.0132, significant |
Table A18.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 6 | 124 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 3 | 394 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.355 | 1.566, 25.793 | 0.0088, significant |
Table A19.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 7 | 162 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 2 | 356 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 7.691 | 1.580, 37.446 | 0.0061, significant |
Table A20.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 2 | 18 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 4 | 104 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.889 | 0.4921, 16.961 | 0.2361, not significant |
Table A21.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 0 | 75 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 15 | 624 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2668 | 0.01579, 4.508 | 0.3883, not significant |
Table A22.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 5 | 366 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 10 | 333 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4549 | 0.1539, 1.345 | 0.1925, not significant |
Table A23.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 1 | 198 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 14 | 458 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.1652 | 0.02157, 1.266 | 0.0491, significant |
Table A24.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 4 | 203 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 11 | 452 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8097 | 0.2547, 2.574 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A25.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 0 | 111 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 15 | 545 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.1578 | 0.009367, 2.659 | 0.1494, not significant |
Table A26.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 1 | 47 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 14 | 609 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9255 | 0.1190, 7.196 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A27.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 15 | 652 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.014 | 0.2975, 121.57 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A28.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 4 | 276 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.096 | 0.2017, 83.201 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A29.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 1 | 4 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 3 | 279 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 23.250 | 1.967, 274.77 | 0.0682, not significant |
Table A30.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and conidia.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Conidia | 0 | 41 |
| Non-conidia | 4 | 200 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5368 | 0.02834, 10.170 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A31.
Odds ratio for the association of Salmonella spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 0 | 27 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 4 | 214 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8667 | 0.04539, 16.547 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A32.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Campylobacter spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Campylobacter spp. | 62 | 169 |
| Non-Campylobacter spp. | 58 | 419 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.650 | 1.776, 3.955 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A33.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Yersina spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Yersinia spp. | 3 | 1 |
| Non-Yersinia spp. | 117 | 587 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 15.051 | 1.551, 146.04 | 0.0167, significant |
Table A34.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Entamoeba histolytica.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 17 | 39 |
| Non-Entamoeba histolytica | 103 | 548 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.319 | 1.263, 4.257 | 0.0088, significant |
Table A35.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Giardia duodenalis.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Giardia duodenalis | 64 | 331 |
| Non-Giardia duodenalis | 56 | 257 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8874 | 0.5984, 1.316 | 0.6142, not significant |
Table A36.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Cyclospora spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Cyclospora spp. | 15 | 57 |
| Non-Cyclospora spp. | 105 | 531 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.331 | 0.7259, 2.440 | 0.4062, not significant |
Table A37.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 8 | 9 |
| Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | 112 | 579 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.595 | 1.735, 12.169 | 0.0034, significant |
Table A38.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Ascaris spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Ascaris spp. | 43 | 85 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 77 | 503 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.305 | 2.132, 5.123 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A39.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Necator spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Necator spp. | 29 | 57 |
| Non-Necator spp. | 91 | 531 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.969 | 1.802, 4.892 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A40.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Strongyloides spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 12 | 27 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 108 | 561 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.309 | 1.134, 4.699 | 0.0264, significant |
Table A41.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Taenia spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 11 | 22 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 109 | 566 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.596 | 1.223, 5.510 | 0.0163, significant |
Table A42.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 23 | 93 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 97 | 495 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.262 | 0.7611, 2.093 | 0.4164, not significant |
Table A43.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 67 | 87 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 53 | 501 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 7.280 | 4.753, 11.149 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A44.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 116 | 547 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.358 | 0.2119, 26.235 | 0.4404, not significant |
Table A45.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 8 | 20 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 112 | 568 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.029 | 0.8716, 4.721 | 0.1185, not significant |
Table A46.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 3 | 18 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 34 | 290 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.422 | 0.3980, 5.078 | 0.4817, not significant |
Table A47.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 39 | 149 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 54 | 279 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.352 | 0.8559, 2.137 | 0.2334, not significant |
Table A48.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 34 | 95 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 59 | 333 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.020 | 1.250, 3.264 | 0.0052, significant |
Table A49.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 42 | 125 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 51 | 303 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.996 | 1.262, 3.158 | 0.0046, significant |
Table A50.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 5 | 15 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 28 | 80 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9524 | 0.3170, 2.861 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A51.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 23 | 52 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 97 | 536 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.444 | 1.429, 4.179 | 0.0017, significant |
Table A52.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 58 | 311 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 62 | 277 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8332 | 0.5624, 1.234 | 0.3688, not significant |
Table A53.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 29 | 169 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 87 | 380 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7495 | 0.4742, 1.185 | 0.2636, not significant |
Table A54.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Endamoeba coli.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Endamoeba coli | 14 | 190 |
| Non-Endamoeba coli | 92 | 368 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2947 | 0.1635, 0.5312 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A55.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Endamoeba dispar.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Endamoeba dispar spp. | 17 | 94 |
| Non-Endamoeba dispar. | 99 | 455 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8312 | 0.4745, 1.456 | 0.5850, not significant |
Table A56.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 3 | 43 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 113 | 506 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3124 | 0.09520, 1.025 | 0.0436, significant |
Table A57.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 115 | 546 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6759 | 0.03465, 13.185 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A58.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 3 | 4 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 61 | 219 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.693 | 0.5866, 12.360 | 0.1875, not significant |
Table A59.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 3 | 2 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 61 | 221 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 5.434 | 0.8876, 33.272 | 0.0754, not significant |
Table A60.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and conidia.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Conidia | 9 | 32 |
| Non-conidia | 52 | 152 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8221 | 0.3679, 1.837 | 0.6969, not significant |
Table A61.
Odds ratio for the association of Shigella spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Shigella spp. | Non-Shigella spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 4 | 23 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 57 | 161 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4912 | 0.1628, 1.482 | 0.2440, not significant |
Table A62.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Yersinia spp. | 2 | 2 |
| Non-Yersinia spp. | 229 | 475 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.074 | 0.2902, 14.826 | 0.6000, not significant |
Table A63.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Entamoeba histolytica.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 23 | 33 |
| Non-Entamoeba histolytica | 208 | 443 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.484 | 0.8501, 2.592 | 0.1818, not significant |
Table A64.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Giardia duodenalis.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Giardia duodenalis | 164 | 231 |
| Non-Giardia duodenalis | 67 | 246 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.607 | 1.862, 3.649 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A65.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Cyclospora spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Cyclospora spp. | 30 | 42 |
| Non-Cyclospora spp. | 201 | 435 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.546 | 0.9399, 2.542 | 0.0865, not significant |
Table A66.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 6 | 11 |
| Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | 225 | 466 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.130 | 0.4124, 3.094 | 0.7978, not significant |
Table A67.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Ascaris spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Ascaris spp. | 54 | 74 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 177 | 403 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.661 | 1.122, 2.461 | 0.0125, significant |
Table A68.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Necator americanus.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Necator americanus | 35 | 51 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 196 | 426 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.492 | 0.9394, 2.368 | 0.1101, not significant |
Table A69.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Strongyloides spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 14 | 25 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 217 | 452 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.116 | 0.5944, 2.289 | 0.7256, not significant |
Table A70.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Taenia spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 18 | 15 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 213 | 462 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.603 | 1.287, 5.264 | 0.0078, significant |
Table A71.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 52 | 64 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 179 | 413 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.875 | 1.249, 2.813 | 0.0033, significant |
Table A72.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 93 | 61 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 138 | 416 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.596 | 3.155, 6.694 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A73.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 212 | 450 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.123 | 0.2968, 15.179 | 0.5973, not significant |
Table A74.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 9 | 19 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 222 | 458 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9772 | 0.4350, 2.195 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A75.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 5 | 16 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 82 | 242 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9223 | 0.3275, 2.597 | 1.000, not significant |
Table A76.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 54 | 134 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 127 | 206 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6537 | 0.4445, 0.9613 | 0.0350, significant |
Table A77.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 82 | 47 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 133 | 259 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.398 | 2.243, 5.146 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A78.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 60 | 107 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 121 | 233 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.080 | 0.7347, 1.587 | 0.6946, not significant |
Table A79.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 3 | 17 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 38 | 70 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3251 | 0.08951, 1.181 | 0.1158, not significant |
Table A80.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 38 | 37 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 193 | 440 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.341 | 1.444, 3.797 | 0.0007, significant |
Table A81.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Blastocystis hominis.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Blastocystis hominis | 144 | 225 |
| Non-Blastocystis hominis | 87 | 252 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.854 | 1.344, 2.556 | 0.0002, significant |
Table A82.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 71 | 127 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 141 | 326 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.293 | 0.9096, 1.837 | 0.1722, not significant |
Table A83.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 60 | 144 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 152 | 308 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8443 | 0.5899, 1.208 | 0.3683, not significant |
Table A84.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 36 | 75 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 176 | 378 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.031 | 0.6667, 1.594 | 0.9113, not significant |
Table A85.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 10 | 36 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 202 | 417 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5734 | 0.2789, 1.179 | 0.1419, not significant |
Table A86.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 210 | 451 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.074 | 0.09677, 11.916 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A87.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 1 | 6 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 131 | 149 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.1896 | 0.02252, 1.596 | 0.1289, not significant |
Table A88.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 3 | 2 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 129 | 153 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.779 | 0.2926, 10.816 | 0.6641, not significant |
Table A89.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and conidia.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Conidia | 21 | 20 |
| Non-conidia | 93 | 111 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6072 | 0.6402, 2.453 | 0.6072 |
Table A90.
Odds ratio for the association of Campylobacter spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Campylobacter spp. | Non-Campylobacter spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 13 | 14 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 101 | 117 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.076 | 0.4830, 2.396 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A91.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Entamoeba histolytica.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 0 | 56 |
| Non-Entamoeba histolytica | 4 | 647 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.273 | 0.06765, 23.969 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A92.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Giardia duodenalis.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Giardia duodenalis | 1 | 395 |
| Non-Giardia duodenalis | 3 | 309 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2608 | 0.02698, 2.521 | 0.3258, not significant |
Table A93.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Cyclospora spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Cyclospora spp. | 0 | 72 |
| Non-Cyclospora spp. | 4 | 632 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9693 | 0.05163, 18.200 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A94.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 0 | 17 |
| Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | 4 | 687 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.365 | 0.2260, 84.300 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A95.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Ascaris spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Ascaris spp. | 0 | 128 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 4 | 576 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4985 | 0.02665, 9.323 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A96.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Necator americanus.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Necator americanus | 0 | 86 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 4 | 618 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7945 | 0.04238, 14.895 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A97.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Strongyloides spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 0 | 39 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 4 | 665 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.872 | 0.09896, 35.412 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A98.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Taenia spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 0 | 33 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 4 | 671 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.227 | 0.1174, 42.256 | 1.000, not significant |
Table A99.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 0 | 116 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 4 | 588 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5613 | 0.02999, 10.503 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A100.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 0 | 154 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 4 | 550 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3959 | 0.02118, 7.399 | 0.5819, not significant |
Table A101.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 4 | 659 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 20.937 | 0.9379, 467.36 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A102.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 0 | 28 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 4 | 676 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.637 | 0.1385, 50.210 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A103.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 0 | 75 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 4 | 629 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9264 | 0.4936, 17.388 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A104.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 0 | 369 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 4 | 335 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.1009 | 0.005408, 1.882 | 0.0521, not significant |
Table A105.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 1 | 197 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 2 | 465 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.180 | 0.1063, 13.099 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A106.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 0 | 204 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 4 | 456 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2480 | 0.01328, 4.632 | 0.3180, not significant |
Table A107.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 0 | 111 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 4 | 550 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5486 | 0.02931, 10.269 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A108.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Yersinia spp. | Non-Yersinia spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 0 | 46 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 4 | 615 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.471 | 0.07794, 27.754 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A109.
Odds ratio for the association of Yersinia spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Salmonella spp. | Non-Salmonella spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 4 | 657 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 20.873 | 0.9351, 465.94 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A110.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Giardia duodenalis | 35 | 360 |
| Non-Giardia duodenalis | 21 | 291 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.347 | 0.7674, 2.365 | 0.3283, not significant |
Table A111.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Cyclospora spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Cyclospora spp. | 10 | 62 |
| Non-Cyclospora spp. | 46 | 589 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.065 | 0.9929, 4.296 | 0.0623, not significant |
Table A112.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 4 | 13 |
| Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | 52 | 683 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.775 | 1.188, 11.995 | 0.0386, significant |
Table A113.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Ascaris spp. | 18 | 110 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 38 | 541 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.330 | 1.282, 4.233 | 0.0101, significant |
Table A114.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Necator americanus.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Necator americanus | 7 | 79 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 49 | 572 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.034 | 0.4527, 2.363 | 0.8342, not significant |
Table A115.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 11 | 28 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 45 | 623 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 5.439 | 2.543, 11.635 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A116.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Taenia spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Taenia spp. | 4 | 29 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 52 | 622 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.650 | 0.5585, 4.874 | 0.3222, not significant |
Table A117.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Hymenolepis spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 35 | 360 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 21 | 291 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.347 | 0.7674, 2.365 | 0.3283, not significant |
Table A118.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Trichuris spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Trichuris spp. | 23 | 131 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 33 | 520 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.767 | 1.571, 4.872 | 0.0006, significant |
Table A119.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 3 | 25 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 53 | 626 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.417 | 0.4142, 4.850 | 0.4798, not significant |
Table A120.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Schistosoma spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 55 | 607 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 5.518 | 0.4922, 61.863 | 0.2323, not significant |
Table A121.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 0 | 21 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 14 | 310 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4980 | 0.02870, 8.640 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A122.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 18 | 170 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 34 | 299 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9311 | 0.5102, 1.700 | 0.8798, not significant |
Table A123.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 12 | 117 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 40 | 352 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9026 | 0.4580, 1.779 | 0.8664, not significant |
Table A124.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 18 | 149 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 33 | 321 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.175 | 0.6408, 2.155 | 0.6365, not significant |
Table A125.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 1 | 19 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 8 | 100 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6579 | 0.07768, 5.572 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A126.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 15 | 60 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 41 | 591 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.604 | 1.884, 6.892 | 0.0003, significant |
Table A127.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Blastocystis spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 34 | 355 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 22 | 296 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.289 | 0.7374, 2.252 | 0.4034, not significant |
Table A128.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Endolimax nana.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Endolimax nana | 20 | 178 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 35 | 431 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.384 | 0.7773, 2.463 | 0.2828, not significant |
Table A129.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Entamoeba coli | 21 | 183 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 34 | 425 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.434 | 0.8104, 2.539 | 0.2241, not significant |
Table A130.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 14 | 97 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 41 | 512 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.802 | 0.9461, 3.434 | 0.0874, not significant |
Table A131.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 2 | 43 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 53 | 566 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4967 | 0.1170, 2.109 | 0.5715, not significant |
Table A132.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 37 | 243 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4329 | 0.02420, 7.742 | 0.6005, not significant |
Table A133.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and Aeromonas spp.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 37 | 245 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5952 | 0.03222, 10.992 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A134.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba histolytica and conidia.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| conidia | 8 | 33 |
| Non-conidia | 29 | 175 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.463 | 0.6148, 3.481 | 0.4721, not significant |
Table A135.
Entamoeba histolytica and pseudoconidia.
| Entamoeba histolytica | Non-Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Pseudoconidia | 5 | 22 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 32 | 186 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.321 | 0.4664, 3.742 | 0.5733, not significant |
Table A136.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Cyclospora spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Cyclospora spp. | 48 | 24 |
| Non-Cyclospora spp. | 354 | 347 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.960 | 1.175, 3.271 | 0.0093, significant |
Table A137.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 11 | 6 |
| Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | 391 | 365 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.711 | 0.6264, 4.676 | 0.3337, not significant |
Table A138.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Ascaris spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Ascaris spp. | 75 | 55 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 327 | 316 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.318 | 0.9004, 1.929 | 0.1778, not significant |
Table A139.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Necator americanus.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Necator americanus | 48 | 38 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 354 | 333 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.188 | 0.7567, 1.866 | 0.4930, not significant |
Table A140.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Strongyloides spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 19 | 20 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 378 | 356 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8947 | 0.4696, 1.704 | 0.7455, not significant |
Table A141.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Taenia spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Taenia spp. | 20 | 13 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 382 | 358 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.442 | 0.7066, 2.942 | 0.3745, not significant |
Table A142.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Hymenolepis spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 83 | 43 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 319 | 328 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.985 | 1.331, 2.959 | 0.0006, significant |
Table A143.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Trichuris spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Trichuris spp. | 102 | 56 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 300 | 315 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.913 | 1.331, 2.748 | 0.0005, significant |
Table A144.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Schistosoma spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 2 | 2 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 384 | 343 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8932 | 0.1251, 6.379 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A145.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 15 | 16 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 387 | 355 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8600 | 0.4189, 1.765 | 0.7166, not significant |
Table A146.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 11 | 17 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 190 | 171 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5824 | 0.2653, 1.278 | 0.2385, not significant |
Table A147.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 107 | 103 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 220 | 135 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6375 | 0.4514, 0.9003 | 0.0108, significant |
Table A148.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 87 | 50 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 240 | 188 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.363 | 0.9165, 2.027 | 0.1365, not significant |
Table A149.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 92 | 85 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 235 | 153 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7047 | 0.4924, 1.008 | 0.0661, not significant |
Table A150.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 10 | 10 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 54 | 54 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.0000 | 0.3850, 2.597 | 1.1917, not significant |
Table A151.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 49 | 26 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 353 | 345 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.842 | 1.119, 3.032 | 0.0153, significant |
Table A152.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 234 | 157 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 168 | 214 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.899 | 1.426, 2.527 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A153.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Endolimax nana.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Endolimax nana | 125 | 91 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 260 | 254 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.342 | 0.9737, 1.849 | 0.0745, not significant |
Table A154.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba coli.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Entamoeba coli | 128 | 99 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 256 | 247 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.242 | 0.9063, 1.703 | 0.2000, not significant |
Table A155.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba dispar.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 72 | 46 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 313 | 299 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.495 | 0.9997, 2.236 | 0.0557, not significant |
Table A156.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 29 | 26 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 350 | 325 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.036 | 0.5972, 1.796 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A157.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 3 | 0 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 381 | 345 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.339 | 0.3261, 123.26 | 0.2511, not significant |
Table A158.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 5 | 2 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 176 | 104 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.477 | 0.2814, 7.754 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A159.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and Aeromonas spp.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 4 | 1 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 107 | 175 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.542 | 0.7213, 59.339 | 0.0755, not significant |
Table A160.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and conidia.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Conidia | 30 | 11 |
| Non-conidia | 135 | 69 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.394 | 0.6588, 2.949 | 0.4668, not significant |
Table A161.
Odds ratio for the association of Giardia duodenalis and pseudoconidia.
| Giardia duodenalis | Non-Giardia duodenalis | |
| Pseudoconidia | 18 | 9 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 147 | 71 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9660 | 0.4133, 2.258 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A162.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 1 | 16 |
| Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | 71 | 685 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6030 | 0.07876, 4.617 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A163.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Ascaris spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Ascaris spp. | 20 | 110 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 52 | 591 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.066 | 1.187, 3.598 | 0.0128, significant |
Table A164.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Necator americanus.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Necator americanus | 12 | 74 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 60 | 627 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.695 | 0.8714, 3.296 | 0.1177, not significant |
Table A165.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Strongyloides spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 4 | 35 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 68 | 666 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.119 | 0.3861, 3.245 | 0.7773, not significant |
Table A166.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Taenia spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 5 | 28 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 67 | 673 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.794 | 0.6703, 4.800 | 0.2221, not significant |
Table A167.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 15 | 111 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 57 | 590 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.399 | 0.7646, 2.559 | 0.3133, not significant |
Table A168.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 25 | 133 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 47 | 568 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.272 | 1.350, 3.824 | 0.0032, significant |
Table A169.
Odds ratio for the association of c.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 0 | 4 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 72 | 655 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.005 | 0.05351, 18.861 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A170.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 5 | 26 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 67 | 675 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.937 | 0.7201, 5.213 | 0.1983, not significant |
Table A171.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 0 | 28 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 29 | 332 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.1977 | 0.01176, 3.324 | 0.2502, not significant |
Table A172.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 24 | 185 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 46 | 310 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8743 | 0.5166, 1.480 | 0.6921, not significant |
Table A173.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 24 | 113 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 46 | 382 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.764 | 1.031, 3.016 | 0.0516, not significant |
Table A174.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 20 | 157 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 50 | 338 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8611 | 0.4958, 1.496 | 0.6802, not significant |
Table A175.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 1 | 19 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 15 | 93 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3263 | 0.04060, 2.623 | 0.4641, not significant |
Table A176.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 14 | 61 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 58 | 640 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.533 | 1.335, 4.804 | 0.0101, significant |
Table A177.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 39 | 352 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 33 | 349 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.172 | 0.7202, 1.906 | 0.5385, not significant |
Table A178.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 33 | 183 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 39 | 475 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.196 | 1.340, 3.600 | 0.0025, significant |
Table A179.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 33 | 194 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 39 | 463 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.0189 | 1.233, 3.307 | 0.0069, significant |
Table A180.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 15 | 103 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 57 | 555 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.418 | 0.7731, 2.601 | 0.2425, not significant |
Table A181.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 7 | 48 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 65 | 610 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.369 | 0.5947, 3.149 | 0.4778, not significant |
Table A182.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 71 | 655 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.613 | 0.4128, 51.538 | 0.2683, not significant |
Table A183.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 41 | 239 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3847 | 0.02155, 6.870 | 0.5985, not significant |
Table A184.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 3 | 2 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 38 | 244 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 9.632 | 1.557, 59.564 | 0.0221, significant |
Table A185.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and conidia.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Conidia | 6 | 35 |
| Non-conidia | 35 | 169 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8278 | 0.3235, 2.118 | 0.8209, not significant |
Table A186.
Odds ratio for the association of Cyclospora spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Cyclospora spp. | Non-Cyclospora spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 6 | 21 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 35 | 183 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.494 | 0.5624, 3.968 | 0.4161, not significant |
Table A187.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Ascaris spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Ascaris spp. | 4 | 126 |
| Non-Ascaris spp. | 13 | 630 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.538 | 0.4934, 4.797 | 0.5074, not significant |
Table A188.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Necator americanus.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Necator americanus | 1 | 85 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 16 | 671 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4934 | 0.06458, 3.769 | 0.7097, not significant |
Table A189.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Strongyloides spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 2 | 37 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 15 | 719 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.591 | 0.5710, 11.756 | 0.2098, not significant |
Table A190.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Taenia spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 1 | 32 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 16 | 724 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.414 | 0.1818, 11.002 | 0.5275, not significant |
Table A191.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 3 | 123 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 14 | 633 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.103 | 0.3121, 3.896 | 0.7481, not significant |
Table A192.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 6 | 52 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 11 | 704 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 7.385 | 2.626, 20.769 | 0.0009, significant |
Table A193.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 16 | 711 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 14.813 | 1.460, 150.33 | 0.0900, not significant |
Table A194.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 0 | 31 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 17 | 725 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6580 | 0.03866, 11.200 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A195.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 1 | 27 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 2 | 359 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.648 | 0.5837, 75.721 | 0.2012, not significant |
Table A196.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 4 | 206 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 9 | 346 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7465 | 0.2270, 2.455 | 0.7756, not significant |
Table A197.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 6 | 131 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 7 | 421 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.755 | 0.9095, 8.343 | 0.0941, not significant |
Table A198.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 5 | 172 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 8 | 380 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.381 | 0.4451, 4.283 | 0.5572, not significant |
Table A199.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 0 | 20 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 1 | 107 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.748 | 0.06873, 44.457 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A200.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 6 | 69 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 11 | 687 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 5.431 | 1.948, 15.141 | 0.0036, significant |
Table A201.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 11 | 380 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 6 | 376 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.814 | 0.6639, 4.956 | 0.3274, not significant |
Table A202.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 4 | 212 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 13 | 501 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7271 | 0.2343, 2.256 | 0.7891, not significant |
Table A203.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 4 | 223 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 13 | 489 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6747 | 0.2175, 2.093 | 0.6043, not significant |
Table A204.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 3 | 115 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 14 | 598 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.114 | 0.3151, 3.941 | 0.7460, not significant |
Table A205.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 0 | 55 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 17 | 658 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3390 | 0.2010, 5.717 | 0.6311, not significant |
Table A206.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 17 | 709 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 5.792 | 0.2879, 116.52 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A207.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 11 | 269 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.562 | 0.08396, 29.073 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A208.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 11 | 271 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.146 | 0.1117, 41.225 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A209.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and conidia.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Conidia | 0 | 41 |
| Non-conidia | 11 | 193 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2027 | 0.01170, 3.511 | 0.2193, not significant |
Table A210.
Odds ratio for the association of Cryptosporidium spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Non-Cryptosporidium spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 1 | 26 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 10 | 208 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8000 | 0.09834, 6.508 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A211.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Necator americanus.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Necator americanus | 37 | 49 |
| Non-Necator americanus | 93 | 594 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.823 | 2.985, 7.792 | <0.0001, not significant |
Table A212.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Strongyloides spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 26 | 13 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 104 | 630 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 12.115 | 6.031, 24.337 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A213.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Taenia spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 10 | 23 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 120 | 620 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.246 | 1.042, 4.841 | 0.0526, not significant |
Table A214.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 18 | 108 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 112 | 535 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7961 | 0.4644, 1.365 | 0.4381, not significant |
Table A215.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 76 | 82 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 54 | 561 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 9.629 | 6.334, 14.638 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A216.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 126 | 601 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.590 | 0.1640, 15.418 | 0.5347, not significant |
Table A217.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 11 | 20 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 119 | 623 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.879 | 1.344, 6.167 | 0.0111, significant |
Table A218.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 2 | 26 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 44 | 317 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5542 | 0.1271, 2.417 | 0.5564, not significant |
Table A219.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 45 | 165 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 72 | 283 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7483 | 0.7050, 1.630 | 0.7483, not significant |
Table A220.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 34 | 103 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 83 | 345 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.372 | 0.8698, 2.164 | 0.1835, not significant |
Table A221.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 27 | 150 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 80 | 308 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6930 | 0.4297, 1.118 | 0.1645, not significant |
Table A222.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 2 | 18 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 17 | 91 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5948 | 0.1262, 2.803 | 0.7357, not significant |
Table A223.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 37 | 38 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 91 | 607 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.495 | 3.925, 10.746 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A224.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 80 | 311 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 50 | 332 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.708 | 1.161, 2.512 | 0.0070, significant |
Table A225.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 43 | 173 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 84 | 430 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.272 | 0.8463, 1.913 | 0.2847, not significant |
Table A226.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 45 | 182 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 82 | 420 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.266 | 0.8462, 1.895 | 0.2483, not significant |
Table A227.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 36 | 82 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 91 | 521 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.514 | 1.601, 3.945 | 0.0001, significant |
Table A228.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 9 | 46 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 118 | 557 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9235 | 0.4399, 1.939 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A229.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 126 | 600 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6781 | 0.03479, 13.220 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A230.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 1 | 6 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 76 | 204 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4474 | 0.05296, 3.779 | 0.6789, not significant |
Table A231.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 2 | 3 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 75 | 207 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.840 | 0.3014, 11.232 | 0.6130, not significant |
Table A232.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and conidia.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Conidia | 12 | 29 |
| Non-conidia | 62 | 142 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9477 | 0.4539, 1.979 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A233.
Odds ratio for the association of Ascaris spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Ascaris spp. | Non-Ascaris spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 9 | 18 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 65 | 153 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.177 | 0.5024, 2.757 | 0.8244, not significant |
Table A234.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Strongyloides spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Strongyloides spp. | 10 | 29 |
| Non-Strongyloides spp. | 76 | 658 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.985 | 1.400, 6.366 | 0.0072, significant |
Table A235.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Taenia spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Taenia spp. | 5 | 28 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 81 | 659 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.453 | 0.5456, 3.869 | 0.4008, not significant |
Table A236.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Hymenolepis spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 18 | 108 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 68 | 579 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.419 | 0.8116, 2.481 | 0.2172, not significant |
Table A237.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Trichuris spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Trichuris spp. | 40 | 118 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 46 | 569 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.193 | 2.626, 6.695 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A238.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Schistosoma spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 83 | 644 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.586 | 0.2658, 25.166 | 0.3870, not significant |
Table A239.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 5 | 26 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 81 | 661 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.569 | 0.5862, 4.201 | 0.3766, not significant |
Table A240.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 2 | 26 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 50 | 311 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4785 | 0.1101, 2.079 | 0.5611, not significant |
Table A241.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 32 | 178 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 49 | 306 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.123 | 0.6930, 1.819 | 0.7069, not significant |
Table A242.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 28 | 109 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 53 | 375 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.818 | 1.097, 3.012 | 0.0246, significant |
Table A243.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 33 | 144 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 48 | 340 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.623 | 1.000, 2.635 | 0.0528, not significant |
Table A244.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 4 | 16 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 25 | 83 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8300 | 0.2541, 2.711 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A245.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 15 | 60 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 71 | 627 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.208 | 1.191, 4.091 | 0.0184, significant |
Table A246.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Blastocystis spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 40 | 351 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 46 | 336 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8324 | 0.5310, 1.305 | 0.4264, not significant |
Table A247.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Endolimax nana.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Endolimax nana | 26 | 190 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 58 | 456 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.076 | 0.6573, 1.761 | 0.7997, not significant |
Table A248.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Entamoeba coli.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Entamoeba coli | 21 | 206 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 63 | 439 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7104 | 0.4219, 1.196 | 0.2124, not significant |
Table A249.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Entamoeba dispar.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 14 | 104 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 70 | 542 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.042 | 0.5657, 1.920 | 0.8753, not significant |
Table A250.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 4 | 51 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 80 | 595 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5833 | 0.2053, 1.658 | 0.3842, not significant |
Table A251.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 83 | 643 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.101 | 0.05633, 21.517 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A252.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 32 | 248 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5097 | 0.02842, 9.142 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A253.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and Aeromonas spp.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 32 | 250 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7007 | 0.03784, 12.976 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A254.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and conidia.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Conidia | 4 | 37 |
| Non-conidia | 26 | 178 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7401 | 0.2437, 2.248 | 0.7950, not significant |
Table A255.
Odds ratio for the association of Necator americanus and pseudoconidia.
| Necator americanus | Non-Necator americanus | |
| Pseudoconidia | 2 | 25 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 28 | 190 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5429 | 0.1218, 2.419 | 0.5466, not significant |
Table A256.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Taenia spp.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Taenia spp. | 3 | 30 |
| Non-Taenia spp. | 36 | 704 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.956 | 0.5695, 6.714 | 0.2289, not significant |
Table A257.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 6 | 120 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 33 | 614 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9303 | 0.3813, 2.269 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A258.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 27 | 131 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 12 | 603 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 10.357 | 5.113, 20.980 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A259.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 37 | 690 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.216 | 0.6309, 61.248 | 0.1926, not significant |
Table A260.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 4 | 27 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 35 | 707 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.993 | 0.9923, 9.025 | 0.0650, not significant |
Table A261.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 0 | 28 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 9 | 352 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6510 | 0.03691, 11.481 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A262.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 16 | 194 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. | 22 | 333 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.248 | 0.6401, 2.435 | 0.6025, not significant |
Table A263.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 11 | 126 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 27 | 401 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.297 | 0.6253, 2.689 | 0.5562, not significant |
Table A264.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 14 | 163 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 24 | 364 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.303 | 0.6569, 2.583 | 0.4709, not significant |
Table A265.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 0 | 4 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 20 | 104 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5664 | 0.02933, 10.937 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A266.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 18 | 57 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 21 | 677 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 10.180 | 5.130, 20.202 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A267.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 29 | 362 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 10 | 372 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.980 | 1.431, 6.205 | 0.0027, significant |
Table A268.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 16 | 200 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 22 | 492 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.789 | 0.9203, 3.478 | 0.0996, not significant |
Table A269.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 18 | 209 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 20 | 482 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.076 | 1.076, 4.005 | 0.0312, significant |
Table A270.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 15 | 103 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 23 | 589 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.729 | 1.883, 7.387 | 0.0003, significant |
Table A271.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 2 | 53 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 38 | 637 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6326 | 0.1484, 2.696 | 0.7605, not significant |
Table A272.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 38 | 688 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.555 | 0.1295, 50.380 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A273.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp.. | 30 | 250 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5475 | 0.03049, 9.832 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A274.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 30 | 252 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7526 | 0.04059, 13.955 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A275.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and conidia.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Conidia | 3 | 38 |
| Non-conidia | 26 | 178 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5405 | 0.1555, 1.878 | 0.4326, not significant |
Table A276.
Odds ratio for the association of Strongyloides spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Strongyloides spp. | Non-Strongyloides spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 5 | 22 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 24 | 194 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.837 | 0.6366, 5.302 | 0.3373, not significant |
Table A277.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Hymenolepis spp.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Hymenolepis spp. | 9 | 117 |
| Non-Hymenolepis spp. | 24 | 623 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.997 | 0.9050, 4.406 | 0.0915, not significant |
Table A278.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 14 | 144 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 19 | 596 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.050 | 1.493, 6.229 | 0.0032, significant |
Table A279.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 32 | 695 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 7.240 | 0.7322, 71.584 | 0.1690, not significant |
Table A280.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 3 | 28 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 30 | 712 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.543 | 0.7316, 8.838 | 0.1413, not significant |
Table A281.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 0 | 28 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 14 | 347 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4204 | 0.02443, 7.237 | 0.6115, not significant |
Table A282.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 14 | 196 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 17 | 338 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.420 | 0.6850, 2.944 | 0.3458, not significant |
Table A283.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 10 | 127 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 21 | 407 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.526 | 0.7002, 3.326 | 0.2853, not significant |
Table A284.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 8 | 169 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 23 | 365 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7512 | 0.3292, 1.714 | 0.5562, not significant |
Table A285.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 1 | 19 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 6 | 102 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8947 | 0.1018, 7.863 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A286.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 7 | 68 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 26 | 672 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.661 | 1.113, 6.359 | 0.0329, significant |
Table A287.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 16 | 375 |
| Non Blastocystis spp. | 15 | 367 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.044 | 0.5086, 2.143 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A288.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 13 | 203 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 20 | 494 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.582 | 0.7720, 3.241 | 0.2411, not significant |
Table A289.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 12 | 125 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 21 | 571 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.610 | 1.251, 5.446 | 0.0195, significant |
Table A290.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 7 | 111 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 26 | 586 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.421 | 0.6020, 3.356 | 0.4652, not significant |
Table A291.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 1 | 54 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 32 | 643 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3721 | 0–04985, 2.778 | 0.5032, not significant |
Table A292.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 33 | 693 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.957 | 0.1496, 58.465 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A293.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 19 | 261 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8940 | 0.04918, 16.251 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A294.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 19 | 263 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.228 | 0.06546, 23.054 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A295.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and conidia.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Conidia | 4 | 37 |
| Non-conidia | 15 | 189 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.362 | 0.4278, 4.337 | 0.5340, not significant |
Table A296.
Odds ratio for the association of Taenia spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Taenia spp. | Non-Taenia spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 5 | 22 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 14 | 204 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.312 | 1.089, 10.070 | 0.0434, significant |
Table A297.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Trichuris spp.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Trichuris spp. | 36 | 122 |
| Non-Trichuris spp. | 90 | 525 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.721 | 1.115, 2.656 | 0.0158, significant |
Table A298.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 122 | 605 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.653 | 0.1704, 16.033 | 0.5222, not significant |
Table A299.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 7 | 24 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 119 | 623 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.527 | 0.6431, 3.625 | 0.3232, not significant |
Table A300.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 5 | 23 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 76 | 285 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8152 | 0.2999, 2.216 | 0.8125, not significant |
Table A301.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 44 | 166 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 69 | 286 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.099 | 0.7191, 1.679 | 0.6648, not significant |
Table A302.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 33 | 104 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 80 | 348 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.380 | 0.8705, 2.189 | 0.1781, not significant |
Table A303.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 32 | 145 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 81 | 307 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8364 | 0.5309, 1.318 | 0.4968, not significant |
Table A304.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 6 | 14 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 27 | 81 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.286 | 0.4494, 3.678 | 0.7811, not significant |
Table A305.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 9 | 66 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 107 | 591 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7532 | 0.3643, 1.557 | 0.5010, not significant |
Table A306.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 44 | 347 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 62 | 320 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6545 | 0.4321, 0.9913 | 0.0473, significant |
Table A307.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 31 | 185 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 92 | 422 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7686 | 0.4939, 1.196 | 0.2789, not significant |
Table A308.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 34 | 193 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 89 | 413 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8175 | 0.5314, 1.257 | 0.3989, not significant |
Table A309.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 20 | 98 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 103 | 509 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.009 | 0.5962, 1.706 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A310.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 4 | 51 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 119 | 556 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3665 | 0.1299, 1.034 | 0.0590, not significant |
Table A311.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 122 | 604 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.475 | 0.2226, 27.531 | 0.4261, not significant |
Table A312.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 2 | 5 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 43 | 237 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.205 | 0.4141, 11.736 | 0.3021, not significant |
Table A313.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 45 | 237 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4745 | 0.025577, 8.738 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A314.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and conidia.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Conidia | 10 | 31 |
| Non-conidia | 32 | 172 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.734 | 0.7739, 3.885 | 0.1790, not significant |
Table A315.
Odds ratio for the association of Hymenolepis spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Hymenolepis spp. | Non-Hymenolepis spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 6 | 21 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 36 | 182 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.444 | 0.5446, 3.831 | 0.4262, not significant |
Table A316.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Schistosoma spp.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Schistosoma spp. | 1 | 3 |
| Non-Schistosoma spp. | 154 | 573 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.240 | 0.1280, 12.014 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A317.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 14 | 17 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 144 | 598 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.420 | 1.647, 7.101 | 0.0020, significant |
Table A318.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 4 | 24 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 54 | 307 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9475 | 0.3162, 2.840 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A319.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 51 | 159 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 101 | 254 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8067 | 0.5457, 1.192 | 0.3263, not significant |
Table A320.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 47 | 90 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 105 | 323 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.606 | 1.060, 2.435 | 0.0272, significant |
Table A321.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 55 | 122 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 97 | 291 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.352 | 0.9132, 2.003 | 0.1521, not significant |
Table A322.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 5 | 15 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 37 | 71 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6396 | 0.2156, 1.898 | 0.6048, not significant |
Table A323.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 39 | 36 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 119 | 579 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 5.271 | 3.216, 8.640 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A324.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 97 | 294 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 61 | 321 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.736 | 1.215, 2.482 | 0.0024, significant |
Table A325.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 51 | 165 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 103 | 411 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.233 | 0.8424, 1.806 | 0.2765, not significant |
Table A326.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 44 | 183 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 110 | 392 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8568 | 0.5794, 1.267 | 0.4930, not significant |
Table A327.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 39 | 79 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 101 | 511 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.498 | 1.610, 3.875 | 0.0001, significant |
Table A328.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 8 | 47 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 146 | 529 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6167 | 0.2850, 1.334 | 0.3012, not significant |
Table A329.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 154 | 572 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5294 | 0.02718, 10.310 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A330.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 97 | 183 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.1255 | 0.007086, 2.222 | 0.0996, not significant |
Table A331.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 3 | 2 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 94 | 188 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.000 | 0.4926, 18.271 | 0.3400, not significant |
Table A332.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and conidia.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Conidia | 16 | 25 |
| Non-conidia | 78 | 126 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.034 | 0.5194, 2.058 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A333.
Odds ratio for the association of Trichuris spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Trichuris spp. | Non-Trichuris spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 11 | 16 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 83 | 135 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.118 | 0.4949, 2.527 | 0.8352, not significant |
Table A334.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Enterobius vermicularis.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 0 | 4 |
| Non-Enterobius vermicularis | 21 | 706 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.651 | 0.1904, 70.025 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A335.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 0 | 28 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 3 | 358 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.797 | 0.09051, 35.676 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A336.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 3 | 207 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 1 | 354 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 5.130 | 0.5299, 49.671 | 0.1473, not significant |
Table A337.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 1 | 136 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 3 | 425 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.042 | 0.1074, 10.102 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A338.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 1 | 179 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 3 | 382 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7114 | 0.07344, 6.890 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A339.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 0 | 20 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 1 | 107 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.748 | 0.06873, 44.457 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A340.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 0 | 72 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 4 | 655 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.005 | 0.05351, 18.861 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A341.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Blastocystis spp.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 2 | 348 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 2 | 379 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.089 | 0.1525, 7.777 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A342.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 0 | 216 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 4 | 510 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2620 | 0.01403, 4.891 | 0.3250, not significant |
Table A343.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 0 | 227 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 4 | 498 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2435 | 0.01304, 4.544 | 0.3160, not significant |
Table A344.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 1 | 117 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 3 | 609 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.735 | 0.1788, 16.834 | 0.5068, not significant |
Table A345.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 1 | 54 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 3 | 672 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.148 | 0.4240, 40.582 | 0.2695, not significant |
Table A346.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 4 | 722 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 22.937 | 1.028, 511.96 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A347.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 1 | 237 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 10.556 | 0.3960, 281.34 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A348.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 1 | 239 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 14.515 | 0.5294, 397.96 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A349.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and conidia.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Conidia | 0 | 41 |
| Non-conidia | 1 | 203 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.635 | 0.06539, 40.859 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A350.
Odds ratio for the association of Schistosoma spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Schistosoma spp. | Non-Schistosoma spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 1 | 26 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 0 | 218 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 24.736 | 0.9817, 623.25 | 0.1102, not significant |
Table A351.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Tropheryma whipplei.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 1 | 27 |
| Non-Tropheryma whipplei | 20 | 341 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6315 | 0.08156, 4.889 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A352.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 15 | 195 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 15 | 340 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.744 | 0.8342, 3.644 | 0.1733, not significant |
Table A353.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 9 | 128 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 21 | 407 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.363 | 0.6087, 3.051 | 0.5108, not significant |
Table A354.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 11 | 166 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 19 | 369 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.287 | 0.5988, 2.766 | 0.5461, not significant |
Table A355.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 2 | 18 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 3 | 105 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.889 | 0.6065, 24.936 | 0.1735, not significant |
Table A356.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 5 | 70 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 26 | 672 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.846 | 0.6870, 4.961 | 0.2128, not significant |
Table A357.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Blastocystis spp.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 15 | 376 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 16 | 366 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9126 | 0.4446, 1.873 | 0.8558, not significant |
Table A358.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Endolimax nana.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Endolimax nana | 9 | 230 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 22 | 469 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8342 | 0.3780, 1.841 | 0.8452, not significant |
Table A359.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Entamoeba coli.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Entamoeba coli | 10 | 217 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 21 | 481 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.056 | 0.4887, 2.280 | 0.8458, not significant |
Table A360.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Entamoeba dispar.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 5 | 113 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 26 | 586 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9973 | 0.3749, 2.653 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A361.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 3 | 52 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 28 | 647 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.333 | 0.3920, 4.534 | 0.5019, not significant |
Table A362.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 31 | 695 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.154 | 0.1594, 62.433 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A363.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 9 | 271 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.905 | 0.1012, 35.882 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A364.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and Aeromonas spp.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 9 | 273 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.617 | 0.1347, 50.871 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A365.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and conidia.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Conidia | 4 | 37 |
| Non-conidia. | 5 | 199 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.303 | 1.103, 16.783 | 0.0454, significant |
Table A366.
Odds ratio for the association of Enterobius vermicularis and pseudoconidia.
| Enterobius vermicularis | Non-Enterobius vermicularis | |
| Pseudoconidia | 1 | 26 |
| Non-pseudoconidia. | 8 | 210 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.010 | 0.1213, 8.402 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A367.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 14 | 140 |
| Non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 14 | 221 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.579 | 0.7304, 3.412 | 0.3158, not significant |
Table A368.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 4 | 80 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 24 | 281 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5854 | 0.1973, 1.737 | 0.4745, not significant |
Table A369.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 8 | 130 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 20 | 231 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7108 | 0.3045, 1.659 | 0.5400, not significant |
Table A370.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 1 | 19 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 9 | 99 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5789 | 0.06921, 4.843 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A371.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and Blastocystis spp.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 3 | 100 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 25 | 261 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3132 | 0.09248, 1.061 | 0.0724, not significant |
Table A372.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and Endolimax nana.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Endolimax nana | 2 | 72 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 26 | 289 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3088 | 0.07159, 1.332 | 0.1320, not significant |
Table A373.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and Entamoeba coli.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Entamoeba coli | 8 | 83 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 20 | 278 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.340 | 0.5692, 3.153 | 0.4918, not significant |
Table A374.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and Entamoeba dispar.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 1 | 22 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 27 | 339 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5707 | 0.07402, 4.400 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A375.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 3 | 27 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 25 | 334 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.484 | 0.4209, 5.236 | 0.4658, not significant |
Table A376.
Odds ratio for the association of Tropheryma whipplei and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Tropheryma whipplei | Non-Tropheryma whipplei | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 1 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 28 | 360 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.216 | 0.1678, 105.96 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A377.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 85 | 52 |
| Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 125 | 303 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.962 | 2.648, 5.930 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A378.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 94 | 83 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 116 | 272 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.656 | 1.840, 3.832 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A379.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 13 | 7 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 41 | 67 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.035 | 1.119, 8.232 | 0.0288, significant |
Table A380.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 22 | 43 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 188 | 312 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 8.868 | 4.404, 17.857 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A381.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Blastocystis spp.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 86 | 174 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 124 | 181 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7214 | 0.5110, 1.019 | 0.0671, not significant |
Table A382.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Endolimax nana.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Endolimax nana | 60 | 101 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 149 | 254 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.013 | 0.6938, 1.478 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A383.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Entamoeba coli.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Entamoeba coli | 60 | 111 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 149 | 243 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8816 | 0.6062, 1.282 | 0.5694, not significant |
Table A384.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Entamoeba dispar.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 30 | 58 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 179 | 297 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.8582 | 0.5319, 1.385 | 0.5507, not significant |
Table A385.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 17 | 28 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 192 | 327 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.034 | 0.5515, 1.939 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A386.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 1 | 1 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis. | 208 | 353 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.697 | 0.1055, 27.295 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A387.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 1 | 0 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 54 | 120 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.633 | 0.2657, 165.57 | 0.3143, not significant |
Table A388.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Aeromonas spp.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 2 | 2 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 53 | 118 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.226 | 0.3052, 16.240 | 0.5909, not significant |
Table A389.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and conidia.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Conidia | 12 | 19 |
| Non-conidia. | 43 | 101 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.483 | 0.6624, 3.322 | 0.3945, not significant |
Table A390.
Odds ratio for the association of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and pseudoconidia.
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Non-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | |
| Pseudoconidia | 8 | 15 |
| Non-pseudoconidia. | 47 | 105 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.191 | 0.4726, 3.004 | 0.8101, not significant |
Table A391.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 78 | 99 |
| Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | 59 | 329 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.393 | 2.927, 6.594 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A392.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 12 | 8 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 40 | 68 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.550 | 0.9605, 6.770 | 0.0813, not significant |
Table A393.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 18 | 47 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 119 | 381 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.226 | 0.6858, 2.192 | 0.5383, not significant |
Table A394.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Blastocystis spp.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 61 | 199 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 76 | 229 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9236 | 0.6273, 1.360 | 0.6950, not significant |
Table A395.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Endolimax nana.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Endolimax nana | 33 | 128 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 104 | 299 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7412 | 0.4759, 1.154 | 0.1939, not significant |
Table A396.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Entamoeba coli.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Entamoeba coli | 35 | 136 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 102 | 290 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7317 | 0.4737, 1.130 | 0.1665, not significant |
Table A397.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Entamoeba dispar.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 15 | 73 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 122 | 354 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5962 | 0.3296, 1.078 | 0.1039, not significant |
Table A398.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 7 | 38 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 130 | 389 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5512 | 0.2403, 1.265 | 0.2039, not significant |
Table A399.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 1 | 1 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 135 | 426 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.156 | 0.1959, 50.826 | 0.4251, not significant |
Table A400.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 1 | 0 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 52 | 122 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 7.000 | 0.2803, 174.79 | 0.3029, not significant |
Table A401.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Aeromonas spp.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 3 | 1 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 50 | 121 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 7.260 | 0.7370, 71.520 | 0.0835, not significant |
Table A402.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and conidia.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Conidia | 8 | 23 |
| Non-conidia | 45 | 99 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7652 | 0.3179, 1.842 | 0.6684, not significant |
Table A403.
Odds ratio for the association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and pseudoconidia.
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | Non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | |
| Pseudoconidia | 9 | 14 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 44 | 108 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.578 | 0.6364, 3.912 | 0.3369, not significant |
Table A404.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 17 | 3 |
| Non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli | 69 | 39 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.203 | 0.8826, 11.623 | 0.0740, not significant |
Table A405.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Dientamoeba fragilis.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | 13 | 52 |
| Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | 164 | 336 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5122 | 0.2712, 0.9674 | 0.0457, significant |
Table A406.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Blastocystis spp.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 52 | 208 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 125 | 180 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3600 | 0.2462, 0.5265 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A407.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Endolimax nana.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Endolimax nana | 31 | 130 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 145 | 258 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4243 | 0.2728, 0.6598 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A408.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Entamoeba coli.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Entamoeba coli | 31 | 140 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 145 | 247 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3772 | 0.2430, 0.5856 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A409.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Entamoeba dispar.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 16 | 72 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 160 | 316 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4389 | 0.2471, 0.7794 | 0.0038, significant |
Table A410.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 6 | 39 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 170 | 349 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3158 | 0.1311, 0.7607 | 0.0067, significant |
Table A411.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 2 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 176 | 385 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4368 | 0.02085, 9.153 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A412.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 1 | 0 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 37 | 137 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 11.000 | 0.4388, 275.78 | 0.2171, not significant |
Table A413.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Aeromonas spp.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 2 | 2 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 37 | 134 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.622 | 0.4931, 26.599 | 0.2153, not significant |
Table A414.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and conidia.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Conidia | 8 | 23 |
| Non-conidia | 30 | 114 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.322 | 0.5376, 3.250 | 0.6311, not significant |
Table A415.
Odds ratio for the association of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and pseudoconidia.
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | Non-enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
| Pseudoconidia | 6 | 17 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 32 | 120 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.324 | 0.4824, 3.631 | 0.5917, not significant |
Table A416.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Blastocystis spp.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Blastocystis spp. | 70 | 5 |
| Non-Blastocystis spp. | 321 | 377 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 16.442 | 6.555, 41.244 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A417.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Endolimax nana.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Endolimax nana | 36 | 180 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 36 | 478 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.656 | 1.622, 4.347 | 0.0001, significant |
Table A418.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Entamoeba coli.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Entamoeba coli | 42 | 185 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 30 | 445 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.368 | 2.045, 5.547 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A419.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Entamoeba dispar.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 30 | 88 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 42 | 570 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.627 | 2.752, 7.779 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A420.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 5 | 50 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 67 | 608 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9075 | 0.3497, 2.355 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A421.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 71 | 655 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.310 | 0.06693, 25.630 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A422.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 75 | 205 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.1815 | 0.1023, 3.218 | 0.1958, not significant |
Table A423.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and Aeromonas spp.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 1 | 4 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 74 | 208 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7027 | 0.07725, 6.392 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A424.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and conidia.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Conidia | 9 | 32 |
| Non-conidia | 63 | 141 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6295 | 0.2837, 1.397 | 0.3473, not significant |
Table A425.
Odds ratio for the association of Dientamoeba fragilis and pseudoconidia.
| Dientamoeba fragilis | Non-Dientamoeba fragilis | |
| Shigella spp. | 6 | 21 |
| Non-Shigella spp. | 66 | 152 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6580 | 0.2539, 1.706 | 0.5034, not significant |
Table A426.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and Endolimax nana.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Endolimax nana | 149 | 67 |
| Non-Endolimax nana | 201 | 313 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.463 | 2.469, 4.858 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A427.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and Entamoeba coli.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Entamoeba coli | 158 | 69 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 192 | 310 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.697 | 2.644, 5.170 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A428.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and Entamoeba dispar.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 96 | 22 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 254 | 358 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.150 | 3.766, 10.044 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A429.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 41 | 14 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 309 | 366 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.469 | 1.856, 6.484 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A430.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 2 | 1 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 347 | 379 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.184 | 0.1971, 24.211 | 0.6092, not significant |
Table A431.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 7 | 0 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 258 | 22 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.306 | 0.7215, 23.626 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A432.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp.. | 4 | 1 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 261 | 21 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3218 | 0.03438, 3.013 | 0.3308, not significant |
Table A433.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and conidia.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Conidia | 34 | 7 |
| Non-conidia | 194 | 10 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.2504 | 0.8915, 0.7031 | 0.0118, significant |
Table A434.
Odds ratio for the association of Blastocystis spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Blastocystis spp. | Non-Blastocystis spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 24 | 3 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 205 | 13 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5073 | 0.1348, 1.909 | 0.3969, not significant |
Table A435.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Entamoeba coli | 113 | 114 |
| Non-Entamoeba coli | 103 | 399 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.840 | 2.737, 5.387 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A436.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and Entamoeba dispar.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Entamoeba dispar | 61 | 57 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 155 | 457 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.155 | 2.106, 4.728 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A437.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 38 | 17 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 178 | 497 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.241 | 3.435, 11.340 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A438.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 215 | 511 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.188 | 0.1071, 13.183 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A439.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 5 | 2 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 115 | 123 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.674 | 0.5085, 14.060 | 0.2733, not significant |
Table A440.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and Aeromonas spp.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 3 | 2 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 117 | 123 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.577 | 0.2587, 9.611 | 0.6787, not significant |
Table A441.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and conidia.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Conidia | 18 | 23 |
| Non-conidia | 102 | 102 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7826 | 0.3984, 1.537 | 0.4984, not significant |
Table A442.
Odds ratio for the association of Endolimax nana and pseudoconidia.
| Endolimax nana | Non-Endolimax nana | |
| Pseudoconidia | 13 | 14 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 107 | 111 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.9633 | 0.4326, 2.145 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A443.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba dispar.
| Entamoeba coli | Non-Entamoeba coli | |
| Entamoeba dispar. | 69 | 49 |
| Non-Entamoeba dispar | 158 | 453 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.037 | 2.683, 6.075 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A444.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba coli and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Entamoeba coli | Non-Entamoeba coli | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 36 | 19 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 191 | 483 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.791 | 2.681, 8.563 | <0.0001, significant |
Table A445.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba coli and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Entamoeba coli | Non-Entamoeba coli | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 1 | 2 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 226 | 499 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.104 | 0.09953, 12.245 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A446.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba coli and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Entamoeba coli | Non-Entamoeba coli | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 2 | 5 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 115 | 122 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4243 | 0.08069, 2.232 | 0.4491, not significant |
Table A447.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba coli and Aeromonas spp.
| Entamoeba coli | Non-Entamoeba coli | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 4 | 1 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 113 | 126 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.460 | 0.4910, 40.516 | 0.1971, not significant |
Table A448.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba coli and conidia.
| Entamoeba coli | Non-Entamoeba coli | |
| Conidia | 14 | 27 |
| Non-conidia | 103 | 100 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5034 | 0.2495, 1.016 | 0.0602, not significant |
Table A449.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba coli and pseudoconidia.
| Entamoeba coli | Non-Entamoeba coli | |
| Pseudoconidia | 11 | 16 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 106 | 111 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7199 | 0.3194, 1.623 | 0.5409, not significant |
Table A450.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba dispar and Iodamoeba buetschlii.
| Entamoeba dispar | Non-Entamoeba dispar | |
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | 15 | 40 |
| Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | 103 | 572 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.083 | 1.110, 3.908 | 0.0377, significant |
Table A451.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba dispar and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Entamoeba dispar | Non-Entamoeba dispar | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 2 | 1 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 116 | 610 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 10.517 | 0.9453, 117.01 | 0.0697, not significant |
Table A452.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba dispar and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Entamoeba dispar | Non-Entamoeba dispar | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 2 | 5 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 87 | 151 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.6943 | 0.1318, 3.656 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A453.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba dispar and Aeromonas spp.
| Entamoeba dispar | Non-Entamoeba dispar | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 1 | 4 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 88 | 152 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4318 | 0.04749, 3.927 | 0.6558, not significant |
Table A454.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba dispar and conidia.
| Entamoeba dispar | Non-Entamoeba dispar | |
| Conidia | 11 | 36 |
| Non-conidia | 78 | 120 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.4701 | 0.2258, 0.9785 | 0.0439, significant |
Table A455.
Odds ratio for the association of Entamoeba dispar and pseudoconidia.
| Entamoeba dispar | Non-Entamoeba dispar | |
| Pseudoconidia | 11 | 16 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 78 | 140 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.234 | 0.5455, 2.791 | 0.6731, not significant |
Table A456.
Odds ratio for the association of Iodamoeba buetschlii and Pentatrichomonas hominis.
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | 0 | 3 |
| Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | 55 | 671 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.728 | 0.08810, 33.912 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A457.
Odds ratio for the association of Iodamoeba buetschlii and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 18 | 220 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.7946 | 0.04361, 14.477 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A458.
Odds ratio for the association of Iodamoeba buetschlii and Aeromonas spp.
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 18 | 222 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.093 | 0.05813, 20.566 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A459.
Odds ratio for the association of Iodamoeba buetschlii and conidia.
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | |
| Conidia | 4 | 37 |
| Non-conidia | 14 | 190 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.467 | 0.4572, 4.708 | 0.5140, not significant |
Table A460.
Odds ratio for the association of Iodamoeba buetschlii and pseudoconidia.
| Iodamoeba buetschlii | Non-Iodamoeba buetschlii | |
| Pseudoconidia | 3 | 24 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 15 | 203 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.692 | 0.4564, 6.270 | 0.4295, not significant |
Table A461.
Odds ratio for the association of Pentatrichomonas hominis and Encephalocytozoon spp.
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | |
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | 0 | 7 |
| Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | 2 | 235 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.280 | 0.2765, 142.64 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A462.
Odds ratio for the association of Pentatrichomonas hominis and Aeromonas spp.
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 2 | 237 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 8.636 | 0.3691, 202.07 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A463.
Odds ratio for the association of Pentatrichomonas hominis and conidia.
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | |
| Conidia | 1 | 46 |
| Non-conidia | 1 | 196 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 4.261 | 0.2614, 69.443 | 0.3488, not significant |
Table A464.
Odds ratio for the association of Pentatrichomonas hominis and pseudoconidia.
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | Non-Pentatrichomonas hominis | |
| Pseudoconidia | 0 | 27 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 2 | 215 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 1.567 | 0.07327, 33.525 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A465.
Odds ratio for the association of Encephalocytozoon spp. and Aeromonas spp.
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 0 | 5 |
| Non-Aeromonas spp. | 7 | 275 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.339 | 0.1687, 66.094 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A466.
Odds ratio for the association of Encephalocytozoon spp. and conidia.
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | |
| Conidia | 0 | 41 |
| Non-conidia | 7 | 197 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.3173 | 0.01776, 5.668 | 0.6048, not significant |
Table A467.
Odds ratio for the association of Encephalocytozoon spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Encephalocytozoon spp. | Non-Encephalocytozoon spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 0 | 27 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 7 | 211 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 0.5127 | 0.02847, 9.234 | 1.0000, not significant |
Table A468.
Odds ratio for the association of Aeromonas spp. and conidia.
| Aeromonas spp. | Non-Aeromonas spp. | |
| Conidia | 2 | 39 |
| Non-conidia | 3 | 201 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 3.436 | 0.5555, 21.253 | 0.1962, not significant |
Table A469.
Odds ratio for the association of Aeromonas spp. and pseudoconidia.
| Aeromonas spp. | Non-Aeromonas spp. | |
| Pseudoconidia | 1 | 26 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 4 | 214 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 2.058 | 0.2214, 19.124 | 0.4451, not significant |
Table A470.
Odds ratio for the association of conidia and pseudoconidia.
| Conidia | Non-conidia | |
| Pseudoconidia | 13 | 14 |
| Non-pseudoconidia | 28 | 190 |
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Significance level P |
| 6.301 | 2.685, 14.787 | <0.0001, significant |
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.K., J.B. and H.F.; methodology, H.F.; software, H.F.; validation, J.B. and H.F.; formal analysis, J.B. and H.F.; investigation, S.K., J.B. and H.F.; resources, A.H. and S.K.; data curation, S.K., J.B. and H.F.; writing—original draft preparation, H.F.; writing—review and editing, S.K., J.B., A.H., R.M.H. and H.F.; visualization, H.F.; supervision, S.K. and H.F.; project administration, S.K. and H.F.; funding acquisition, S.K. and A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable in line with German national law, because the assessments were not based on original research data involving humans or human samples but just on meta-data from previously published studies.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
All relevant information is included in the manuscript or its appendix tables. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Funding Statement
This research received no external funding.
Footnotes
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All relevant information is included in the manuscript or its appendix tables. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.