Abstract
(1) Background: Herpes zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by the reactivation of the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Clinical reactivation, herpes zoster, takes place in 10–20% of subjects who contracted the primary infection, with a higher risk of developing zoster increasing proportionally with age, especially after 50 years of age. HZ is a common clinical problem, particularly among patients aged over 50 years and immunocompromised patients. Immunocompromised patients and adults could present an atypical and more severe course. In addition, they are at greater risk of complications. For this reason, it is important to understand the real burden of the disease and to identify the subjects who are at higher risk of HZ and its complications, also to direct preventive strategies at the right targets. The aim of the present study is to analyze HZ-related hospitalization trends in Abruzzo in the period of 2015–2021. (2) Methods: Data related to hospital admissions were extracted from the hospital discharge records (HDRs) of the whole region, considering all admissions during the years of 2015–2021. The trends in hospital admissions and length of stay were evaluated and analyzed. (3) Results: A total of 768 hospital discharges with a diagnosis of herpes zoster were registered in Abruzzo during the 7-year study period. During the study period, an increasing trend was observed from the year 2015 to the year 2017, ranging from 8.19 cases/100,000 to 11.5 cases/100,000 (APC (Annual percentage change) +20.8%; 95%CI −2.3; 47.6). After the year 2017, a significantly decreasing trend was observed, reaching 5.46 cases/100,000 in the year 2021 (APC −18.4%; 95%CI −31.5; −12.0). Across the entire study period, an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of −7.0% (95%CI −13.0; −1.3) was observed. (4) Conclusions: Despite the trend of a reduction in hospitalizations, this study highlights that HZ continues to have a great impact on public health. So, it is important to update recommendations for the use of the already available HZ vaccine and to implement new strategies to increase awareness of the prevention of the disease.
Keywords: herpes zoster, public health, hospitalizations, epidemiology, vaccines, preventive medicine, Italy
1. Introduction
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by the reactivation of the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). VZV is an alpha-herpes virus consisting of over 120,000 base pairs of linear double-stranded DNA, and its nucleocapsid is composed of 162 capsomers. The virus is highly cell-associated, and it is only able to infect human cells. During a primary infection, this virus causes a highly contagious disease, Varicella (chickenpox), which mostly affects people during childhood (a higher incidence in the 0–14-year age class), and it is acquired by direct airway contact with respiratory droplets of infected patients or smears from vesicular varicella lesions [1].
VZV resides latently in cells of the dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerve ganglia, various autonomic ganglia in the enteric nervous system, or in astrocytes, and it can be reactivated any time after a primary infection. Herpes zoster, caused by a VZV reactivation, is a vesicular and painful rash, involving one or more adjacent dermatomes. Reactivation develops in 10–20% of patients who contracted the primary chickenpox infection, with a higher risk of developing zoster increasing directly by age, especially after 50 years of age [2]. About 50% of subjects over 80 years report at least one episode of zoster [3]. During a VZV reactivation, VZV virions which have existed in a dormant (latent) state within the ganglia recommence replication and travel to the dermis by anteretrogade axonal transport mechanisms to produce the symptoms of zoster characterized by the appearance of dermatomal skin lesions and vesicles [4]. Lesions are accompanied by localized pain that, in some patients, is so intense and prolonged that it requires the administration of painkiller drugs or local anesthetics. In a number of cases, pain persists for months or years and is characterized by skin hypersensitivity (post-herpetic neuralgia). Special clinical patterns are represented by HZ Ophthalmicus, defined as VZV involvement in the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome, disseminated HZ, deep HZ, purpuric HZ, and central nervous system HZ [5].
In a meta-analysis of the herpes zoster incidence worldwide, a cumulative annual incidence of HZ ranging from 2.9 to 19.5 over 1000 inhabitants and an incidence rate of HZ ranging from 5.23 to 10.9 cases over 1000 person-years were found [6]. The incidence of HZ increased with age and over time [5]. In Italy, 157,000 new cases of HZ are estimated to occur every year. The annual incidence is 6.3/1000 person-years, and 73% of cases affect adult subjects [7].
HZ is a common clinical condition, particularly among patients aged over 50 years and immunocompromised patients. Immunocompromised subjects and adults could have atypical and more severe courses and are at a greater risk of complications and recurrence of HZ. HZ and its main complication, post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), negatively impact a patient’s quality of life [8]. In addition, an HZ infection results in direct and indirect costs and a heavy disease burden, especially in patients of advanced age or with underlying medical conditions [9].
Thus, the epidemiological data, the frequent and serious complications, the impact on the quality of life, and the costs related to the diagnosis and management of HZ patients, including costs related to complications and hospitalizations, are reasons for developing focused preventive measure against this important condition [10].
For this reason, it is important to understand the real burden of the disease and to identify the subjects who are at a higher risk of HZ and its complications, also to direct preventive strategies to the right targets.
In Italy, HZ is a disease included in class V in the infectious diseases notification system, and HZ episodes are too often not notified. Thus, the analysis of the hospitalizations is a useful tool for estimating the burden of disease, as performed for several diseases [11]. The HZ-related hospitalizations show the most serious cases, but they reveal a real incidence trend and highlight patients who are at a higher risk of severe disease, towards whom preventive strategies should be addressed as a priority.
The aim of the present study is to analyze HZ-related hospitalization trends in Abruzzo in the period of 2015–2021 and to identify factors associated with a prolonged length of stay.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Design
A retrospective cohort study was performed in Abruzzo, a region in the South of Italy that has about 1.3 million inhabitants. In Abruzzo, healthcare services are divided into four local health authorities (LHAs). Data related to hospitalizations were extracted from the hospital discharge record (HDRs) of the Abruzzo region, considering all hospitalizations registered from the year 2015 to 2021 and also including those registered in other Italian regions of inhabitants from Abruzzo. The HDRs included information on demographic characteristics such as age, gender and residence, a diagnosis-related group (DRG) code used to classify the hospitalization, six possible clinical diagnoses (one principal and up to five secondary conditions), and up to six possible procedures performed during the admission period. Diagnoses and procedures were coded according to the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM).
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
In order to find all HZ-related hospitalizations, the following codes were extracted from the HDRs, according to the ICD-9-CM (Table 1).
Table 1.
ICD-9-CM codes used to identify HZ-related hospitalizations.
| ICD-9-CM Codes | Diagnosis | Diagnosis Group |
|---|---|---|
| 053.0 | HZ with meningitis | HZ with neurological complications |
| 053.1 | HZ with other nervous system complications | |
| 053.10 | HZ with unspecified nervous system complication | |
| 053.11 | Geniculate HZ | |
| 053.12 | Post-herpetic trigeminal neuralgia | |
| 053.13 | Post-herpetic polyneuropathy | |
| 053.14 | HZ myelitis | |
| 053.19 | HZ with other nervous system complications | |
| 053.2 | HZ with ophthalmic complications | HZ with ophthalmic complications |
| 053.20 | HZ dermatitis of eyelid | |
| 053.21 | HZ keratoconjunctivitis | |
| 053.22 | HZ iridocyclitis | |
| 053.29 | HZ with other ophthalmic complications | |
| 053.7 | HZ with other specified complications | HZ with other specified complications |
| 053.71 | Otitis externa due to HZ | |
| 053.79 | HZ with other specified complications | |
| 053.8 | HZ with unspecified complications | HZ with other unspecified complications |
| 053.9 | HZ without mention of complication | HZ without complications |
Thus, all the HDRs with HZ diagnostic codes in primary or in one of the five secondary diagnoses were selected for each year. If a patient had multiple admissions for the same condition, only the first time was included. All following admissions of the same patient presenting HZ codes were excluded. In order to evaluate factors associated with a prolonged length of stay, the comorbidities of each patient were extracted from the HDRs. In particular, all diagnoses included in the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were considered and extracted according to the algorithm proposed by Quan et al. [12], as reported in Table 2. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was chosen because in the literature, it is identified as a useful tool in identifying the high-risk groups for HZ [13,14].
Table 2.
Diseases included in Charlson Comorbidity Index and related ICD-9-CM codes.
| Diseases | Codes |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular diseases | 398.91, 402.01, 402.11, 402.91, 404.01, 404.03, 404.11, 404.13, 404.91, 404.93, 425.4–425.9, 428.x |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 093.0, 437.3, 440.x, 441.x, 443.1–443.9, 47.1, 557.1, 557.9, V43.4 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 362.34, 430.x–438.x |
| Dementia | 290.x, 294.1, 331.2 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 416.8, 416.9, 490.x–505.x, 506.4, 508.1, 508.8 |
| Rheumatic disease | 446.5, 710.0–710.4, 714.0–714.2, 714.8, 725.x |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 531.x–534.x |
| Diabetes | 250.x |
| Liver diseases | 070.22, 070.23, 070.32, 070.33, 070.44, 070.54, 070.6, 070.9, 570.x, 571.x, 573.3, 573.4, 573.8, 573.9, V42.7 456.0–456.2, 572.2–572.8 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 334.1, 342.x, 343.x, 344.0–344.6, 344.9 |
| Kidney disease | 403.01, 403.11, 403.91, 404.02, 404.03, 404.12, 404.13, 404.92, 404.93, 582.x, 583.0–583.7, 585.x, 586.x, 588.0, V42.0, V45.1, V56.x |
| Cancer | 140.x–172.x, 174.x–195.8, 200.x–208.x, 238.6 196.x–199.x |
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) according to their distribution. Categorical variables were reported as frequency and percentage. Comparisons of length of stay among age groups and among types of HZ disease were performed with Kruskall–Wallis rank test.
A Chi Square test was performed to evaluate the differences between a prolonged length of stay and HZ diagnoses. For each year, annual admission rates were calculated as the ratio between the number of hospitalizations with HZ diagnoses and the Abruzzo resident population per 100,000 inhabitants. Hospitalization rates were standardized for age and gender according to the population of Abruzzo region, registered during the first year of the study (2015). Information about the demographic structure (gender and age) of the Abruzzo population for each year of the study were obtained from the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT)’s website. The Joinpoint model (Joinpoint version 4.6.0.0, 2018) was performed to estimate time trends of the standardized rates and to calculate the average annual percent change (APC). The APC must be evaluated as a summary measure of the trend over a time interval, which is calculated as a weighted average of the annual percent change. The final model was derived from a linear segment, connected at joint points, which represents the best fit of the observed data. To evaluate factors associated with a prolonged length of stay, the LOS variable was dichotomized, considering a prolonged LOS to be a duration beyond 16 days, corresponding to the upper quartile of the distribution. Factors associated with a prolonged LOS were evaluated with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were expressed as odd ratios (ORs) and a relative 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Gender, age, all comorbidities included in the CCI, and HZ types were evaluated for the construction of the regression model. Covariates were assessed using stepwise logistic models before obtaining a final prediction model. The probability for entering the covariates in the model was set at a value of less than or equal to 0.20. A partial likelihood ratio test was performed in order to identify the final prediction model. The goodness of fit of the model was evaluated using the Pearson’s Chi Square estimates.
For all tests, a p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was developed with STATA v18.0 software (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA).
2.4. Ethical Approval
The study was performed according to the data management regulations of the Regional Health Authority of Abruzzo Region and the Italian law on privacy (Art. 20-21 DL 196/2003), published in the Official GAzette, n. 190, on 14 August 2004. The data were encrypted prior to the analysis at the regional statistical office, where a unique identifying code was assigned to each patient. The unique code eliminated the possibility of identifying the patients’ identities. According to Italian law, the use of administrative data does not require any written informed consent from patients. The present study did not directly involve human patients.
3. Results
A total of 768 hospital discharges with a primary or secondary diagnosis of herpes zoster were registered in Abruzzo during the 7-year study period. Most of the admissions were ordinary hospitalizations (591, 76.95%), while about a quarter of them were day hospital admissions (177, 23.05%).
The number of admissions was higher in females (426, 55.47% versus 342, 44.53%), and the mean age of hospitalized patients was 63.22 ± 22.43 years. In total, 286 hospitalizations (37.63% of the total admissions) were recorded for patients who were older than 74 years. During hospitalization, 11 patients died (1.43%), while 602 (78.39%) were discharged directly to their home. The remaining part of patients (155, 20.18%) were transferred to other hospitals or to long-term healthcare facilities. The most represented comorbidities reported in the HDRs were HIV (83, 10.81%), cerebrovascular diseases (74, 9.64%), diabetes (61, 7.94%), and cancer (58, 7.55%), as reported in Table 3.
Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of patients admitted for HZ.
| N | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 342 | 44.53 |
| Female | 426 | 55.47 |
| Age | ||
| <30 | 74 | 9.74 |
| 30–44 | 84 | 11.05 |
| 45–59 | 118 | 15.53 |
| 60–74 | 198 | 26.05 |
| >74 | 286 | 37.63 |
| Death | 11 | 1.43 |
| Discharged to home | 602 | 78.39 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| HIV | 83 | 10.81 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 74 | 9.64 |
| Diabetes | 61 | 7.94 |
| Cancer | 58 | 7.55 |
| COPD | 34 | 4.43 |
| Kidney diseases | 33 | 4.30 |
| Hepatic diseases | 31 | 4.04 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 18 | 2.34 |
| Rheumatological/Immunomediate diseases | 9 | 1.17 |
| Paraplegia/Hemiplegia | 7 | 0.91 |
Among the types of HZ, 36.20% of admissions (n = 278) were HZ without other complications, whereas the remaining 63.8% of the cases were complicated. The most frequent complications were neurological (239 cases, 31.12%), as reported in Table 4.
Table 4.
Types of HZ diagnosis.
| Ordinary Admission n(%) |
Day Hospital n(%) |
Total n(%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Nervous System HZ | 157(26.57) | 82(46.33) | 239(31.12) |
| Ophthalmic HZ | 85(14.38) | 29(16.38) | 114(14.84) |
| HZ Otitis Externa | 11(1.86) | 1(0.56) | 12(1.56) |
| HZ with other complications | 95(16.07) | 30(16.95) | 125(16.28) |
| HZ without other complications | 243(41.12) | 35(19.77) | 278(36.20) |
The mean annual standardized hospitalization rate for HZ was 8.27 hospital admissions per 100,000 inhabitants. Stratifying by type of admission, although an increase in the number of ordinary admissions occurred in the first three years of the study period, a decrease in the yearly standardized hospitalization rate from 9.00/100,000 in 2017 to 3.90/100,000 at the end of the study period was observed, as reported in Table 5. A decreasing trend was also observed for day hospital admissions: from 2.52 in 2018 to 1.56 in 2021.
Table 5.
Number of hospitalizations for HZ and standardized hospitalization rates × 100,000, Abruzzo, 2015–2021.
| Ordinary Admission | Day Hospital | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Standardized Rate (×100,000) | n | Standardized Rate (×100,000) | n | Standardized Rate (×100,000) | |
| 2015 | 91 | 6.83 | 18 | 1.35 | 109 | 8.19 |
| 2016 | 94 | 6.71 | 31 | 2.26 | 125 | 8.97 |
| 2017 | 120 | 9.00 | 34 | 2.50 | 154 | 11.50 |
| 2018 | 90 | 6.86 | 33 | 2.52 | 123 | 9.38 |
| 2019 | 96 | 7.38 | 25 | 1.92 | 121 | 9.30 |
| 2020 | 50 | 3.86 | 16 | 1.24 | 66 | 5.10 |
| 2021 | 50 | 3.90 | 20 | 1.56 | 70 | 5.46 |
During the study period, considering all ages, an increasing trend was observed from the year 2015 to the year 2017, ranging from 8.19 cases/100,000 to 11.5 cases/100,000 (APC +20.8%; 95%CI −2.3; 47.6). After the year 2017, a significantly decreasing trend was observed, reaching 5.46 cases/100,000 in the year 2021 (APC −18.4%; 95%CI −31.5; −12.0). Across the entire study period, an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of −7.0% (95%CI −13.0; −1.3) was observed, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Trend analysis of hospitalizations for HZ, Abruzzo, 2015–2021. * p < 0.05.
Stratifying into age groups, the greatest reduction was found among patients who were younger than 30, with an AAPC of −17.2 (95% CI −26.5; −7.6). In particular, an increasing trend was observed between 2015 and 2017, with an APC of 48.4 (95% CI −3.2; 116.5), followed by a decreasing trend between 2017 and 2021, with an APC of −38.1 (95% CI −53.6; −29.2). As reported in Table 6, a reduction in hospitalization rates was highlighted for all age groups, although overall AAPCs were statistically significant only for patients aged between 45 and 59 (AAPC −12.8; 95% CI −19.3; −6.8) and those aged between 60 and 74 (AAPC −7.0; 95% CI −11.0; −2.9).
Table 6.
Findings of the joint point regression for HZ hospitalization by age group.
| Age Groups | Period | APC | 95%CI | Overall AAPC | 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | −17.2 * | −26.5–−7.6 | |||
| 2015–2017 | 48.4 | 3.2–116.5 | |||
| 2017–2021 | −38.1 * | −53.6–−29.2 | |||
| 30–44 | −8.4 | −31.3–18.1 | |||
| 2015–2017 | 69.2 | −26.9–311.3 | |||
| 2017–2021 | −32.7 * | −71.7–11.6 | |||
| 45–59 | −12.8 * | −19.3–−6.8 | |||
| 2015–2017 | 7.6 | −14.8–35.9 | |||
| 2017–2021 | −21.5 * | −36.7–−11.9 | |||
| 60–74 | −7.0 * | −11.0–−2.9 | |||
| 2015–2018 | 13.0 * | 2.1–31.5 | |||
| 2018–2021 | −23.5 * | −34.0–−15.3 | |||
| >74 | −5.9 | −21.0–12.2 | |||
| 2015–2019 | 2.0 | −25.1–38.9 | |||
| 2019–2021 | −19.9 | −69.8–112.8 | |||
* Statistically significant.
Hospitalizations for HZ were stratified according to age classes, which revealed an increase with aging, as shown in Figure 2. In the study period, 63.7% of admissions involved patients who were aged more than 60 years (26.1% patients aged 60–74 and 37.6% patients who were older than 74).
Figure 2.
HZ hospitalizations and day hospital admissions stratified by age classes, Abruzzo, 2015–2021.
Ordinary admissions exhibited a median length of stay of 9 days (IQR 6–16). The length of stay, evaluated only for ordinary hospitalizations, resulted in significantly greater in older patients (p = 0.0001), as seen in Figure 2.
Patients with nervous system HZ reported a higher hospital stay (10 days, IQR 6–16), but this was not significantly different in other categories (p = 0.139), as shown in Table 7. Nervous system HZ and HZ without other complications were the categories that most frequently led to a prolonged length of stay (p = 0.01).
Table 7.
Distribution of lengths of stay by HZ diagnosis.
| Length of Stay Median (IQR) | Prolonged LOS n(%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Nervous System HZ | 10 (6–16) | 38(24.20) |
| Ophthalmic HZ | 9 (6–14) | 18(21.18) |
| HZ Otitis Externa | 8 (5–11) | 1(9.09) |
| HZ with other complications | 7 (5–13) | 12(12.63) |
| HZ without other complications | 9 (6–18) | 73(30.04) |
Among the predictors of a prolonged length of stay, an age >74 years (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.26–7.54), cancer (OR 2.98, 95%CI 1.59–5.60), and HIV (OR 4.59, 95%CI 1.09–19.29) were significant associated factors, as reported in Table 8.
Table 8.
Factors associated with prolonged length of stay.
| OR | 95%CI | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 1.34 | 0.89.2.01 | 0.159 |
| Age | |||
| <30 | ref | ||
| 30–44 | 1.35 | 0.44–4.11 | 0.590 |
| 45–59 | 2.56 | 0.97–6.72 | 0.055 |
| 60–74 | 2.50 | 0.99–6.32 | 0.052 |
| >74 | 3.09 | 1.26–7.54 | 0.013 |
| Cancer | 2.98 | 1.59–5.60 | 0.001 |
| HIV | 4.59 | 1.09–19.29 | 0.038 |
4. Discussion
The aim of this study was to describe the impact of HZ in Abruzzo in terms of hospitalizations and to estimate the factors associated with hospitalization and a prolonged length of stay. This study reported an incidence rate of 8.27/100,000, which is similar to other Italian reports (Sicily, 11/100,000) [15] and to other European countries, such as England (8.8/100,000) [16], Denmark (13.1/100,000) [17], and Germany (9.6/100,000) [18]. In the study period, in Abruzzo, a substantial reduction in HZ-related hospitalization rates was observed, confirming a prior national study [15]. This result could be due to a restriction in hospitalization criteria and to a reduction in hospitalizations for all causes in the period of 2020–2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, instead of a reduced burden of disease, as reported either for infectious diseases [19] or non-communicable diseases [20]. For these reasons, it is important to conduct further studies to evaluate the hospitalization rates after the pandemic. In fact, a recent study [21] from Spain has highlighted an increase in HZ-related hospitalizations, also likely due to an association between HZ and SARS-CoV-2.
The study confirms that HZ hospitalizations concern elderly individuals, because they report more severe manifestations of the disease due to an age-related decline in cell-mediated immunity to VZV and an increased burden of comorbidities [9,22,23]. In addition, the reduction in hospitalization rates was more marked for younger patients, confirming that older patients remain at a higher risk of HZ-related hospitalization. Also, the length of stay was significantly longer among elderly individuals. Among patients who were aged more than 74 years, the median length of stay was 10 days (95%CI 6–18), whereas it was 7 (95%CI 4–10) among younger patients (under 30).
This point highlights that elderly patients are the most relevant category in terms of the burden of HZ. So, they represent the main target for preventive strategies, such as HZ vaccination. The HZ vaccine was introduced in vaccination schedules of several national immunization plans with the aim of effectively reducing the disease burden. In Italy, in 2014, the ‘Lifetime immunization schedule’ included the recommendation for the use of HZ vaccine in subjects from the age of 50 years and at a higher risk, with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or being treated with immunosuppressive agents, and for all persons aged 65 and over [24]. In the first few years, some barriers related to the difficulty of vaccine distribution, the lack of physician recommendations, or the cost of the vaccine hindered the spread of vaccination. The vaccination policies against VZV that have been adopted by many countries are lacking [25] in Italy, and although the HZ vaccination was introduced in the national immunization plan 2017–2019 [26], the coverage objectives are still far from being achieved.
Two types of herpes zoster vaccines are currently available [27]. Vaccines that are now available reduce the incidence of the disease, post-herpetic neuralgia, and the burden of illness [28,29,30,31]. Thus, it is advisable to improve our knowledge of the disease and its complications and also on the usefulness and efficacy of HZ vaccination in order to increase vaccination coverage [32]. Despite these important points of strength, the vaccination campaign probably did not have a strong impact on hospital admission. In Italy, the recombinant vaccine was approved only during the first months of the year 2021. The greater part of admissions were referred to immunocompromised patients that were not able to receive the live-attenuated vaccine. For this reason, the strongest impact on hospital admissions for HZ was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as was the case for other diseases [16,17].
In addition to aging, factors that are significantly associated with a prolonged length of stay were cancer and HIV, confirming that these comorbidities are triggers for severe episodes of HZ, including disseminated and visceral infections due to impaired cell-mediated immunity [5,33,34]. A prolonged length of stay represents a heavy economic burden for healthcare services, which should be dealt with properly. This point highlights the need to inform healthcare professionals about the opportunity of HZ vaccination in order to directly promote this preventive measure [35].
Definitely, this study strengthens evidence about the great impact of HZ in the elderly and immunocompromised population, identifying it as a primary target for preventive strategies.
Strengths and Limitations
The main strength of this study was the use of routinely collected data, reporting information on the whole regional population during a seven-year period. In Italy, a specific surveillance system for HZ does not exist. So, the use of HDRs is a useful tool to describe the impact of HZ and its complications, although hospitalizations represent only an aspect of the burden of disease.
The results of this study should be evaluated in light of some limitations. The identification of diagnosis is based on ICD-9-CM codes that do not take into account the severity of the conditions. In addition, the use of administrative data may be limited by the reliability of certain types of information such as drug therapy, clinical information, and laboratory test results. This lack of information may lead to unmeasured confounders hampering the multivariate analysis. Furthermore, an under-reporting of HZ diagnoses in HDRs is possible, leading to an underestimation of the admission rate. In addition, the analysis of risk factors for HZ admission cannot be performed, because HDRs only report data on patients admitted to hospital, and it does not contain information on healthy or non-hospitalized patients.
5. Conclusions
Despite the reduction in the hospitalization trend during the years of 2015–2022, this study highlights that HZ continues to have a great impact on public health. The results confirm how advanced age and comorbidities are the risk factors associated with a greater risk of a prolonged length of stay.
Due to population aging, HZ is expected to increase its clinical and economic burden. This is the reason why preventive strategies are important to reduce the incidence and severity of HZ and its complications. Zoster vaccines have been developed and introduced in the Immunization Plan in Italy and in the greater part of European countries. So, it is important to update recommendations for the use of the already available HZ vaccine and to implement new strategies to increase awareness of the prevention of the disease and its complications, both among healthcare professionals and the target population.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, P.S., G.D.M. and T.S.; methodology, P.S. and G.D.M.; software, P.S., F.C. and P.D.G.; validation, P.D.G., G.D.M., F.C. and P.S.; formal analysis, G.D.M. and P.S.; investigation, P.D.G. and C.O.; resources, T.S. and C.O.; data curation, C.O., F.R. and P.S.; writing—original draft preparation, G.D.M., P.S. and P.D.G.; writing—review and editing, F.R., T.S., F.C., P.D.G. and C.O.; visualization, F.R. and T.S.; supervision, T.S. and F.R.; project administration, F.R. and T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was performed according to data management regulations of the Regional Health Authority of Abruzzo Region and the Italian law on privacy (Art. 20-21 DL 196/2003), published in the Official Gazette, n. 190, on 14 August 2004. The data were encrypted prior to the analysis at the regional statistical office, where a unique identifying code was assigned to each patient. The unique code eliminated the possibility of identifying the patients’ identities. According to Italian law, the use of administrative data does not require any written informed consent from patients. The present study did not directly involve human patients.
Informed Consent Statement
Patient consent was waived because, according to Italian legislation, the use of administrative data does not require any written informed consent from patients.
Data Availability Statement
Data are not available due to the restriction policy of the Abruzzo region.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Funding Statement
This research received no external funding.
Footnotes
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data are not available due to the restriction policy of the Abruzzo region.