Dear editor
We read with great interest the recent article by Varkila et al. titled “Gut barrier dysfunction and the risk of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired bacteremia - a case-control study” published in Annals of Intensive Care [1]. The authors investigated the relationship between gut barrier dysfunction and ICU-acquired bacteremia through a retrospective case-control study. While we appreciate their efforts to explore this important topic, several issues in the study design and interpretation of results warrant further discussion.
First, the authors used enterococcal bacteremia as a surrogate for bacterial translocation from the gut, with coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) bacteremia as a control representing non-gut origin infections. However, this assumption may be oversimplified. Enterococci can also contaminate catheters and cause bacteremia, while CoNS may occasionally colonize the gut. Completely attributing enterococcal bacteremia to gut translocation and CoNS bacteremia to catheter infection could bias the results.
Second, the biomarkers used in this study (intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP), trefoil factor-3 (TFF3), and citrulline) may not accurately reflect gut barrier function. The authors observed unexpected positive correlations between citrulline and I-FABP/TFF3, suggesting these markers’ levels could be confounded by factors like renal dysfunction and critical illness severity [2]. Incorporating additional markers of gut permeability, mucus integrity, and mucosal immunity might provide a more comprehensive assessment of gut barrier dysfunction.
Third, the study only included ICU-acquired bacteremia occurring after 48 h of ICU stay, with a median enrollment time of 7 days post-ICU admission. This delayed timing may underestimate the risk of bacterial translocation during the acute phase of critical illness. Future studies should consider enrolling patients earlier and evaluating gut barrier function longitudinally.
Furthermore, blood cultures alone may not capture all bacterial translocation events, as the process can be transient and intermittent. Complementary approaches, such as detecting bacterial DNA in blood, analyzing the gut and blood microbiome, and assessing specific immune responses to translocated bacteria, could provide additional evidence of translocation [3].
Lastly, the retrospective case-control design has inherent limitations in controlling for confounding factors. Despite matching for age, renal dysfunction, and ICU length of stay, residual confounding might still exist. Stratified analyses, where the matching was broken, could be particularly prone to confounding. A prospective cohort study with comprehensive data collection and adjustment would be valuable to validate these findings.
In conclusion, while Varkila et al.‘s study provides valuable insights, further research is needed to elucidate the complex relationship between gut barrier dysfunction and ICU-acquired infections. A multi-faceted approach integrating clinical, microbiological, and immunological parameters may help to better characterize bacterial translocation and its clinical significance in critical illness.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- ICU
Intensive care unit
- CoNS
Coagulase-negative staphylococcal
- I-FABP
Intestinal fatty-acid binding protein
- TFF3
Trefoil factor-3
Author contributions
LW and HY conceptualized the study. LPW and XX wrote the manuscript. QW and HY substantively revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
The work was supported by grants from the China National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2020AAA0105005).
Data availability
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
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Luping Wang and Xiaoxiao Xia contributed equally to this work.
References
- 1.Varkila MRJ, Verboom DM, Derde LPG, van der Poll T, Bonten MJM, Cremer OL, et al. Gut barrier dysfunction and the risk of ICU-acquired bacteremia- a case–control study. Ann Intensiv Care. 2024;14(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s13613-024-01280-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.