Abstract
OverviewBordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of mammals and is considered to be a primary pathogen of domestic cats. It is sensible to consider B bronchiseptica as a rare cause of zoonotic infections. The bacterium is susceptible to common disinfectants.
Infection The bacterium is shed in oral and nasal secretions of infected cats. Dogs with respiratory disease are an infection risk for cats. The microorganism colonises the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract of the host, establishing chronic infections.
Disease signs A wide range of respiratory signs has been associated with B bronchiseptica infection, from a mild illness with fever, coughing, sneezing, ocular discharge and lymphadenopathy to severe pneumonia with dyspnoea, cyanosis and death.
Diagnosis Bacterial culture and PCR lack sensitivity. Samples for isolation can be obtained from the oropharynx (swabs) or via transtracheal wash/bronchoalveolar lavage.
Disease management Antibacterial therapy is indicated, even if the signs are mild. Where sensitivity data are unavailable, tetracyclines are recommended. Doxycycline is the antimicrobial of choice. Cats with severe B bronchiseptica infection require supportive therapy and intensive nursing care.
Contributor Information
Herman Egberink, H.F.Egberink@uu.nl.
Diane Addie, .
Sándor Belák, .
Corine Boucraut-Baralon, .
Tadeusz Frymus, .
Tim Gruffydd-Jones, .
Katrin Hartmann, .
Margaret J Hosie, .
Albert Lloret, .
Hans Lutz, .
Fulvio Marsilio, .
Maria Grazia Pennisi, .
Alan D Radford, .
Etienne Thiry, .
Uwe Truyen, .
Marian C Horzinek, .
References
- Parkhill J,Sebaihia M,Preston A, et al.Comparative analysis of the genome sequences of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica.Nat Genet. 2003;35:32-10 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Woolfrey BF,Moody JA.Human infections associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica.Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991;4:243-55 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bauwens JE,Spach DH,Schacker TW,Mustafa MM,Bowden RA.Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia and bacteremia following bone marrow transplantation.J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:2474-751401019 [Google Scholar]
- Gueirard P,Weber C,Le Coustumier A,Guiso N..Human Bordetella bronchiseptica infection related to contact with infected animals: Persistence of bacteria in host.J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2002-6 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ner Z,Ross LA,Keens TG,MacLaughlin EF,Starnes VA,Woo MS.Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients.Pediatr Transplant. 2003;7:413-17 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Speakman AJ,Dawson S,Binns SH,Gaskell CJ,Hart CA,Gaskell RM.Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in the cat.J Small Anim Pract. 1999;40:252-56 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walther BA,Ewald PW.Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2004;79:849-69 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Helps CR,Lait P,Damhuis A, et al.Factors associated with upper respiratory tract disease caused by feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, Chlamydophila felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats: Experience from 218 European catteries.Vet Rec. 2005;156:669-73 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Binns SH,Dawson S,Speakman AJ, et al.Prevalence and risk factors for feline Bordetella bronchiseptica infection.Vet Rec. 1999;144:575-80 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dawson S,Gaskell CJ,McCracken CM,Gaskell RM,Hart CA,Jones D..Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats following contact with infected dogs.Vet Rec. 2000;146:46-8 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coutts AJ,Dawson S,Binns S,Hart CA,Gaskell CJ,Gaskell RM.Studies on natural transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats.Vet Microbiol. 1996;48:19-27 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacobs AA,Chalmers WS,Pasman J,van Vugt F,Cuenen LH.Feline bordetellosis: Challenge and vaccine studies.Vet Rec. 1993;133:260-63 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Willoughby K,Dawson S,Jones RC, et al.Isolation of B bronchiseptica from kittens with pneumonia in a breeding cattery.Vet Rec. 1991;129:407-8 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Welsh RD.Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in cats.J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1996;32:153-58 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mattoo S,Foreman-Wykert AK,Cotter PA,Miller JF.Mechanisms of Bordetella pathogenesis.Front Biosci. 2001;6:e168-86 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mattoo S,Miller JF,Cotter PA.Role of Bordetella bronchiseptica fimbriae in tracheal colonization and development of a humoral immune response.Infect Immun. 2000;68:2024-33 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Renegar KB,Small PA,Boykins LG,Wright PF.Role of IgA versus IgG in the control of influenza viral infections in the murine respiratory tract.J Immunol. 2004;173:1978-86 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wolfe DN,Kirimanjeswara GS,Goebel EM,Harvill ET.Comparative role of immunoglobulin A in protective immunity against the Bordetellae.Infect Immun. 2007;75:4416-22 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koidl C,Bozic M,Burmeister A,Hess M,Marth E,Kessler HH.Detection and differentiation of Bordetella spp. by real-time PCR.J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:347-50 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Speakman AJ,Binns SH,Dawson S,Hart CA,Gaskell RM.Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from cats and a comparison of the agar dilution and E-test methods.Vet Microbiol. 1997;54:63-72 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams J,Laris R,Gray AW,Jacobs AA.Studies of the efficacy of a novel intranasal vaccine against feline bordetellosis.Vet Rec. 2002;150:439-42 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]