Abstract
Background
Providing recommended amounts of rehabilitation for stroke and neurological patients is challenging. Telerehabilitation is viable for delivering rehabilitation and an acceptable adjunct to in-person therapy. NeuroRehabilitation OnLine (NROL) was developed as a pilot and subsequently operationalised as a regional innovation embedded across four National Health Service (NHS) Trusts.
Objective
To describe the NROL innovation to assist future implementation and replication efforts.
Methods
The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist, with guidance from the TIDieR-Telehealth extension, was used to describe NROL. The description was developed collaboratively by clinical academics, therapists, managers and researchers. Updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains were used to describe the context in which the innovation was delivered.
Results
NROL delivers online group-based real-time neurorehabilitation with technology assistance. It incorporates multidisciplinary targeted therapy and peer support to complement existing therapy. Procedures, materials and structure are detailed to demonstrate how NROL is embedded within a healthcare system. NROL uses existing NHS therapy workforce alongside dedicated NROL roles, including an essential technology support role. Selection of NROL groups is dependent on patient needs. The NROL innovation is tailored over time in response to feedback. NROL described here is successfully integrated within a regional stroke and neurorehabilitation network, aligns with local and national strategies and capitalises on an existing clinical–academic partnership.
Conclusion
This comprehensive description of a regional NROL innovation, and clarification of core components, should facilitate other healthcare settings to adapt and implement NROL for their context. Continuous evaluation alongside implementation will ensure maximal impact for neurorehabilitation.
Keywords: Telerehabilitation, brain injury, stroke, neurological, rehabilitation, digital health, implementation
Background
Despite a wealth of evidence that greater amounts of rehabilitation can improve outcomes,1–3 stroke and neurological patients are consistently receiving suboptimal amounts of therapy. 4 Increasing access and opportunity for therapy is a critical step to addressing shortfalls in therapy amount but needs to be feasible with limited workforce. Telerehabilitation, defined by Cochrane as ‘a way for professionals to deliver rehabilitation to patients using information and communication technologies’, 5 offers one solution to help mitigate this challenge. It can deliver conventional in-person therapies online with equivalent outcomes6–9 and similar attendance levels and acceptability to patients. 10 Patients and staff report advantages in terms of saving time, energy and travel.11–13 In the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, clinical guidelines for stroke rehabilitation recommend telerehabilitation alongside conventional in-person therapy. 14
A group-based real-time telerehabilitation innovation for patients with acquired brain injury was piloted at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK, entitled NROL (NeuroRehabilitation OnLine). This standalone version was described using a Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and demonstrated positive impacts on patient-reported outcomes. 15 NROL was subsequently adapted and operationalised within the UK National Health Service (NHS) at a single NHS Trust level yielding positive results. 11 NROL was then expanded into a regional innovation involving four NHS Trusts aligning to the NHS new Integrated Care System structure to work collaboratively across regions. NROL is acknowledged as an exemplar innovation for delivering remote rehabilitation. 14
Despite the successful development of NROL, as yet it has only been described in its standalone version and requires adaption for successful integration within an existing healthcare service. 15 This article describes the NROL innovation developed for regional use within an existing healthcare service, with the aim of assisting future implementation and replication efforts. This forms part of a larger programme of work, alongside the implementation and evaluation of NROL at a regional level through a clinical–academic partnership.
Methods
This article describes NROL using the 12 items of the TIDieR checklist 16 and incorporates guidance from the TIDieR-Telehealth extension. 17 Checklist details were developed iteratively and collaboratively, with input from staff involved in the NROL learning collaborative and actively participating in NROL implementation and evaluation. The learning collaborative consists of healthcare staff (therapists, management, administrators and decision-makers), clinical academic and academic staff, patient volunteer, third-sector organisations and the standalone NROL intervention developers. For the checklist development, a purposive group of staff was involved including allied health clinical academics (n = 3), allied health therapists (n = 20, from occupational therapy; physiotherapy, speech and language therapy and psychology, stroke and neurological rehabilitation services), a service manager (n = 1), university researchers (n = 2) and a patient volunteer with experience of participating in and group facilitation of NROL (n = 1). Initially, individual TIDieR checklists describing each NROL group in a high level of detail were produced by lead therapists from each NROL group who have extended experience with delivery of the group. These informed co-development of the NROL staff manual, standard operating procedure and group visual summary documents. Finally, documents were abstracted to develop a superordinate TIDieR checklist, aimed at describing NROL as a model of care within an existing healthcare system for application at a regional level. This process, led by clinical-academics, resulted in a regional NROL TIDieR checklist which was finalised after circulation for a sense check with the learning collaborative for accuracy and resonance.
Given the extensive interplay between an innovation and context, the settings in which NROL was implemented are described according to domains of the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). 18
Patient and public involvement (PPI)
Stakeholder engagement is a core element within complex intervention development. 19 PPI involvement provides vital insight to improve NROL quality and relevance. PPI activities include ensuring materials are accessible/aphasia-friendly/content-appropriate, providing feedback to improve NROL content/delivery and assisting with dissemination and research outputs. NROL has been improved by partnership within the learning collaborative, with patients, carers and staff feedback shaping the intervention described. The NROL patient volunteer co-produced individual TIDieR checklists. For further detail on PPI involvement within the larger project of developing, implementing and evaluating NROL, please see Supplemental File for a completed GRIPP2 checklist. 20
Results
Item 1: intervention (innovation) name
NeuroRehabilitation OnLine (NROL)
Item 2: why
NROL aims to enhance the rehabilitation offered for adult patients actively receiving stroke and neurorehabilitation. As part of a hybrid model of care, it utilises an online platform offering advantages to save time, energy and travel, enabling more therapy to be delivered using existing workforce. 11 Group therapy has favourable evidence, 15 leveraging the benefits of peer support. 21 By embedding NROL within the existing NHS system, it supports sustainable service delivery. NROL aligns with strategic priorities, such as the use of data and digital technologies in healthcare. 22 Collective use of the workforce, as a provider collaborative, fosters a community of practice and shared learning 23 and also allows for a critical mass of patients to receive group therapy where impairment incidence is low.
Item 3: what (materials) and item 4: what (procedures)
A secure ‘NROL hub’ collaboration platform (in Microsoft (MS) Teams) was created as a repository for shared resources. Key documents include an ‘NROL standard operating procedure’ and relevant approvals (e.g., Data Protection Impact Assessment). NROL branding (i.e., logo) increases visibility and facilitates team cohesion.
The materials and procedures for NROL referral, entry, delivery and exit phases are detailed below, and outlined in an NROL process chart within the Supplemental File.
NROL referral materials and procedures
Therapy team members identify, consent and refer suitable patients to appropriate NROL groups. They submit an ‘NROL referral form’ via the NROL hub, guided by an ‘NROL staff manual’ (Supplemental File). An ‘NROL patient information leaflet’ is provided to patients.
NROL entry materials and procedures
NROL support staff process referrals and coordinate timetabling using an NROL database (MS Excel). Prior to programme start, an NROL staff member contacts new patients to complete ‘NROL outcome measures’. Measures include the EQ-5D-5L for measuring health-related quality of life 24 and the patient-specific functional scale (PSFS) for measuring activity performance, 25 and are administered through the patients’ choice of either telephone or online questioning. Measures were chosen on a pragmatic basis as were consistent with existing data collection (e.g., part of the Stroke Sentinel National Audit Programme, UK), had acceptable clinical utility according to the Tyson and Connell scale, 26 and measured domains identified within a NROL logic model as those the programme was aiming to influence. However, it is acknowledged that the measurement properties of these measures when obtained through telephone or online questioning is unknown, and the lack of outcome measures that have been tested psychometrically for remote delivery across neurological conditions is a challenge. 27 Additionally, an NROL technology support staff member ensures that each patient has the necessary technology capability and equipment (hardware, software (MS Teams and email) and connectivity) to access NROL. An ‘NROL technology support guide’ is provided. Patients participating in physical groups receive an ‘NROL physical group guide’ providing instructions on how to set up a safe exercise environment. Patients (and referrer) receive a personalised ‘NROL entry email’ that outlines their 6-week programme, and group invites.
NROL delivery materials and procedures
Patients join NROL groups according to their personalised programme. These include targeted talking (e.g., cognition, communication, fatigue, well-being and physical (e.g., balance/mobility and upper limb) therapy groups incorporating interactive, educational and practical elements. These groups are staffed by at least two group facilitators, often jointly by more than one discipline. Community groups are offered to all patients and include an NROL introduction and an optional weekly peer support group. Throughout the programme and during each NROL session, technology assistance is available to both patients and staff. If a patient is expected to join a group but does not attend, the NROL technology support staff member makes contact to offer assistance.
NROL sessions are delivered by staff online (MS Teams) using existing devices equipped with webcams and microphones. For physical groups, a large-screen television is used for monitoring patients during exercise. The session content is developed by group facilitators based on evidence-based practice and may include discussions, demonstrations and presentations. The NROL database is used during sessions to access and record patient information, such as attendance. A telephone is required in case of adverse events. Group facilitators ensure that clinical notes are entered for all patients. Regular NROL staff meetings and group-specific meetings are held to discuss NROL delivery.
Patients participate in NROL using their agreed device. For patients in physical groups, a large screen device is necessary. Specific equipment, such as a frame or table, may be required to ensure stability. Patients are advised to wear comfortable footwear and clothing and have access to a suitable drink. Functional task practice may necessitate additional equipment, for example, pen and paper, kitchen items. Patients should have a telephone available in case of technology issues or adverse events. If patients have pendant alarms, they are encouraged to wear them.
NROL exit materials and procedures
Patients (and referrer) receive an ‘NROL exit email’ that provides summary information. Outcome measures are repeated, and patients are asked to complete a satisfaction survey.
Evaluation
Evaluation occurs concurrently with NROL delivery. Service and patient-level data are sourced from the NROL database. The NROL leads undertake regular relevant analysis and summarise the data for feedback for multiple clinical and wider audiences.
Staff training
NROL evaluation findings are discussed in meetings as a basis for training. General NROL information is disseminated to staff across the participating trusts by NROL staff. Shared learning sessions are run to optimise knowledge translation. New staff members are introduced to NROL during their orientation. Staff can observe NROL sessions for experiential learning.
Item 5: who
Details of who is involved in NROL service delivery are provided in Table 1. Patients are active community-based patients from within stroke and neurorehabilitation services at varying chronicity (approximately 10% referral rate). This means patients are under an active episode of care at their local Trust and are part of a local treating therapist's caseload who is ultimately responsible for their overall rehabilitation and a key point of contact. NROL uses an existing NHS workforce alongside dedicated NROL roles for operations, administration and technology support.
Table 1.
Who is involved in NROL.
| Category | Location | Role | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | Within stroke and neurorehabilitation services from participating regional Trusts | Active community-based patients | |
| Existing NHS workforce | From stroke and neurorehabilitation services from participating regional Trusts | NROL therapy staff, including nominated NROL champions and group facilitators |
|
| NROL support staff |
|
||
| Patient and public involvement | Volunteers |
|
|
| Leadership | From stroke and neurorehabilitation services from participating regional Trusts and regional higher education institutions | Clinical–academic partnership |
|
NROL: NeuroRehabilitation OnLine; NHS: National Health Service;.
Dedicated NROL role.
Item 6: how (mode of delivery)
Mode of delivery is online (MS Teams) and sessions are delivered by staff to groups of patients. This section overlaps with the ‘What (material and procedures)’, see Items 3 and 4.
Item 7: where
Group facilitators and the NROL technology support staff member attend from private, well-lit, and quiet workspaces at different geographical locations and NHS trusts. A room with adequate space is required for demonstrating exercises for physical groups. Patients participate in NROL groups from their homes.
Item 8: when and how much
NROL delivery is structured into recurring 6-week ‘NROL’ blocks to facilitate patient flow. An NROL introductory session runs at the start of each block. All further group sessions are scheduled for 60 min, with most groups run weekly. The maximum number of patients within a group is determined by the group facilitators to ensure the best experience for patients and staff (see NROL staff manual).
Item 9: tailoring
Tailoring is required at patient, group and block levels. Clinical reasoning should determine how NROL fits with a patient's overall rehabilitation. Patients can attend more than one NROL block if clinically indicated (about 25%, with the majority attending one further block), providing they remain under the active care of their stroke or neurorehabilitation team. The needs of patients in groups will be nuanced over time requiring a responsive approach. All referrals are screened by group facilitators to ensure session content is tailored. The structure of blocks, in terms of groups offered and frequency, actively considers patient need, workforce availability and capitalises on changing staff skill sets. Resourceful use of available workforce is encouraged, such as enabling staff to deliver NROL whilst working from home or by those requiring work adjustments and involving students. NROL materials are continually edited to reflect updates.
Item 10: modifications
This article describes the NROL innovation modified for regional use. The core components retained from earlier iterations11,15 include provision of online real-time neurorehabilitation with technology assistance, incorporating multidisciplinary targeted therapy and community groups whilst embodying peer support. Adaptations for integration within an existing healthcare system have led to additional core components including delivery as an adjunct to complement existing rehabilitation and use of existing workforce. Further modifications include running NROL as recurring 6-week blocks and inclusion of patients with stroke or other neurological conditions at varying chronicity.
Item 11: how well planned and item 12: how well delivered (including fidelity)
Communications, resources and technology assistance are provided to optimise NROL entry and participation (see Items 3 and 4). Service data are obtained and reviewed to monitor performance.
A detailed mixed-methods evaluation of NROL within a single trust is available. 11 Implementation and evaluation of the regional NROL innovation is ongoing.
Context
The NROL innovation detailed in this article is delivered within a context that can be described using the domains of inner and outer settings. 18
The inner setting is defined as the four NHS Trusts that are situated within the Lancashire and South Cumbria Integrated Stroke and Neurorehabilitation Delivery Network that provide community-based stroke and neurorehabilitation care for the region. The region has a population of 1.8 million and covers a large geographical footprint with urban and rural settlements, and ethnic diversity. Deprivation and poor health affect many, with differences in life expectancy and quality of life varying significantly, in some neighbourhoods healthy life expectancy is 46.5 years. 28
Aligning with national strategies and policies, the Lancashire and South Cumbria region has a vision to work collaboratively across Trusts. A challenge is that Trusts have varied service remits (stroke, neurological or both) and infrastructure (e.g., physical, staffing levels, technology systems, governance processes).
With regards to the outer setting, the impetus for starting NROL was the global pandemic, which also influenced sociocultural values of staff and patients to increase the worthiness and openness to use of remote technology. NROL also aligned with wider policy and strategies, 22 benefitted from an already established clinical–academic partnership between the NHS and a university, and had funding from external sources (SameYou, NHS England).
Discussion
NROL utilises an online delivery platform, with dedicated technology assistance, to provide multidisciplinary real-time group therapy. Telerehabilitation is recognised as having a vital role to play in future healthcare delivery but as yet there are limited details of how to do this. 29 To address this need, the TIDieR checklist is used to provide a comprehensive description of NROL. The actual process of completing the TIDieR was time intensive but did provide the impetus for the team to clearly describe the innovation, agreeing the core components. Consideration was given to the necessary balance of information to ensure comprehensive detail but attempting not to overwhelm. Further documentation is available within Supplemental Files and by contacting the corresponding author.
Optimal adaptation of an innovation requires an understanding of the core components that cannot be changed versus the adaptable periphery that can be changed.18,30 It is proposed that the core components identified (Figure 1) should be consistently implemented for NROL but that the processes to achieve them are adapted to fit local conditions. Examples include the use of MS Teams to deliver groups but other online platforms are available; use of recurring 6-week NROL blocks but other timings may suit other services; the number and types of targeted therapy groups will need to reflect workforce capability and capacity. It is known innovations that have adaptability are more likely to be used in clinical practice. 31 Ongoing examination of the adaptive components of NROL will help discern how it can be upscaled for use in a variety of contexts.
Figure 1.
NROL core components. Six core components are identified for the integration of NROL within an existing healthcare system. These components should be consistently implemented for NROL but the processes to achieve them should be adapted to fit local conditions.
Context is everything. 32 A limitation of the TIDieR checklist is that it does not include an item on context. Arguably to understand the innovation fully and guide future adaptations an understanding of the context is required. This is because innovations are inextricably linked to the context in which they are delivered, and achieving a good fit between these is important to ensure the innovation works as intended. 33 In this article, context is deliberatively reported to help situate the innovation. NROL did take resources, time and effort to implement as a regional initiative and details on the implementation will be reported elsewhere. The need for resources to enable implementation is not unexpected13,30 and current healthcare systems are often not set-up to facilitate this upfront effort. Influential contextual factors included leadership buy-in and commitment, a clinical–academic partnership and fit with the local and broader strategic landscape.
Inevitably NROL will continue to evolve. The TIDieR checklist does allow for reporting on modifications and tailoring. To date, the checklist has been primarily used for reporting interventions in trials 34 and there are limited examples of its use for adapted interventions over time. This article documents current NROL delivery and captures its retrospective modifications and tailoring. Going forward, transparent reporting of new iterations of NROL together with descriptions of their context should be undertaken to aid comparisons. Evaluation should also continue to evolve and include reviewing outcome measures to align with updates in recommendations for telerehabilitation.
A hybrid approach incorporating telerehabilitation, to complement in-person therapy, is required for a future-proof service that follows policy and guidelines. This is likely to be one part of the solution to delivering higher-intensity rehabilitation rather than a panacea. The model of care developed for NROL delivery may have potential use in other areas of healthcare.
Conclusion
This comprehensive description of a regional NROL innovation gives an example of successful implementation within an existing healthcare system. It provides a platform for others to reduce duplication of effort and help facilitate the use of telerehabilitation in clinical practice. Adapted versions of NROL are expected when implementing in different contexts. Transparent reporting and continuous evaluation alongside NROL implementation are encouraged and will ensure maximal impact for neurorehabilitation delivery.
Supplemental Material
Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-dhj-10.1177_20552076241252263 for NeuroRehabilitation OnLine: Description of a regional multidisciplinary group telerehabilitation innovation for stroke and neurological conditions using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist by Suzanne Ackerley, Neil Wilson, Paul Boland and Rosemary Peel, Louise Connell in DIGITAL HEALTH
Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-dhj-10.1177_20552076241252263 for NeuroRehabilitation OnLine: Description of a regional multidisciplinary group telerehabilitation innovation for stroke and neurological conditions using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist by Suzanne Ackerley, Neil Wilson, Paul Boland and Rosemary Peel, Louise Connell in DIGITAL HEALTH
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the individuals and services that contribute to NROL, and have contributed to this work, from East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust. Special thanks go to Ian Grimshaw for providing technological support for patients and staff, as well as supporting administrative and organisational operations. We extend our appreciation to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and University College London NROL teams for sharing their expertise and experience of online delivery and valuable discussions. Many thanks to the SameYou team for their generous fundraising and support which have made NROL possible, and to NHS England for the SQuIRe Catalyst funding to support commissioning intentions.
Footnotes
Contributorship: SA and LC conceived the study. All authors (SA, LC, NW, PB and RP) were involved in the planning and conduct of the work described in the paper. SA, LC and NW drafted the initial manuscript. All authors were involved in revising the manuscript. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Data availability: Digital copies of NROL materials are available on request by contacting Professor Louise Connell (l.connell2@lancaster.ac.uk).
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical approval: Not applicable. The active involvement of patients or members of the public does not generally raise any ethical concerns for the people who are actively involved, even when those people are recruited for this role via the NHS. Therefore, ethical approval and consent is not needed for the active involvement element of this research, as people were involved in helping to develop a description.
Funding: The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the SameYou (Charity number 1170102), NHS England Stroke Quality Improvement for Rehabilitation (SQuIRe) Catalyst funding, (grant number n/a).
Gurantor: LC
ORCID iD: Louise Connell https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-2919
Supplemental material: Supplemental material for this article is available online.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-dhj-10.1177_20552076241252263 for NeuroRehabilitation OnLine: Description of a regional multidisciplinary group telerehabilitation innovation for stroke and neurological conditions using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist by Suzanne Ackerley, Neil Wilson, Paul Boland and Rosemary Peel, Louise Connell in DIGITAL HEALTH
Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-dhj-10.1177_20552076241252263 for NeuroRehabilitation OnLine: Description of a regional multidisciplinary group telerehabilitation innovation for stroke and neurological conditions using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist by Suzanne Ackerley, Neil Wilson, Paul Boland and Rosemary Peel, Louise Connell in DIGITAL HEALTH