Case Report: Double Pectus Up in severe pectus excavatum, the new frontier of modified taulinoplasty

Abstract

Introduction

Pectus excavatum, also known as “sunken chest” or “funnel chest,” is a congenital condition where the sternum caves inward, creating a noticeable depression in the chest. This deformity can range from mild to severe cases, and can affect appearance and lung and heart function. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and associated symptoms. A case study was conducted on three patients suffering from severe forms of pectus excavatum using modified taulinoplasty with two Pectus Up bars.

Case description

The patients were males, with an age of 15 years. Preoperatively, they underwent spirometry, an echocardiogram, and allergy tests. The procedure involved inserting two Pectus Up bars into the chest wall at the major sternal defect, allowing the implant to remain completely invisible. The procedure involved placing the sternal plate at the deepest point and anchored to the sternum with five self-tapping screws. The chest plate was then fixed to the bar using two screws.

Discussion

The use of Pectus Up was first reported in 2016 and has been a subject of scientific discussion and research. The double Pectus Up technique offers improved correction, increased stability, and reduced complications. However, it also presents challenges such as increased technical complexity and potential for prolonged operative times. Patient outcomes showed promising results in terms of short-term correction and long-term stability. The use of a double bar technique in the modified Taulinoplasty procedure is a key area of ongoing clinical research and innovation in pectus excavatum repair. Further studies will be needed, including more institutions that use this technique to validate our initial experience.

Introduction

Pectus excavatum, commonly referred to as “sunken chest” or “funnel chest,” is a congenital condition where the sternum caves inward, creating a noticeable depression in the chest. This deformity can vary in severity, ranging from mild to severe cases. While some individuals may only have a slight indentation, others may experience significant compression of the chest wall, which can affect both appearance and, in severe cases, lung and heart function. Pectus excavatum typically becomes noticeable during adolescence when growth spurts occur, as the condition may worsen during periods of rapid skeletal growth. It's sometimes associated with certain connective tissue disorders or syndromes, but most cases occur in otherwise healthy individuals without any underlying conditions (1). Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and any associated symptoms. Mild cases may not require any treatment beyond monitoring, while more severe cases may benefit from surgical intervention. Several surgical procedures can be used to correct pectus excavatum, with the choice depending on the severity of the condition, the patient's age, overall health, and the personal experience of the surgeon. Here we report our case study on the use of two Pectus Up bars on adolescents suffering from severe forms of pectus excavatum. To our knowledge, these are the first cases reported in the literature using this technique.

Cases description

We report our case series of three patients who underwent surgery for severe pectus excavatum using modified taulinoplasty with two Pectus Up (Figure 1). The patients are all males, with an age of 15 years. All patients preoperatively underwent spirometry, an echocardiogram, and allergy tests (nickel, chromium, and cobalt), all of which were negative. Before surgery, the patients underwent a chest x-ray performed latero-laterally at a fixed distance of 1.5 meters to measure the thickness of the sternum (Figure 2). Furthermore, the length of the pectus-up bar was measured as the distance between the two nipples. Insertion of the two Pectus Up bars was performed similar to the procedure of single-bar insertion. Briefly, the procedure was performed as follows: Patients were placed in the supine position, with both arms hanging freely from the overhead crossbar on the operating table. The entire anterior chest and both groins were prepared and draped (Figure 3A). A skin incision was performed vertically on the chest wall at the major sternal defect (Figure 3B). The implant is inserted into the compartment under the pectoral muscle after its medial disconnection. The implant is inserted in a deep position to allow it to remain completely invisible. A new bilateral sac was created under the pectoral muscles to house the device. In the case of double bar insertion, the devices penetrated through the target area, and the first was positioned over the second. The sternal plate is then positioned at the deepest point and anchored to the sternum with five self-tapping screws (Figure 3C). Subsequently, the chest plate is placed on the bag, and the traction system coupled with the double screw is mounted. By tightening the traction system, the defect is progressively reduced. The plate is then fixed to the bar using two screws. The incision is closed in layers after placing a drain under suction for 48 h (Figure 3D). Our protocol for post-operative pain does not differ from what is expected for patients undergoing surgery with single bar positioning (Figure 4). The patients were discharged on the third post-operative day. Subsequent checks revealed no complications.

Figure 1.

Pre-operative photo.

Figure 2.

Pre-operative chest x-ray to measure the thickness of the sternum.

Figure 3.

Intraoperative photo.

Figure 4.

Pain management protocol for taulinoplasty (OS, oral somministration; VAS, visual analogue scale for pain).

Discussion

Among congenital malformations of the chest wall, over 90% of cases concern the pectus excavatum, one of the most widespread congenital defects of the chest wall. A dip in the sternum and surrounding costal cartilages is its defining feature. Usually, it affects the bottom portion of the sternum. Depending on the degree of deformity, the compressed anterior chest wall causes impairment in cardiopulmonary function by compressing the intrathoracic organs, such as the heart and lungs. Additionally, it lessens psychosocial stress, which might restrict social interactions. The use of Pectus Up was first reported in 2016 (2). While the use of a double bar technique in the Nuss procedure for correcting severe pectus excavatum has been a subject of scientific discussion and research, to our knowledge, the use of a double Pectus Up has never been proposed. Our experience using this device led us to try this modification of the basic technique so as to further expand the population on which it can be used (3, 4). In cases of the broad or long depressions, two bars are inserted at superior and inferior levels parallel to each other (Figure 5). Here's an overview of some key points in this discussion.

Figure 5.

In cases of the broad or long depressions, two bars are inserted at superior and inferior levels parallel to each other.

Improved Correction: One of the main reasons for considering a double Pectus Up technique is to achieve better correction of the chest deformity, especially in cases of severe or complex pectus excavatum (5). By using two devices instead of one, surgeons can distribute the force more evenly across the chest wall, potentially leading to a more symmetrical and stable correction.

Increased Stability: Double device placement may provide increased stability during the healing process, particularly in cases where the chest wall is highly flexible or the deformity is extensive. The additional support from the second device can help prevent the sternum from reverting to its original position while the tissues adapt to the new configuration.

Reduced Complications: The use of double bars of Pectus Up may be associated with a lower rate of complications, also compared to the use of two Nuss bars. enhanced stability provided by the second device instead of one, although further research is needed to confirm this potential benefit (6–8).

Challenges and Considerations: While the double Pectus Up technique offers potential advantages, it also presents challenges such as increased technical complexity and the potential for prolonged operative times. Surgeons need to carefully assess each patient's anatomy and the severity of the deformity to determine whether double device placement is appropriate and feasible.

Patient Outcomes: Our outcomes of double Pectus Up procedures have shown promising results in terms of both short-term correction and long-term stability (Figure 6).

Figure 6.

Post-op follow-up at 6 months.

In conclusion, the use of a double bar technique in the modified Taulinoplasty procedure is a key area of ongoing clinical research and innovation in the field of pectus excavatum repair. Further studies will certainly be needed, also involving more Institutions that use this technique to validate our initial experience.

Funding Statement

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health with “Current Reasearch funds”.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethical statement

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from the participant/patient(s) for the publication of this case report.

Author contributions

SF: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. LC: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. VP: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. IA: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. AB: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. AA: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. SR: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. PS: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. AI: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

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