ABSTRACT
CONTEXT:
Blood donation results in a substantial loss of iron (200 to 250 mg) at each bleeding procedure (425 to 475 ml) and subsequent mobilization of iron from body stores. Recent reports have shown that body iron reserves generally are small and iron depletion is more frequent in blood donors than in non-donors.
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors and to establish the frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors according to sex, whether they were first-time or multi-time donors, and the frequency of donations per year.
DESIGN:
From September 20 to October 5, 1999, three hundred blood donors from Santa Casa Hemocenter of São Paulo were studied.
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
Using a combination of biochemical measurements of iron status: serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation index, serum ferritin and the erythrocyte indices.
RESULTS:
The frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors was 11.0%, of whom 5.5% (13/237) were male and 31.7% (20/63) female donors. The frequency of iron deficiency was higher in multi-time blood donors than in first-time blood donors, for male blood donors (7.6% versus 0.0%, P < 0.05) and female ones (41.5% versus 18.5%, P < 0.05). The frequency of iron deficiency found was higher among the male blood donors with three or more donations per year (P < 0.05) and among the female blood donors with two or more donations per year (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:
We conclude that blood donation is a very important factor for iron deficiency in blood donors, particularly in multi-time donors and especially in female donors. The high frequency of blood donors with iron deficiency found in this study suggests a need for a more accurate laboratory trial, as hemoglobin or hematocrit measurement alone is not sufficient for detecting and excluding blood donors with iron deficiency without anemia.
KEY WORDS: Iron deficiency, Blood donor, Serum ferritin
RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO:
A doação de sangue causa redução substancial na quantidade de ferro do organismo (cada unidade de sangue retirada [425 a 475 ml] contém 200 a 250 mg de ferro) com conseqüente mobilização do ferro de depósito. Recentes estudos têm demonstrado que as reservas de ferro do organismo são pequenas, e sua deficiência é mais freqüente nos doadores de sangue que nos indivíduos não-doadores de sangue.
OBJETIVO:
Avaliar a freqüência da deficiência de ferro em doadores de sangue do Hemocentro da Santa Casa de São Paulo segundo o sexo, o tipo de doador e a freqüência de doações realizadas nos últimos 12 meses.
LOCAL:
Hemocentro da Santa Casa de São Paulo.
PARTICIPANTES:
No período de 20 de setembro a 5 de outubro de 1999 foram estudados 300 doadores de sangue.
TESTES DIAGNÓSTICOS:
Utilizamos a determinação das dosagens do ferro sérico, da capacidade total de ligação do ferro, do índice de saturação da transferrina, da ferritina sérica e dos índices eritrocitários.
RESULTADOS:
A freqüência de doadores de sangue que apresentavam deficiência de ferro observada foi de 11, 0 % (33/300), sendo 5, 5% (13/237) nos doadores do sexo masculino e de 31, 7% (20/63) nos doadores do sexo feminino. Para as mulheres, 18, 5% delas já apresentavam deficiência de ferro à primeira doação de sangue, e para as doadoras freqüentes foi 41, 5%. Entre os homens, nenhum doador apresentava deficiência de ferro à primeira doação de sangue e, para os doadores freqüentes, a deficiência de ferro foi de 7, 6%. A freqüência observada foi maior para os doadores com três ou mais doações nos últimos 12 meses (P < 0,05) e para as doadoras com duas ou mais doações nos últimos 12 meses (P < 0,05).
CONCLUSÕES:
A doação de sangue constituise numa causa importante de deficiência de ferro em doadores de sangue, particularmente nos doadores freqüentes do sexo feminino. A elevada freqüência de doadores de sangue com deficiência de ferro observada nesse estudo sugere a necessidade de uma triagem laboratorial mais acurada, uma vez que a determinação isolada da hemoglobina ou do hematócrito não é suficiente para detectar e excluir os doadores com deficiência de ferro ainda sem anemia.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Deficiência de ferro, Doador de sangue, Ferritina sérica
INTRODUCTION
The general impact of blood donation on iron status has been studied since the late 1970's.1-5 Blood donation results in a substantial (200 to 250 mg) loss of iron at each bleeding procedure (425 to 475 ml) and subsequent mobilization of iron from body stores. Recent reports have shown that body iron reserves generally are small and iron depletion is more frequent in blood donors than in non-donors.4, 6
An inverse correlation exists between body iron stores and absorbed iron. As body iron stores decrease, iron absorption increases. With continued iron loss, an individual either reaches equilibrium at a lower concentration of iron stores or becomes iron-depleted, eventually developing iron-deficient erythropoiesis and anemia.6
In the majority of blood banks, hemoglobin (Hb) and/or hematocrit measurements are used as a screening test for the ability to donate blood even though iron stores may be depleted in donors with Hb values above the arbitrarily defined limit for anemia.7
It is known that iron deficient anemia is the last stage of iron-deficiency and it is evident that hemoglobin measurement alone is inadequate for detecting blood donors with iron deficiency without anemia.8, 9
Recent literature has suggested that serum ferritin levels appear to be a reliable indicator for body iron stores that can be mobilized and provide reliable measurements for determining iron deficiency at an early stage. Serum ferritin is directly proportional to body iron stores and concentration <12 ng/ml reflects an iron-depleted state.9-13
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of iron deficiency in Santa Casa Hemocenter blood donors and to establish the frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors according to sex, whether they were first-time or multi-time donors, and the blood donation frequency per year.
METHODS
From September 20 to October 5, 1999, three hundred blood donors were studied using a combination of biochemical measures of iron status: serum iron (Bayer Company), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) (Labtest Company), transferrin saturation index (TSI) [(serum iron/ CTLF) x100], serum ferritin (determined by the enzyme immunoassay method, Abbott Laboratories) and the erythrocyte indices (Cell-Dyn, model 3000, Abbott Laboratories).
Approximately 450 ml of blood was drawn at each phlebotomy and blood samples were taken at the end of the procedure.
According to the Brazilian Government requirement for blood donation14 we included in this study only donors with standard values of hemoglobin (≥12 g/dl for women and ≥13 g/dl for men) and/or hematocrit (38% for women and 40% for men)
Iron-depleted donors were defined by serum ferritin values below 12 ng/ml and TSI greater than or equal to 16%; iron-deficient erythropoiesis when serum ferritin values were less than 12 ng/ml and TSI less than 16%; and iron-deficiency anemia when serum ferritin values were less than 12 ng/ml and TSI less than 16%, and hemoglobin less than 13 g/dl (for men) or 12 g/dl (for women). Iron deficiency includes iron-depleted donors and iron-deficient erythropoiesis donors.
In statistical analysis, differences were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney rank sum test and the Student "t" test, and correlations using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.15 A "P" value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All the statistical analyses were performed on the software SPSS, version PC+.
RESULTS
The characteristics of the 300 blood donors that were studied were the age in years (mean 33.0; median 32.0; range 18 to 60); the sex, with 79% being male (237/300); and the color, with 35% being non-white (104/300). The number of first-time blood donors was 94 (31.3%), and there were 206 (68.7%) multi-time blood donors. Of the latter, 133 (64.5%) were considered repeat donors (who had donated one or more times per year) and 73 (35.5%) sporadic donors.
The frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors was 11.0%, of whom 5.5% (13/237) were male and 31.7% (20/63) female donors. The frequency of iron deficiency was higher in multi-time blood donors than in first-time blood donors, for male blood donors (7.6% versus 0%, P < 0.05) and female ones (41.5% versus 18.5%, P < 0.05) (Table 1).
Table 1. Frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors according to sex and type of donor.
| Sex | Male n = 237 (79%) | Female n = 63 (21%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Donor | First-time (n = 67) | Multi-time (n = 170) | First-time (n = 27) | Multi-time (n = 36) |
| Iron Deficiency, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (7.6) * | 5 (18.5) | 15 (41.5) * |
| No Iron Deficiency | 67 (100.0) | 157 (92.3) | 22 (81.5) | 21 (58.5) |
P < 0.05.
Figures 1 and 2 show the mean ferritin serum level observed in the male and female blood donors, respectively, according to the blood donation frequency in the last 12 months.
Figure 1. Mean ferritin serum level observed in the male blood donors according to the blood donation frequency in the last 12 months.
Figure 2. Mean ferritin serum level observed in the female blood donors according to the blood donation frequency in the last 12 months.
The frequency of iron deficiency found was higher in the multi-time blood donors. This difference was statistically significant among the male blood donors with three or more donations per year (P < 0.05) and among the female blood donors with two or more donations per year (P < 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2. Distribution of serum ferritin, transferrin saturation index (TSI) and the frequency of iron deficiency in male blood donors according to the blood donation frequency in the last 12 months.
| Blood Donation Frequency in the last 12 months | N | Male Blood Donors: Iron Deficiency n (%) | N | Female Blood Donors: Iron Deficiency n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | 127 | 1 (0.8) | 9 | 9 (22.5) |
| 1 | 94 | 2 (2.1) | 7 | 7 (36.9) * |
| 2 | 15 | 9 (60.0) * | 2 | 2 (100.0) |
| 3 3 | 1 | 1 (100.0) | 2 | 2 (100.0) |
| Total | 237 | 13 (5.5) | 63 | 20 (31.7) |
N = number of blood donors in each group;
P < 0.05.
DISCUSSION
Iron is a vitally important element in human metabolism. It has a central role in erythropoiesis and is also involved in many other intracellular processes in all the tissues of the body.16, 17
The potential for an individual donor to give blood without developing iron deficiency anemia displayed wide variation, probably due to differences in nutritional iron intake, the prevalence of iron deficiency in the particular population, the menstrual iron loss in females, the frequency of blood donation and the use of supplemental iron, as well as the capacity to absorb iron.5, 6, 18
Recent reports have shown that the frequency of iron deficiency is high in blood donors (1.8% to 8.4% in males and 4.5% to 34.8% in females), and more dependent on the frequency of donations than on the accumulated number of donations, 5, 6, 18-24 as we also found in the present study.
The only known significant disadvantage of blood donation is the potential risk for iron deficiency. Therefore it seems reasonable to secure adequate iron reserves in the donor population in order to maintain an appropriate donation potential and to avoid possible non-hematological side-effects of iron deficiency, i.e. changes in immune function, energy metabolism and work performance.8, 19
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that blood donation has a profound influence on iron stores and is a very important factor for iron deficiency in blood donors, particularly in multi-time donors and, especially in female donors. The high frequency of blood donors with iron deficiency found in this study suggests a need for a more accurate laboratory trial, since hemoglobin or hematocrit measurement alone is not sufficient for detecting and excluding blood donors with iron deficiency without anemia.
Biographies
Rodolfo Delfini Cançado, MD. Hematology and Hemotherapy Department. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Carlos Sérgio Chiattone, MD. Head of Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Fausto Forin Alonso, MD. Dermatology Department. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Dante Mário Langhi Júnior, MD. Hematology and Hemotherapy Department. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Rita de Cássia Silva Alves, MD. Hematology and Hemotherapy Department. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Footnotes
Sources of funding: Not declared
Discipline of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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