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The effects of oxidative stress on obesity, diabetes, and the vascular system. FFA: free fatty acid; AT: adipose tissue; PKC: protein kinase C; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NO: nitrite oxide; MAPK: nitrogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinases; JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.
