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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2024 Jun;42(3):382–393. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2024.2023341

不翻瓣种植术与翻瓣种植术对软组织影响的Meta分析

Effects of flapless and flapped implantations on soft tissue: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

Yunyi Chen 1, Ciji Sun 1, Hong Li 1,2,
Editor: 张 玉楠
PMCID: PMC11190870  PMID: 39049660

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to systematically compare the effects of flapless and flapped implantations on the surrounding soft tissues of dental implants.

Methods

Nine databases were searched, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, OpenDoar, Scopus, and Ovid, from January 1, 2013, to August 27, 2023. Randomized controlled trials comparing flapless implantation with flapped implantation for restoration of missing teeth were included. Meta-analysis was conducted on studies that met the inclusion criteria by using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0.

Results

A total of 1 245 articles were retrieved, and 17 studies were ultimately included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that flapless implantation resulted in better healing of the soft tissues around the dental implants than flapped implantation. Moreover, flapless implantation showed superior changes in implant success rate [mean difference (MD)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.02, 1.10), P=0.004], the width of keratinized gingival changes [MD=0.10, 95%CI (0.00, 0.20), P=0.04], and probing depth [MD=−0.60, 95%CI (−0.67, −0.53), P<0.000 01], with statistically significant differences. The final combined results of modified plaque index [standardized mean difference (SMD)=−0.41, 95%CI (−0.81, 0.00), P=0.05] and modified sulcus bleeding index [SMD=−0.44, 95%CI (−0.78, −0.10), P=0.01] showed superiority over flapped implantation. The papillary presence index was higher in the flapless implantation group than in the flapped implantation group. No statistically significant differences were observed in plaque index and gingival indices changes between the two groups.

Conclusion

Flapless implantation can achieve higher implant success rate, smaller changes in the width of keratinized gingival, and smaller probing depths than flapped implantation. It also has advantages in terms of modified plaque index, modified sulcus bleeding index, and papillary presence index.

Keywords: dental implants, flapless, flapped, soft tissure, effects, Meta-analysis


种植手术根据术中是否分离黏骨膜瓣,可分为翻瓣种植术(flapped implantation,FL)及不翻瓣种植术(flapless implantation,FLS),FLS仅在牙槽嵴顶开窗,而不需翻开黏骨膜瓣,已被证明可以减少手术创伤和节省时间,从而减少患者的不适和术后发病率[1][3]。Tee[4]发现,传统FL允许口腔医生在直视下创造手术入路,形成整齐一致的骨组织边缘以实现初级稳定性。然而与侵入性较小的方法相比,该技术增加了术后并发症的发病率。关于这两种技术对种植体周围软组织产生的影响尚未有定论,有研究[5]发现FLS导致的炎症减少,早期上皮再生显著提高[6];You等[7]的研究发现,种植体安装后3个月,FL组种植体周围黏膜高度和种植体周围结合上皮长度显著大于FLS组。目前尚缺乏比较两种术式对种植体周围软组织影响的Meta分析,且关于FL与FLS在硬组织、手术疗效等方面的Meta分析[8][9]已有发表,还有不少研究[10][12]认为,FLS能够缩短手术时间、减少边缘骨水平的吸收和术后肿胀等症状,因而本篇Meta主要分析软组织相应的效应指标,纳入了最近10年的研究,并且本课题组已在PROSPERO网站上注册了本篇Meta分析(注册号CRD420201548-70)。本篇Meta分析旨在帮助口腔医生了解FLS和FL对种植体周围软组织的影响,并对临床实践提供一定的参考。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 文献纳入与排除标准

文献纳入与排除标准具体见表1

表 1. 纳入和排除标准.

Tab 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

PICOS框架 纳入标准 排除标准
研究对象 患者缺牙需种植修复,无系统性疾病或绝经后妇女,年龄不限 动物实验、纳入研究的样本量过少、基线非均衡、重复发表文献
干预 行FLS 其他方法或手术治疗
对照 行传统FL 其他方法或手术治疗
结果 种植体成功率(Albrekstsson和Zarb标准)、角化牙龈宽度(width of keratinised gingival,WKG)变化、探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、龈乳头指数(Jemt's papillary presence index,PPI)、牙菌斑指数(plaque index,PLI)、改良牙菌斑指数(modified plaque index,MPLI)、牙龈指数(gingival index,GI)变化、改良龈沟出血指数(modified sulcus bleeding index,MSBI) 研究未报道所需结局指标
研究设计 随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),无论是否采用分配隐藏或盲法,不限研究地域,仅限于英文文献 系统评价、非RCT、半RCT、经联系仍无法获取全文者

1.2. 文献检索

电子检索2013年1月1日—2023年8月27日PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Clinical Trails、OpenGrey、OpenDoar、Scopus和Ovid等9个数据库。采用主题词、关键词及自由词结合的方式,检索词包括:“Dental Implants”“Dental Implants,Single-Tooth”“Flap”“Flapped”“Flapless”“No-Flap”“Minimally Invasive”“Open Flap”“Tissue Punch”等,必要时进行手工检索,检索文献包括灰色文献、临床试验注册中心数据库的未发表研究结果等在内,以PubMed为例,其具体检索策略见表2

表 2. PubMed检索策略.

Tab 2 Search strategy of PubMed

步骤 检索策略
1 “Dental Implants” [MeSH] OR “Dental Implants, Single-Tooth” [MeSH Terms]
2 “Implant, Dental” [Title/Abstract] OR “Implants, Dental” [Title/Abstract] OR “Dental Implant” [Title/Abstract] OR “Dental Implants, Mini” [Title/Abstract] OR “Dental Implant, Mini” [Title/Abstract] OR “Mini Dental Implant”[Title/Abstract] OR “Mini Dental Implants” [Title/Abstract] OR “Dental Prostheses, Surgical” [Title/Abstract] OR “Dental Prosthesis, Surgical” [Title/Abstract] OR “Surgical Dental Prostheses” [Title/Abstract] OR “Surgical Dental Prosthesis”[Title/Abstract] OR “Prostheses, Surgical Dental” [Title/Abstract] OR “Prosthesis, Surgical Dental” [Title/Abstract]
3 “Dental Implants, Single Tooth” [Title/Abstract] OR “Implant, Single-Tooth Dental” [Title/Abstract] OR “Implant, Single Tooth Dental” [Title/Abstract] OR “Implants, Single-Tooth Dental” [Title/Abstract] OR “Implants, Single Tooth Dental” [Title/Abstract] OR “Single-Tooth Implants” [Title/Abstract] OR “Implant, Single-Tooth” [Title/Abstract] OR “Implants, Single-Tooth” [Title/Abstract] OR “Single Tooth Implants” [Title/Abstract] OR “Single-Tooth Implant” [Title/Abstract] OR “Single-Tooth Dental Implants” [Title/Abstract] OR “Single Tooth Dental Implants” [Title/Abstract] OR “Dental Implant, Single-Tooth” [Title/Abstract] OR “Dental Implant, Single Tooth” [Title/Abstract] OR “Single-Tooth Dental Implant” [Title/Abstract] OR “Single Tooth Dental Implant” [Title/Abstract]
4 1 OR 2 OR 3
5 “Flap” [Title/Abstract] OR “Flapped” [Title/Abstract] OR “No-Flap” [Title/Abstract] OR “Flapless” [Title/Abstract] OR “Minimally Invasive” [Title/Abstract] OR “Open Flap” [Title/Abstract] OR “Conventional Flap” [Title/Abstract] OR “Non-Invasive” [Title/Abstract] OR “Non-Flap” [Title/Abstract] OR “Direct-to” [Title/Abstract] OR “Direct” [Title/Abstract] OR “Soft Tissue Punch” [Title/Abstract] OR “Tissue Punch” [Title/Abstract] OR “Atraumatic” [Title/Abstract] OR “Tissue-Sparing” [Title/Abstract]
6 “Randomized Controlled Trial” [Publication Type] OR “Randomized” [Title/Abstract] OR “Placebo” [Title/Abstract]
7 4 AND 5 AND 6

1.3. 文献筛选和资料提取

2名研究员独立筛选并交叉核对,如遇到分歧通过协商解决,若无法达成一致,则由第三方参与讨论裁定。同时对纳入文献的关键数据和相关信息进行汇总,提取的关键信息包括:作者、发表年份、样本量、患者年龄、随访时间及结局指标等。

1.4. 文献质量评估

采用Cochrane手册评估纳入RCT的偏倚风险,主要评估6个指标:随机序列产生、分配隐藏、盲法、不完整结果数据、选择性结果报道和其他偏倚。满足所有指标或1个指标不明确/不满足属于高质量证据;2个指标不明确/不满足存在中等偏倚风险;2个以上指标不明确/不满足或者存在1个及以上高风险指标表示高偏倚风险。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用RevMan 5.3软件计算疗效指标,二分类变量数据采用相对危险度(risk ratio,RR)作为效应指标,连续变量数据选用均数差(mean difference,MD),并计算相应的95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI),设定P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用Q检验、I2检验来分析研究间的异质性,当各研究间异质性不明显时(P≥0.1,I2≤50%),采用固定效应模型;当各研究间异质性明显时(P<0.1,I2>50%),采用随机效应模型。异质性明显的结果采用亚组分析、敏感性分析(改变效应量或去除单篇文献后观察合并结果),若前后结果不一致,则以高质量的研究结果为准。如果两组间异质性过大或存在明显临床异质性时,采用描述性分析。采用StataMP 14.0软件对研究指标进行Egger检验量化发表偏倚,Egger检验P>0.05说明研究不存在显著的发表偏移,反之则提示存在显著发表偏倚。

2. 结果

2.1. 文献检索结果及纳入研究的基本特征

初检到相关文献1 245篇,经阅读排除重复、无具体相关内容、非RCT等文献1 228篇后,最终纳入17个RCT[13][29],共涉及881例患者和1 284颗种植体。文献筛选流程见图1,纳入研究的一般情况见表3

图 1. 文献筛选流程及结果.

图 1

Fig 1 Flow chart of literature retrieval

表 3. 纳入研究的基本特征.

Tab 3 Characteristics of the included studies

第一作者 年份 种植时机 随访时间 例数
结局指标
试验组 对照组
Barone A 2014 延期 3月 32 32
Bashutski JD 2013 延期 3、6、9、15月 12 12 ①③④⑥⑦
Froum SJ 2017 延期 6、12、18、102月 14 14 ①②
Garcia-Sanchez R 2021 即刻 12月 13 13
Jané-Salas E 2018 延期 3月 24 24
Jiao G 2018 延期 1月 45 43 ②④
Singh N 2022 即刻 6、12月 50 48 ①②⑤⑧
Siu TL 2023 延期 4月 12 12 ④⑥
Stoupel J 2016 即刻 3、6、12月 18 21
Sunitha RV 2013 延期 6、12、24月 20 20
Tsoukaki M 2013 延期 6、12周 15 15
Wang F 2017 延期 1、2周,1、12、24月 20 20 ①②③⑤⑧
Bömicke W 2017 延期 12、36月 19 16 ①②④⑥
Pozzi A 2014 延期 12月 25 26
Shamsan YA 2018 延期 4、6月 6 7
杨立 2017 即刻 12月 80 80
Curado TFF 2023 即刻、延期 3、6、12月 36 37

注:①种植体成功率;②PD;③WKG变化;④PLI;⑤MPLI;⑥GI变化;⑦PPI;⑧MSBI。

2.2. 纳入研究的方法学质量评价

偏倚风险评估结果:6项RCT[14],[17],[19],[24][26]属于高质量证据,3项RCT[13],[22][23]被评为中等偏倚风险,8项RCT[15][16],[18],[20][21],[27][29]被评估为高偏倚风险。对纳入分析的17篇文献进行的质量评价见图23

图 2. 偏倚风险评估表.

图 2

Fig 2 Risk of bias graph

图 3. 偏倚风险汇总表.

图 3

Fig 3 Risk of bias summary

2.3. Meta分析结果

2.3.1. 种植体成功率

11篇文献[13][17],[19],[24][26],[28][29]报告了种植体成功率,Meta分析结果[MD=1.06,95%CI(1.02,1.10),P=0.004],异质性检验(I2=44%)提示研究间同质性好,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析,分别根据种植时机、随访时间行亚组分析,种植时机亚组最终分析结果[MD=1.07,95%CI(1.02,1.12),P=0.003](图4),随访时间亚组最终分析结果[MD=1.06,95%CI(1.02,1.10),P=0.004](图5),均表明FLS组种植成功率高于FL组,两组之间的差异有统计学意义。

图 4. 种植体成功率的森林图(种植时机亚组).

图 4

Fig 4 Forest plot of implant success rate (subgroup of implanting timing)

图 5. 种植体成功率的森林图(随访时间亚组).

图 5

Fig 5 Forest plot of implant success rate (subgroup of follow-up time)

Egger检验结果示:种植体成功率Meta分析结果不存在显著的发表偏倚(种植时机亚组P=0.961、随访时间亚组P=0.472)。

2.3.2. WKG变化

WKG变化结局指标共纳入2篇文献[14],[24],各研究具有同质性(I2=0%)故采用固定效应模型进行分析,Meta分析结果显示FLS组WKG变化优于FL组[MD=0.10,95%CI(0.00,0.20),P=0.04],两组之间的差异有统计学意义,见图6

图 6. WKG变化的森林图.

图 6

Fig 6 Forest plot of WKG changes

2.3.3. PD

有8篇文献[15],[18][19],[21],[23][25],[27]报告了PD,按种植时机和随访时间行亚组分析,异质性检验(I2=87%)提示,研究间异质性较高,采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析,各亚组合并Meta分析结果表明:FLS组的PD小于FL组[MD=−0.60,95%CI(−0.67,−0.53),P<0.000 01],两组之间的差异有统计学意义(图7)。敏感性分析后结果显示:FLS的PD小于FL,异质性明显降低(I2=12%)。Egger检验结果显示:PD的Meta分析结果不存在显著的发表偏倚(P=0.926)。

图 7. PD的森林图(随访时间和种植时机亚组).

图 7

Fig 7 Forest plot of PD (subgroup of follow-up time and implanting timing)

2.3.4. PPI

关于PPI结局指标,共纳入2篇文献[14],[22],异质性检验I2=86%,故采用随机效应模型合并结果,Meta分析结果显示:FLS组与FL组PPI之间的差异具有统计学意义[MD=0.58,95%CI(0.08,1.07),P=0.02],因纳入研究之间异质性较高(I2=86%)且无法降低,该结局指标改为描述性叙述:所有纳入文献[14],[22]均报告FLS组PPI高于FL组(图8)。

图 8. PPI的森林图.

图 8

Fig 8 Forest plot of PPI

2.3.5. MPLI

关于MPLI结局指标,共纳入2篇文献[19],[24],异质性检验I2=78%,故采用随机效应模型进行合并,Meta分析结果显示:FLS组与FL组MPLI之间的差异无统计学意义[MD=−0.17,95%CI(−0.46,0.13),P=0.27](图9),行敏感性分析后结果[SMD=−0.41,95%CI(−0.81,0.00),P=0.05]显示:FLS组的MPLI与FL组之间差异有统计学意义,异质性明显降低(I2=24%),最终遵从高质量研究Singh等[19]的研究结果认为:FLS的MPLI低于FL,两组之间差异有统计学意义。

图 9. MPLI的森林图.

图 9

Fig 9 Forest plot of MPLI

2.3.6. MSBI

关于MSBI结局指标,共纳入2篇文献[19],[24],异质性检验I2=66%,故采用随机效应模型进行合并,Meta分析结果显示:FLS组与FL组MSBI之间的差异无统计学意义[MD=−0.14,95%CI(−0.33,0.06),P=0.17](图10),行敏感性分析后结果显示:FLS组的MSBI与FL组之间差异有统计学意义[SMD=−0.44,95%CI(−0.78,−0.10),P=0.01],异质性消除(I2=0%),最终遵从高质量研究Singh等[19]的研究结果认为:FLS的MSBI低于FL,两组之间差异有统计学意义。

图 10. MSBI的森林图.

图 10

Fig 10 Forest plot of MSBI

2.3.7. PLI

有4篇文献[14],[18],[20],[25]报告了PLI,按随访时间行亚组分析,随机效应Meta分析结果显示:FLS组PLI与FL组之间差异无统计学意义[MD=−0.02,95%CI(−0.33,0.29),P=0.91](图11),经敏感性分析得出,各研究结果均未发生具有显著性差异的改变,证明合并Meta分析结果稳定、可靠。

图 11. PLI的森林图(随访时间亚组).

图 11

Fig 11 Forest plot of PLI (subgroup of follow-up time)

2.3.8. GI的变化

有3篇文献[14],[20],[25]报告了GI的变化,随机效应Meta分析结果显示:FLS组GI变化与FL组之间差异无统计学意义[MD=0.22,95%CI(−0.25,0.68),P=0.36](图12),经敏感性分析得出,各研究结果均未发生具有显著性差异的改变,证明合并Meta分析结果稳定、可靠。

图 12. GI变化的森林图.

图 12

Fig 12 Forest plot of GI changes

3. 讨论

以往关于FL与FLS的比较分析[30][32]多集中在硬组织方面,而关于FLS的优点人们更多谈及的是软组织方面,包括保证种植体周围血供、避免缝合、减少软组织损伤、保持种植体周围原有的黏膜形态等[33]。Esposito等[34]指出,没有足够的可靠证据来证明哪种是理想的皮瓣设计,需要正确设计和实施的RCT并进行至少6个月的随访观察,才能为这些问题提供可靠的答案。本项Meta分析包括17项RCT,分析了在1个月及更长时间的随访中1 284颗种植体的临床表现,并且在检索文献时纳入了“临床试验注册中心”中未发表研究结果,本研究基于RCT的最高等级证据进行分析,克服一些研究或纳入文献年代较久[35]或包含低证据等级的临床对照研究[8],[35]的不足,采用了多种统计方法进行数据处理,如Egger检验定量评估发表偏倚,详细进行了亚组分析和异质性评估。

3.1. 种植体成功率

Meta分析表明:FLS的种植成功率高于FL,按随访时间行亚组分析,结果表明,在12个月的随访时间时,FLS组的种植成功率显著高于FL组(P=0.004),综合术后短期随访(3个月)至超长期随访(8.5年)的观察结果后仍然可以发现,FLS组的种植成功率显著高于FL组(P=0.004)(图5);按种植时机行亚组分析后发现,延迟种植亚组内的同质性好(I2=0%),说明了异质性部分来源于种植时机,并且即刻种植组FLS的种植体成功率显著高于FL(P=0.004)(图4)。近年来,随着3D打印快速成型技术在口腔领域的广泛应用,其通过配准技术将CT数据与牙颌数字化数据相融合,在无需切开口腔黏膜的情况下依然能够很好地为医生在实际种植时提供导向[36]

3.2. WKG变化

Ramanauskaite等[37]认为,WKG的减小与种植体周围炎、牙菌斑积聚、软组织炎症、黏膜萎缩、边缘性骨质流失和患者不适感增加的患病率增加有关。另外,较少的角化组织(<2 mm)也是种植体周围炎发展的危险因素指标[38]。本研究结果表明FLS组的WKG变化与FL组差异存在统计学意义,且异质性为0,说明FLS的WKG变化优于FL(图6)。足够量的角化龈可能有助于降低种植体周围黏膜炎发生的风险和严重程度[39],对于牙龈薄且角化龈窄的位点,在进行种植治疗时,必要时应增加WKG以保持种植体周围组织的健康及稳定,减少种植体周围炎的发生[40]

3.3. PD

目前有数据[6]指出,翻瓣入路植入种植体后,炎症反应持续存在,并且会增加种植体周围区域纤维化瘢痕组织的沉积,本Meta分析根据种植时机和随访时间进行亚组分析,结果显示:所有亚组合并的Meta分析结果是FLS的PD较FL减少,二者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.000 01)(图7)。在即刻种植亚组内纳入研究间有高度同质性,此亚组分析结果说明了异质性部分来源于种植时机,随后对延迟种植亚组行敏感性分析发现,异质性部分在于种植部位的不同,Jiao等[18]、Tsoukaki等[23]研究未说明种植体的植入牙位,而其余研究[15],[24][25],[27]的种植部位为磨牙区,且研究间有良好同质性,最终合并结果可得出:在术后短期至中期(1~12个月)内,FLS组的PD显著小于FL组。1项包含14项RCT的Meta分析[41]显示,与FL相比,FLS在保留种植体周围PD方面表现出优越性。

3.4. 其余结局指标

封伟等[42]的研究表明,FLS的PPI高于FL,本研究结果也显示,FLS组的PPI与FL之间差异有统计学意义(图8),因纳入分析的研究之间异质性高且无法降低,该结局指标改为描述性叙述:所有纳入文献[14],[22]均报告FLS组PPI高于FL组。在对MPLI、MSBI结局指标的Meta分析结果进行敏感性分析后发现,异质性明显降低,遵从高质量研究Singh等[19]的研究结果认为,FLS的MPLI、MSBI分别低于FL。有研究[23]对此提供了可能的原因分析:在术后第1周FLS组种植体牙周牙龈卟啉单胞菌数量小于FL组,牙周致病菌的变化可能引起牙菌斑微生态的变化,进而可能引起MPLI改变。同样一项纳入了24篇文献的研究[43]指出,FLS手术后MSBI明显低于FL,差异有统计学意义。而在PLI、GI的变化方面,FLS与FL间的差异无统计学意义(图1112),但在术后随访(1月)亚组内,FLS组的PLI较FL组减少(P<0.000 01),这可能与FLS未抬起黏骨膜瓣从而有利于术后口腔卫生措施的开展有关。

宿玉成[44]认为翻瓣切口应遵循的原则为:当龈乳头为Jemt分类Ⅱ级以上时,尽量保存龈乳头的形态,切口范围以能避免种植体植入时将软组织带入种植窝内为限,有利于重建萎缩的龈乳头,便于软、硬组织移植,无张力缝合创口。相较于FLS已广泛应用手术导板,以及FLS应用种植手术机器人基本可以实现高精度完成模型种植手术[45]的情况下,FL因其技术敏感性高,难以大面积推广开展。

3.5. 研究的局限性与展望

虽然本研究纳入17篇文献均为RCT,但存在一定的局限性:1)Meta分析只能提供相关性而非因果关系,这是Meta分析本身的局限性所致,本项研究揭示了FL、FLS与种植体周围软组织变化的相关性,但以往有Meta分析证明两种术式在颊侧骨组织水平方向上的变化的平均差异为0.48 mm,FLS有利于保存颊侧骨组织[31],更小的硬组织变化是否会影响软组织变化尚未可知。2)部分结局指标无法分析:主要是因为各项研究分析的指标不尽相同,部分指标涵盖文献少故无法合并。3)部分研究随访时间偏短:但大部分纳入文献都达到了6个月以上的随访,这与Esposito等[34]提出的进行相关研究至少提供6个月的随访的想法相吻合。4)FLS与FL适应证范围的差异可能导致选择偏倚:FLS需环形切开预期植入处牙槽嵴顶的附着龈,要保证种植体唇侧大于3 mm的附着龈[46];FLS限制了组织诱导、植骨再生等骨增量手术的实施;同时在牙槽骨嵴顶的形态不规则情况下,FLS在非直视下可能进一步破坏骨壁[47],导致RCT的病例选择出现偏倚,这对于该技术在临床的推广应用造成一定阻碍。下一步研究可纳入更长随访时间的RCT,目前对这两种种植术的比较研究大都集中在短中期(6~12个月),长期临床效果的评估可以获得更可靠的结论。或可深入分析亚组差异,例如种植时机与修复时机、随机对照试验与临床对照试验等,不同亚组之间的差异可能会导致研究结果的差异。

综上所述,在口腔种植手术中,与FL相比,FLS能实现更高的种植体成功率、更小的WKG变化、更小的PD,FLS的MPLI、MSBI、PPI也存在优势,但FLS与FL的适应证在临床上存在客观差异,在严格把握适应证的前提下采用FLS,可达到种植体周更好的软组织愈合。未来,仍需要更大样本、更高质量、更长随访时间的临床试验来比较分析FLS与FL对周围软组织产生的影响。

Funding Statement

[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81571003);浙江省卫生健康科技计划(2022KY264)

Supported by: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571003); Zhejiang Province Health Science and Technology Program (2022KY264)

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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