Table 3.
Metabolic effects of long-term fasting are different between patients with low or high ketonuria. Estimated marginal means of the linear models for the difference in mean change value for the two groups with low or high ketonuria (beta + standard error, SE) as a predictor of metabolic changes, with fasting duration and age as a covariate. p-values are provided (bold characters, p < 0.05).
| Parameter | Low Ketonuria | High Ketonuria | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| waist circumference decrease (cm) | −4.98 ± 0.19 | −5.76 ± 0.20 | 5.6 × 10−3 |
| weight decrease (kg) | −3.77 ± 0.06 | −4.44 ± 0.07 | 2.6 × 10−12 |
| systolic blood pressure decrease (mmHg) | −8.09 ± 0.658 | −6.43 ± 0.711 | 9.3 × 10−2 |
| diastolic blood pressure decrease (mmHg) | −4.26 ± 0.41 | −3.68 ± 0.44 | 3.4 × 10−1 |
| HDL decrease (mmol/L) | −0.235 ± 0.01 | −0.203 ± 0.01 | 5.9 × 10−2 |
| LDL decrease (mmol/L) | −0.289 ± 0.033 | −0.363 ± 0.035 | 1.3 × 10−1 |
| triglyceride decrease (mmol/L) | −0.437 ± 0.03 | −0.391 ± 0.03 | 3.4 × 10−1 |
| total cholesterol decrease (mmol/L) | −0.631 ± 0.03 | −0.663 ± 0.03 | 5.0 × 10−1 |
| uric acid increase (μmol/L) | +100 ± 4.52 | +200 ± 4.88 | 1.1 × 10−44 |
| urea decrease (mmol/L) | −1.74 ± 0.05 | −1.29 ± 0.06 | 1.6 × 10−8 |
| glucose decrease (mmol/L) | −0.539 ± 0.06 | −0.970 ±0.06 | 1.1 × 10−6 |
| hba1c (mmol/mol) | −0.112 ± 0.01 | −0.160 ± 0.01 | 1.7 × 10−3 |
| well-being index (WHO-5) increase | +17.8 ± 0.979 | +20.3 ± 1.024 | 7.7 × 10−2 |
| emotional well-being increase | +1.60 ± 0.09 | +1.77 ± 0.10 | 1.9 × 10−1 |
| physical well-being increase | +1.80 ± 0.10 | +2.02 ± 0.10 | 1.2 × 10−1 |