Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Vaccines logoLink to Vaccines
. 2024 May 24;12(6):575. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12060575

Cardiac and Neurological Complications Post COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series

Kai Wei Lee 1, Sook Fan Yap 2,3,*, Syafinaz Amin-Nordin 1, Yun Fong Ngeow 2,3
Editor: Giuseppe La Torre
PMCID: PMC11209191  PMID: 38932303

Abstract

Following mass vaccinations for the control of the COVID-19 epidemic, a spectrum of cardiac and neurological disorders was reported among vaccinated individuals. This study examined the range of complications documented and factors related to their occurrence. Three electronic databases were searched for case reports and case series with descriptions of cardiac and/or neurological complications in COVID-19 vaccine recipients. A total of 698 vaccinees were included in this review, of which 259 (37.1%) had cardiac and 439 (62.9%) had neurological complications. Inflammatory conditions were the commonest among the cardiac complications; while polyneuropathy, demyelinating diseases and cerebrovascular disorders were the more common neurological complications. The mean age of those with cardiac complications (33.8 years) was much younger than those with neurological complications (49.7 years). There was no notable difference in the gender distribution between these two groups of vaccine recipients. mRNA vaccines (all brands) were associated with almost 90.0% of the cardiac complications, whereas viral vector vaccines were associated with slightly over half (52.6%) of the neurological complications. With regard to the dose, cardiac complications were more common after the second (69.1%), whereas neurological complications were more common after the first dose (63.6%). The majority of the cases had an uncomplicated clinical course. Nevertheless, 5.9% of cases with neurological complications and 2.5% of those with cardiac complications were fatal, underscoring the significance of the consistent surveillance and vigilant monitoring of vaccinated individuals to mitigate these occurrences.

Keywords: vaccines, complications, cardiac, neurological, public health, sequelae

1. Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic caused catastrophic medical and public health problems worldwide. Urgent control measures were needed to stem its onslaught, the most effective of which was mass vaccination to prevent infection with the SARS-CoV2 virus. As a result, many vaccines of various designs were developed, and a universal mass vaccination program began in late 2021.

The application of mass vaccination includes the description and reporting of adverse side effects or complications associated with the use of the vaccines. As publicity on vaccine-related complications can adversely affect vaccine uptake, it is essential that information on these complications be scientifically validated.

Early clinical data from various trials indicated that approved COVID-19 vaccines were safe for healthy adults. Nevertheless, complications following the administration of approved vaccines have been reported worldwide [1]. These complications affected different organ systems, two of the most widely recognized being the cardiovascular and nervous systems. The most common cardiac complication reported was myocarditis [2], while the neurological complications most often reported included Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) [3], transverse myelitis [4] and Bell palsy [5].

This systematic review was undertaken to compile the spectrum of cardiac and neurological complications reported in vaccine recipients and to study their association with demographic, health and vaccination-related factors.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Protocol Registration

This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) (Supplementary S1) [6]. It has been registered with PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42022310861).

2.2. Literature Search

The search for articles began on 14 February 2022, using the following bibliographic databases: PubMed, Medline and Scopus. The search terms used were (COVID-19 vaccine) AND (Safety OR adverse event OR adverse reaction OR side-effect OR complication OR manifestation OR impairment OR disorder OR disease) AND (Nervous system OR neurological) OR (Cardiovascular OR heart) NOT (review OR systematic review OR meta-analysis). No language or geographical area restriction was imposed on the eligibility for inclusion; however, articles had to be published in the years 2021 or 2022. The findings from each search are tabulated in Supplementary S2. Reverse and forward citation tracking was performed to seek any relevant papers that were missed during the initial search. The last search was performed on 25 June 2022. Papers published beyond this date were not considered for inclusion.

2.3. Data Handling

All relevant articles identified through the databases were imported into the Endnote Programme, version X5. Duplications were removed, articles were screened by their title, and abstracts and papers were subjected to full-text assessment for inclusion. These steps were conducted independently by KWL and SFY. Discrepancies between the two investigators were resolved through discussion with the third and fourth investigators (SAN and YFN) to reach a final consensus.

2.4. Selection Criteria

The types of studies eligible for inclusion were case reports and case series. Only studies with confirmed diagnoses of cardiac and/or neurological complications post COVID-19 vaccination were selected. Cases with a history of COVID-19 were excluded as the infection is widely known to cause cardiac and neurological complications. Cases with unconfirmed or uncertain diagnoses were also excluded.

2.5. PICO

The participants were those who received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and had no history of COVID-19. Exposure referred to COVID-19 vaccine recipients who presented with cardiac or/and neurological complications post vaccination. There was no comparator in the current review. The main outcome of this review was a summary of the spectrum of cardiac and neurological complications post COVID-19 vaccination.

2.6. Data Extraction

The relevant information summarized in the Results Section included the basic characteristics of the studies (i.e., author names, year of publication, country of study), patient demographic characteristics (age and sex) and their vital signs (blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation at ambient temperature) at hospital admission. The following supplemental information was included and reviewed for the evaluation of their diagnoses: (i) medical history and comorbidities, (ii) clinical presentation, (iii) results of clinical examination and laboratory investigations (in vitro and in vivo) and (v) treatment given. Also examined were the in-hospital clinical outcomes and, where available, patient condition at follow-up. The other information extracted included vaccination profiles (vaccine types and the number of doses received) and the timing of the vaccination. Detailed descriptions of the included studies are summarized in Supplementary S3 for cardiac complications and Supplementary S4 for neurological complications.

2.7. Data Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. The data were presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and as means ± standard deviations for continuous variables. No statistical significance tests were conducted, as the analyses were primarily descriptive in nature.

3. Results

3.1. Search Results

Our initial search of the databases identified 906 articles (Figure 1); after removing duplicates (n = 96), 810 articles were retrieved for further assessment. After screening the titles and abstracts for suitability, 523 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Following a more detailed evaluation, 381 articles were included for systematic review. Of these, 134 articles (259 cases) reported cardiovascular complications [2,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139], 245 articles (439 cases) reported neurological complications [3,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383], and 2 articles described concurrent cardiac and neurological complications [384,385].

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

PRISMA flow diagram of the literature screening process.

3.2. Geographical Distribution of Included Studies

The 134 articles related to cardiac complications were mostly from the USA (n = 40) and Japan (n = 20). Smaller numbers (1–10 each) were from 33 other countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia and S. America (Table 1).

Table 1.

Summary of cases with cardiovascular complications post COVID-19 vaccination (n = 259).

Complications Total Cases,
n (%)		 Demography,
n (%)		 Geographical Area, n (%) Vaccine Type, n (%) Clinical Course/Outcomes
n (%)
Age,
Mean ± SD
33.8 ± 19.1		 F
120 (46.3)		 M
139 (53.7)		 Asia
100 (38.6)		 Africa
1 (0.4)		 America
107 (41.3)		 Europe
49 (18.9)		 Australasia
2 (0.8)		 mRNA
233 (90.0) *		 Viral vector
22 (8.5)		 Attenuated virus
2 (1.5)		 †
214 (82.6)		 ††
27 (10.9)		 Fatal
6 (2.4)
Cardiac arrhythmia 3
(1.2)		 44.7 ± 13.1 1
(33.3)		 2
(66.7)		 2
(66.7)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(33.3)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(66.7)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(33.3)		 2
(66.7)		 1
(33.3)		 0
(0.0)
Cardiomyopathy 11
(4.2)		 54.5 ± 19.3 10 (90.9) 1 (9.1) 3
(27.3)		 0
(0.0)		 3
(27.3)		 4
(36.4)		 1
(9.1)		 9
(81.8)		 2
(18.2)		 0
(0.0)		 11
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)
Inflammatory conditions of the heart 221
(85.3)		 30.8 ± 16.5 93 (42.1) 128 (57.9) 75
(33.9)		 1
(0.5)		 100
(45.0)		 44
(19.9)		 1
(0.5)		 207
(93.7)		 13
(5.9)		 1
(0.5)		 181
(85.4)		 24
(11.4)		 6
(2.8)

  • Kounis syndrome Type 1

 2 42.3 ± 21.0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0

  • Kounis syndrome Type 3

 1 NA 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

  • Myocarditis

 152 28.0 ± 13.8 49 103 64 1 59 27 1 142 10 0 121 16 5

  • Myopericarditis

 38 19.7 ± 8.4 27 11 4 0 31 3 0 37 1 0 34 4 0

  • Pericarditis

 22 54.1 ± 20.5 14 8 4 0 5 13 0 20 2 0 17 4 1

  • Non-specific inflammation

 6 25.3 ± 6.8 1 5 0 0 5 1 0 6 0 0 6 0 0
Acute myocardial infarction 15
(5.8)		 66.0 ± 18.0 8
(53.3)		 7
(46.7)		 12
(80.0)		 0
(0.0)		 3
(20.0)		 0
(0.3)		 0
(0.0)		 6
(40.0)		 7
(46.7)		 2
(13.3)		 12
(85.7)		 2
(14.3)		 0
(0.0)
Myocardial injury 9
(3.5)		 24.8 ± 18.4 8
(88.9)		 1 (11.1) 8
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 8
(100.0)		 0
(100.0)		 0
(100.0)		 8
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Occlusion of coronary artery

 2 54.0 ± 22.6 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0

  • Transient injury

 7 16.4 ± 0.5 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 0
Open in a new tab

Note: † uncomplicated cases; †† complicated cases. * The total number of mRNA vaccines (n = 233) includes Pfizer (n = 161), Moderna (n = 66), mRNA vaccine, brands not specified (n = 4) and 2 cases under “heterologous vaccines”, a combination of AstraZeneca (1st dose) and Pfizer (2nd dose), where the cardiac complication occurred following the second dose.

The 245 reports on neurological complications were also mostly from the USA (n = 43), with 10–27 articles each from India, Italy, Japan, the UK, Iran and South Korea, and 1–9 each from another 37 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia and S. America (Table 2).

Table 2.

Summary of cases with cardiovascular complications, categorized by dose and brand information for COVID-19 vaccines (n = 259).

Complications Total Cases,
n (%)		 Dose of Vaccine, n (%) Brand of Vaccine, n (%)
First
65 (25.1)		 Second
179 (69.1)		 First Booster
6 (2.3)		 NA
9 (3.5)		 Astrazeneca
17 (6.6)		 Jassen
4 (1.5)		 Moderna
66 (25.5)		 Pfizer
161 (62.2)		 Sinopharm
1 (0.4)		 Sinovac
3 (1.2)		 Sputnik V
1 (0.4)		 Nonspecific mRNA
4 (1.5)		 Heterologous
2 (0.8)
Cardiac arrhythmia 3
(1.2)		 1
(33.3)		 1
(33.3)		 1
(33.3)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(66.7		 1
(33.3)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)
Cardiomyopathy 11
(4.2)		 6
(54.5)		 5
(45.5)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(18.2)		 0
(0.0)		 4
(36.4)		 5
(45.5)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)
Inflammatory conditions of the heart 221
(85.3)		 45
(20.4)		 166 (75.1) 5
(2.3)		 5
(2.3)		 8
(3.6)		 4
(1.8)		 58
(26.2)		 143
(64.7)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(0.5)		 1
(0.5)		 4
(1.8)		 2
(0.9)

  • Kounis syndrome Type 1

 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

  • Kounis syndrome Type 3

 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

  • Myocarditis

 152 29 114 5 4 5 4 48 90 0 0 1 2 2

  • Myopericarditis

 38 2 36 0 0 1 0 6 31 0 0 0 0 0

  • Pericarditis

 22 9 12 0 1 2 0 3 15 0 0 0 2 0

  • Non-specific inflammation

 6 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0
Acute myocardial infarction 15
(5.8)		 10
(66.7)		 1
(6.7)		 0
(0.0)		 4
(26.7)		 7
(46.7)		 0
(0.0)		 4
(26.7)		 2
(13.3)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(13.3)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)
Myocardial injury 9
(3.5)		 3
(33.3)		 6
(66.7)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 9
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Occlusion of coronary artery

 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

  • Transient injury

 7 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0
Open in a new tab

There were two case reports from Bangladesh describing concurrent cardiac and neurological complications.

3.3. Characteristics of Patients

The 259 patients (139 male, 120 female; Table 1) with cardiovascular complications were aged between 12 and 96 years old. They were mostly from S. America (41.3%), Asia (38.6%) and Europe (18.9%), with just a small number from Australasia (0.8%) and Africa (0.4%). About a third (80; 30.9%) had pre-existing morbidities or a history of health problems that may or may not be risk factors for cardiac complications. The majority (233; 90%) received mRNA vaccines, 22 (8.5%) received viral vector vaccines, and the remaining 4 (1.5%) received inactivated vaccines.

The 439 patients (230 females, 200 males, 9 unknown gender; Table 2) with neurological complications were aged from 15 to 90 years old. They were from Asia (44.4%), Europe (29.6%), Latin Americas (22.6%), Australasia (3%) and Africa (0.5%). Less than half (40.5%) had pre-existing morbidities or a history of health problems that may or may not be risk factors for neurological complications. Slightly more than half (53.6%) received viral vector vaccines, 42.1% received mRNA vaccines, and a small number (4.4%) received inactivated vaccines.

Specific details on the vaccine doses and types related to complications are summarised in Supplementary S3 and S4.

3.4. Complications and Outcomes Post COVID-19 Vaccination

Most (86.6%) cases with cardiac complications had an uncomplicated clinical course with a fatality rate of 2.4% (Table 1). The most frequent diagnosis was inflammation of the heart (n = 221, 85.3%). Others were acute myocardial infarction including ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (n = 15, 5.8%), cardiomyopathy (n = 11, 4.2%), myocardial injury, nature not specified (n = 9, 3.5%) and cardiac arrhythmias (n = 3, 1.2%). Among those with inflammation of the heart, most had myocarditis (n = 152), followed by myopericarditis (n = 38), pericarditis (n = 22), the relatively uncommon condition Kounis syndrome (n = 3) and, lastly, non-specific inflammation (n = 6).

Table 2 provides a summary of the cardiovascular complications categorized based on dose and brand information of the COVID-19 vaccines. The majority of cardiac complications occurred following the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (69.1%), followed by the first dose (25.1%), with the notable exception of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) where the majority of cases follow the first vaccine dose and mostly on the first day of vaccination. Regarding the brand of COVID-19 vaccine, Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines reported the highest prevalence (62.2%) in terms of cardiac complications, followed by the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (25.5%), with other brands constituting a comparatively lower percentage. Thus, mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) accounted for the majority (87.7%) of cardiac complications. However, it is interesting to note that this does not hold true for AMI, for which 60% of cases were associated with the vector-based vaccine AstraZeneca.

The spectrum of neurological complications and their outcomes are listed in Table 3. Most cases (n = 414, 94.3%) were non-fatal and 53.1% (n = 233) involved the central nervous system. The most prevalent complications were polyneuropathy (n = 146, 33.3%), demyelinating disorders (n = 109, 24.8%) and cerebrovascular disorders (n = 65, 14.8%). Less common were cranial nerve palsies (n = 32, 7.3%), plexopathy (n = 23, 5.2%), inflammatory disorders (n = 22, 5.0%) and neuro-immunological disorders (n = 18, 4.1%). Based on specific diagnoses, the most prevalent complication was GBS (n = 139, 31.7%). This was followed by ischemic stroke (n = 58, 13.2%), multiple sclerosis (n = 41 or 9.3%), acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (n = 26, 5.9%), acute transverse myelitis (n = 21, 4.8%), facial nerve palsy (n = 21, 4.8%) and other relatively uncommon disorders such as plexopathy/brachial neuritis (n = 17, 3.9%) and longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) (n = 14, 3.2%). Table 4 presents a tabulation of the cases with neurological complications, categorized by dose and brand of the COVID-19 vaccine received. Overall, neurological complications were more common after the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (63.6%) than after the second dose (23.7%). However, this pattern did not hold true for plexopathy and other peripheral nervous system complications, as these complications were more commonly observed after the second dose than the first. With regard to the COVID-19 vaccine, AstraZeneca was reported as the brand most commonly (46.0%) associated with neurological complications, followed by Pfizer (30.8%) and Moderna (10.3%). Upon closer examination, the Pfizer vaccine was more commonly associated with central nervous system inflammatory disorders (50.0%), followed by AstraZeneca (31.8%) and Moderna (13.6%). Another notable observation regarding the Pfizer vaccine is that it was the primary vaccine associated with cranial nerve disorders (53.1%) and plexopathy (47.8%).

Table 3.

Summary of cases with neurological complications post COVID-19 vaccination (n = 439).

Complications Total Cases,
n (%)		 Demography, n (%) Geographical Area, n (%) Vaccine Type, n (%) Clinical Course/Outcomes, n (%)
Age,
Mean ± SD
49.7 ± 17.0		 F
230 (53.5)		 M
200 (46.5)		 Asia
195 (44.4)		 Africa
2 (0.5)		 America
99 (22.6)		 Europe
130 (29.6)		 Australasia
13 (3.0)		 mRNA
183 (42.1)		 Viral Vector
233 (53.6) *		 Attenuated Virus
19 (4.4)		 Non-Fatal
414 (94.3)		 Fatal
25 (5.7)
CNS—Cerebrovascular disorders 65
(14.8)		 47.5 ± 15.5 41
(73.2)		 15
(26.8)		 22
(33.8)		 0
(0.0)		 8
(12.3)		 34
(52.3)		 1
(1.5)		 10
(15.6)		 54
(84.4)		 0
(0.0)		 48
(73.8)		 17
(26.2)

  • Haemorrhagic stroke

 7 57.4 ± 13.7 7 0 4 0 1 2 0 3 4 0 6 1

  • Ischaemic stroke

 58 46.0 ± 15.4 34 15 18 0 7 32 1 7 50 0 42 16
CNS—Demyelinating disorders 109
(24.8)		 43.6 ± 16.5 74
(67.9)		 35
(32.1)		 51
(46.8)		 0
(0.0)		 24
(22.0)		 32
(29.4)		 2
(1.8)		 51
(47.2)		 50
(46.3)		 7
(6.5)		 105
(96.3)		 4
(3.7)

  • ADEM

 26 46.2 ± 17.4 15 11 19 0 1 4 2 5 17 4 24 1

  • ADEM (AHLE)

 4 42.3 ± 18.4 3 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 3 1

  • ATM

 21 45.3 ± 20.9 13 8 15 0 4 2 0 11 8 2 21 0

  • LETM

 14 44.9 ± 16.1 7 7 10 0 3 1 0 2 11 1 14 0

  • Multiple sclerosis

 41 41.0 ± 13.6 33 8 3 0 16 22 0 33 7 0 40 1

  • Others

 3 40.3 ± 16.6 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0
CNS—Inflammatory disorders 22
(5.0)		 47.9 ± 18.3 15
(68.2)		 7
(31.8)		 13
(59.1)		 0
(0.0)		 3
(13.6)		 6
(27.3)		 0
(0.0)		 15
(68.2)		 7
(31.8)		 0
(0.0)		 22
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Encephalitis

 11 52.1 ± 18.1 6 5 6 0 1 4 0 6 5 0 11 0

  • Meningitis

 9 42.3 ± 16.8 7 2 6 0 1 2 0 7 2 0 9 0

  • Meningoencephalitis

 2 49.5 ± 31.8 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0
CNS—Neuroimmunological disorders 18
(4.1)		 43.2 ± 13.5 10
(55.6)		 8
(44.4)		 13
(72.2)		 0
(0.0)		 4
(22.2)		 1
(5.6)		 0
(0.0)		 5
(27.8)		 11
(61.1)		 2
(11.1)		 18
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • MOGOM

 4 41.8 ± 10.5 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0

  • NMOSD

 9 49.4 ± 15.4 7 2 5 0 3 1 0 4 3 2 9 0

  • Optic neuritis

 5 34.4 ± 7.8 1 4 4 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 5 0
CNS—Others 19
(4.3)		 56.1 ± 20.4 10
(52.6)		 9
(47.4)		 10
(52.6)		 0
(0.0)		 5
(26.3)		 3
(15.8)		 1
(5.3)		 10
(52.6)		 9
(47.4)		 0
(0.0)		 17
(89.5)		 2
(10.5)

  • Cognitive deficit

 1 NA 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

  • Delirium

 1 NA 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

  • Dementia

 1 NA 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

  • Encephalopathy

 7 65.4 ± 18.6 4 3 3 0 3 0 1 4 3 0 6 1

  • FND

 2 37.0 ± 1.4 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0

  • Migraine

 1 NA 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

  • OMAS

 1 NA 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

  • Seizures

 5 43.6 ± 20.4 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 5 0
MIX CNS/PNS 2
(0.5)		 51.5 ± 6.4 0
(0.0)		 2
(100.0)		 1
(50.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(50.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)
PNS—Polyneuropathy 146
(33.3)		 55.1 ± 17.0 56
(38.4)		 90
(61.6)		 65
(44.5)		 2
(1.4)		 35
(24.0)		 35
(24.0)		 9
(6.2)		 49
(33.6)		 89
(61.0)		 8
(5.4)		 144
(98.6)		 2
(1.4)

  • CIDP

 7 59.0 ± 14.9 2 5 1 0 2 3 1 3 4 0 7 0

  • GBS

 139 54.9 ± 17.2 54 85 64 2 33 32 8 46 85 8 139 0
PNS—Cranial nerve disorders 32
(7.3)		 49.6 ± 14.9 16
(50.0)		 16
(50.0)		 14
(43.8)		 0
(0.0)		 6
(18.8)		 12
(37.5)		 0
(0.0)		 23
(74.2)		 6
(19.4)		 2
(6.5)		 32
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Facial nerve palsy

 21 45.2 ± 12.7 10 11 10 0 4 7 0 12 6 2 21 0

  • Others

 11 58.0 ± 15.9 6 5 4 0 2 5 0 11 0 0 11 0
PNS—Plexopathy 23
(5.2)		 51.8 ± 13.4 6
(26.1)		 17
(73.9)		 5
(21.7)		 0
(0.0)		 13
(56.5)		 5
(21.7)		 0
(0.0)		 17
(77.3)		 5
(22.7)		 0
(0.0)		 23
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Brachial neuritis

 17 51.5 ± 11.6 4 13 3 0 9 5 0 13 3 0 17 0

  • Brachial plexus neuropraxia

 5 54.4 ± 20.7 1 4 1 0 4 0 0 4 1 0 5 0

  • Lumbosacral plexus neuropathy

 1 NA 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
PNS—Others 3
(0.7)		 47.7 ± 20.6 2
(66.7)		 1
(33.3)		 1
(33.3)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(33.3)		 1
(33.3)		 0
(0.0)		 3
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 3
(100.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Cubital tunnel syndrome

 1 NA 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

  • Monoplegia

 1 NA 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

  • Myasthenia Gravis

 1 NA 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Open in a new tab

Note: * The total number of viral vector vaccine recipients was 233, comprising homologous AstraZeneca (n = 202), Janssen (n = 16), Sputnik V (n = 13) and viral vector vaccines with the brand not specified (n = 2). Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE). Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIPD). Central nervous system (CNS). Functional neurological disorders (FND). Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM). MOG-associated opticomyelopathy (MOGOM). Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD). Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMAS). Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Table 4.

Summary of cases with neurological complications, categorized by dose and brand information for COVID-19 vaccines (n = 439).

Complications Total Cases,
n (%)		 Dose of Vaccine
n (%)		 Brand of Vaccine
n (%)
First
279 (63.6)		 Second
104 (23.7)		 First Booster
1 (0.2)		 NA
55 (12.5)		 Astrazeneca
202 (46.0)		 Jassen
16 (3.6)		 Moderna
45 (10.3)		 Pfizer
135 (30.8)		 Sinopharm
9 (2.1)		 Sinovac
6 (1.4)		 Sputnik V
13 (3.0)		 Nonspecific mRNA
9 (2.1)		 Heterologous
1 (0.2)		 Covaxin Bharat
3 (0.7)
CNS—Cerebrovascular disorders 65
(14.8)		 39
(60.0)		 4
(6.2)		 1
(1.5)		 21
(32.3)		 49
(75.4)		 5
(7.7)		 1
(1.5)		 9
(13.8)		 0
(0.0)		 0
0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(1.7)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Haemorrhagic stroke

 7 6 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Ischaemic stroke

 58 33 3 1 21 45 5 1 6 0 0 0 1 0 0
CNS—Demyelinating disorders 109
(24.8)		 69
(63.3)		 35
(32.1)		 0
(0.0)		 5
(4.6)		 47 (43.1) 1
(0.9)		 15
(13.8)		 36
(33.0)		 3
(2.8)		 2
(1.8)		 2
(1.8)		 1
(0.9)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(1.8)

  • ADEM

 26 18 7 0 1 16 0 2 3 2 1 1 0 0 1

  • ADEM (AHLE)

 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • ATM

 21 15 5 0 1 8 0 4 7 0 1 0 0 0 1

  • LETM

 14 12 2 0 0 11 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0

  • MS

 41 18 20 0 3 5 1 9 24 0 0 1 1 0 0

  • Others

 3 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CNS—Inflammatory disorders 22
(5.0)		 10
(45.5)		 9
(40.9)		 0
(0.0)		 3
(13.6)		 7
(3.18)		 0
(0.0)		 3
(13.6)		 11
(50.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(4.5)		 0
(0.0)

  • Encephalitis

 11 3 5 0 1 5 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0

  • Meningitis

 9 5 4 0 0 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Meningoencephalitis

 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
CNS—Neuroimmunological disorders 18
(4.1)		 15
(83.3)		 3
(16.7)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 11
(61.1)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(5.6)		 4
(22.2)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(5.6)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(5.6)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • MOGON

 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • NMOSD

 9 7 2 0 0 3 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 0 0

  • Optic neuritis

 5 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
CNS—Others 19
(4.3)		 14
(73.7)		 5
(26.3)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 9
(47.4)		 0
(0.0)		 4
(21.1)		 6
(31.6)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Cognitive deficit

 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Delirium

 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Dementia

 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Encephalopathy

 7 6 1 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • FND

 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Migraine

 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • OMAS

 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Seizures

 5 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
MIX CNS/PNS 2
(0.4)		 1
(50.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(50.0)		 1
(50.0)		 1
(50.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)
PNS—Polyneuropathy 146
(33.3)		 105 (71.9) 25
(17.1)		 0
(0.0)		 16
(11.0)		 70
(47.9)		 8
(5.5)		 7
(4.8)		 41
(28.1)		 6
(4.1)		 2
(1.4)		 9
(6.2)		 3
(2.1)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)
PNS—Cranial nerve disorders 32
(7.3)		 18
(56.3)		 9
(28.1)		 0
(0.0)		 5
(15.6)		 3
(9.4)		 1
(3.1)		 6
(18.8)		 17
(53.1)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(3.1)		 2
(6.3)		 1
(3.1)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(3.1)

  • Facial nerve palsy

 21 11 6 0 4 3 1 5 7 0 1 2 1 0 1

  • Others

 11 7 3 0 1 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
PNS—Plexopathy 23
(5.2)		 7
(30.4)		 12
(52.2)		 0
(0.0)		 4
(17.4)		 5
(21.7)		 0
(0.0)		 6
(26.1)		 11
(47.8)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(4.3)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Brachial neuritis

 17 6 9 0 2 3 0 5 8 0 0 0 1 0 0

  • Brachial plexus neuropraxia

 5 1 3 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Lumbosacral plexus neuropathy

 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PNS—Others 3
(0.7)		 1
(33.3)		 2
(66.7)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 2
(66.7)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)		 1
(33.3)		 0
(0.0)		 0
(0.0)

  • Cubital tunnel syndrome

 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  • Monoplegia

 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

  • Myasthenia Gravis

 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Open in a new tab

4. Discussion

4.1. Cardiac Complications

Cardiac complications have been associated with both COVID-19 infections and COVID-19 vaccinations. Zuin M et al. (2022) estimated the occurrence of myocarditis to be 0.21 per 1000 COVID-19 patients compared to 0.09 per 1000 control subjects who were not infected but developed myocarditis within the same time frame, thus giving a hazard ratio of 5.15 within one year of the index infection [386], highlighting the significantly increased risk of myocarditis with infection.

Voleti N et al. (2022) compared the occurrence of myocarditis between 55.5 million COVID-19-vaccinated individuals and 2.5 million COVID-19 patients and found the odds of developing myocarditis to be higher in patients with COVID-19 (relative risk = 14.8, 95% CI = 11.1, 19.8) compared to COVID-19-vaccinated individuals (relative risk = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4, 2.7) [387]. Hence, the risk of myocarditis is much higher in individuals who are infected with SARS-CoV2 that in those who received the COVID-19 vaccine, underscoring the importance of vaccination against the virus.

Ling RR et al. (2022) found no significant difference in the incidence of myopericarditis between those who were vaccinated against SARS-CoV2 (18.2 cases [10.9–30.3] per million doses, high certainty) and the general population (56.0 [10.7–293.7], moderate certainty, p = 0.20) [388]. These observations by Ling RR et al. suggest that COVID-19 vaccination does not increase a person’s risk of myopericarditis specifically.

Based on the above, it would appear that the risk of cardiac complications following COVID-19 far outweighs that following COVID-19 vaccination, thereby supporting the importance of vaccination to reduce the risk of infection, particularly in high-risk people.

4.2. Mechanisms Underlying Cardiac Complications following COVID-19 Vaccination

Different hypotheses have been proposed for the occurrence of cardiac complications following COVID-19 vaccination. One of these is the molecular mimicry hypothesis, which states that antibodies mounted against the vaccine cross-react with cardiac antigens [389,390,391]. This proposed mechanism has been both supported [12] and refuted [13] by research findings. An alternative theory is that the host response directed against the mRNA component of vaccines causes the activation and dysregulation of immunological responses, leading to the development of myocarditis as part of a systemic reaction [392,393]. In both cases, these aberrant responses are more likely to involve individuals with underlying genetic predispositions. It is pertinent to note that different complications could have different underlying pathogeneses in relation to the vaccine, an area that requires further investigation.

4.3. Neurological Complications

Neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccinations are mostly mild and transient. The more serious illnesses present as strokes, meningitis encephalitis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), a relapse of multiple sclerosis (MS), transverse myelitis (TM) and peripheral neuropathy (GBS and CIDP). Similar complications also occur with COVID-19, but generally at a much higher frequency. In this review, the most frequently reported post-vaccination disorders were GBS (n = 139, 31.7%), ischemic stroke (n = 58, 13.2%) and a group of demyelinating disorders comprising multiple sclerosis, (n = 41, 9.3%), transverse myelitis (n = 35, 8.0%) and ADEM (n = 26, 5.9%).

4.4. Neurological Complications in COVID-19-Vaccinated People Compared to COVID-19 Patients and/or Uninfected People

4.4.1. Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS)

GBS, an uncommon immune-mediated acute polyneuropathy that is often triggered by preceding viral or bacterial infections, has a worldwide distribution with a pooled global incidence estimated to be 0.81 to 1.89 per 100,000 per year [394]. COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of GBS, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.27 (95% CI = 1.32, 8.09) compared to non-infected controls [395]. The pooled incidence of GBS among COVID-19 vaccine recipients, estimated to be 8.1 per 1,000,000 vaccinations [396], is also noted to be significantly higher than the reported annual incidence in the general population.

The classic form of GBS, a demyelinating neuropathy with rapidly ascending weakness, is the most common subtype [397,398]. An axonal form is also quite common, especially in Central and South America and the Far East [399,400,401]. Other well-recognised forms are Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) and the facial diplegia subtypes. In this review, classic GBS is indeed the most common form, constituting about 84% of all cases, mirroring the worldwide distribution. Other subtypes reported include the axonal form (8.2%), MFS (4.8%) and facial diplegia (2.7%). Their age and gender distributions also appear to be similar to those widely reported, with a mean age of 55 years and a male preponderance of 61.6%. In terms of vaccine association, most (61%) cases reported taking viral vector vaccines, a finding that is similar to that of many other reports [153,402].

4.4.2. Cerebrovascular Disorders

Stroke ranks as the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for 11% of all deaths [403]. Ischaemic strokes made up 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 [404]. In COVID-19 patients, the pooled prevalence of ischemic stroke was estimated to be 2% (95% CI 1–2%; p < 0.01) [405] and the risk of ischaemic stroke is significantly higher than that in non-COVID-19 patients (pooled relative risk: 2.41; 95% CI 1.08–5.38) [406]. In a meta-analysis by Stefanou M-I et al. (2022), the pooled proportion of acute ischemic stroke following exposure to any type of COVID-19 vaccine was 4.7 cases per 100,000 vaccinations (95% CI 2.2–8.1; I2 = 99.9%) [407]. The relative risks following COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination have not been compared to date.

In this review, ischaemic stroke is the second most prevalent complication following COVID-19 vaccination. It accounts for about 90% of all stroke cases and has a fatality rate of 27.6%. As reported by other studies [408,409], it is more common in females (60.7%) and mostly (78.1%) associated with viral vector vaccines. Its causes are cerebral arterial occlusion and venous occlusion or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Contrary to expectations, arterial occlusion only accounted for 41.1% of cases, while CVT, generally considered to be very rare, accounted for 58.9%. The annual incidence of CVT has been reported by others to be 2–15.7/10,000,000 [410].

The incidence of CVT in SARS-CoV-2 infections was found to be 8.8 per 10,000 with a male predominance and average age of 49 years [411]. In the TriNetX COVID-19 Research Network platform (www.trinetx.com), which is used to compare the prevalence of CVT in the setting of COVID-19 patients versus the uninfected population [412], the odds ratio for CVT in COVID-19 patients was 40.99 [95% CI = 30.11–55.81]. Further, a retrospective cohort study found the incidence of CVT in the two weeks after a COVID-19 diagnosis to be 42.8 per million people (95% CI 28.5–64.2), which was significantly higher than in a matched cohort of people who received an mRNA vaccine (RR = 6.33, 95% CI 1.87–21 [413]. Thus, the risk of CVT appears to be increased by a COVID-19 infection compared to those uninfected, and moderately increased compared to the COVID-19-vaccinated. Therefore, on balance, it would be more advantageous to be vaccinated despite the known risk of CVT post vaccination, for the simple reason that the risk with the infection is much higher. The risk can further be mitigated by avoiding a specific vaccine type, considering that the great majority (n = 54 out of 65, 83.1%) of cases are associated with vector-based vaccines (Refer to Table 3).

Other neurological events encountered in our study are relatively uncommon and include the reactivation/relapse of multiple sclerosis (9.4%), acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (5.9%), acute transverse myelitis and facial nerve palsy (4.8% in both instances), plexopathy/brachial neuritis (3.9%) and longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) (3.2%), all of which are also associated with COVID-19.

4.5. Mechanisms Underlying Neurological Complications following COVID-19 Vac-cination

The mechanism by which a COVID-19 vaccination could trigger neurological complications is generally attributed to molecular mimicry in the background of genetic susceptibility and pre-existing comorbidities. In the case of strokes, traditional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia are likely to act in concert with the hypercoagulability seen in COVID-19 and after COVID-19 vaccination. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathways involved.

4.6. Limitations

This systematic review utilizes case series and case reports as its data sources. Although case series and case reports generally provide lower-quality evidence compared to cross-sectional studies, they provide in-depth descriptions of individual cases, which are essential for the investigation of vaccination–complication associations. Another limitation of note is the tendency for only unusual or exceptional cases to be published. This selective reporting can lead to an underestimation of the true prevalence and distribution of post-vaccination complications in the population, as more common or less striking cases may go unreported. Language bias is another possible limitation, given that this review exclusively considered case reports published in English through specific databases, inevitably overlooking cases published in other languages or in less widely recognized journals. Regional bias is also a concern, as cases reported in specific regions or countries may be more accessible, resulting in a skewed geographical representation of the reported cases. Additionally, diagnostic bias is a potential source of concern, as cases with clear and easily identifiable complications may be more likely to be reported compared to cases with more complex complications, introducing a bias toward certain types of complications. Furthermore, it is acknowledged that adverse events are expected when a large population is vaccinated, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby precluding a meaningful statistical analysis. This is particularly so in the absence of control groups for comparisons. Lastly, this review is based on publications collected over a relatively short time period, and quite soon after the initiation of the vaccination program, which necessarily limits the observed complications to those which are more acute in nature.

5. Conclusions

This systematic review highlights the potential of cardiac and neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination, as reported through case reports and case series. The most frequently reported complications were myocarditis, Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), ischemic stroke and exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. However, it is essential to interpret these findings within the broader context of the available evidence.

It is crucial to acknowledge that the true prevalence and distribution of post-vaccination complications in the general population may be underestimated due to potential biases in case reporting and publication. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying these complications are not fully elucidated, and further research is needed to understand the pathways involved.

Continuous surveillance, the close monitoring of vaccinated individuals and the prompt treatment of relevant complications are essential, especially for those with associated risk factors or pre-existing comorbidities. Healthcare providers should remain vigilant and provide appropriate counselling to patients regarding the potential risks and benefits of COVID-19 vaccination.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/vaccines12060575/s1, Supplementary S1: PRISMA checklist. Supplementary S2: Search strategies (searches were performed on 14 February 2022). Supplementary S3: Detailed description of studies reporting cases with cardiac complications following COVID-19 vaccination (n = 134). Supplementary S4: Detailed description of studies reporting cases with neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination (n = 245).

vaccines-12-00575-s001.zip (374.6KB, zip)

Author Contributions

K.W.L., S.F.Y. and Y.F.N. conceived and designed the experiments; K.W.L. and S.F.Y. performed the data extraction. K.W.L., S.F.Y. and S.A.-N. analysed the data; K.W.L. and S.F.Y. wrote the paper; K.W.L., S.F.Y., S.A.-N. and Y.F.N. reviewed and revised the final version of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study has been registered with PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42022310861).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Footnotes

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

References

  • 1.Fragkou P.C., Dimopoulou D. Serious complications of COVID-19 vaccines: A mini-review. Metab. Open. 2021;12:100145. doi: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Albert E., Aurigemma G., Saucedo J., Gerson D.S. Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Radiol. Case Rep. 2021;16:2142–2145. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.05.033. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Waheed S., Bayas A., Hindi F., Rizvi Z., Espinosa P.S. Neurological complications of COVID-19, Guillain-Barre syndrome following Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. Cureus. 2021;13:e13426. doi: 10.7759/cureus.13426. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Goss A.L., Samudralwar R.D., Das R.R., Nath A. ANA investigates: Neurological complications of COVID-19 vaccines. Ann. Neurol. 2021;89:856. doi: 10.1002/ana.26065. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Garg R.K., Paliwal V.K. Spectrum of neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:3–40. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05662-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Moher D., Shamseer L., Clarke M., Ghersi D., Liberati A., Petticrew M., Shekelle P., Stewart L.A., Prisma-P Group Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst. Rev. 2015;4:1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Abbate A., Gavin J., Madanchi N., Kim C., Shah P.R., Klein K., Boatman J., Roberts C., Patel S., Danielides S. Fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyperinflammation temporally associated with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in two patients. Int. J. Cardiol. 2021;340:119–121. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.018. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Ahmed S.K. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccination: A report of 7 cases. Ann. Med. Surg. 2022;77:103657. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Aiba T., Ishibashi K., Hattori K., Wada M., Ueda N., Miyazaki Y., Wakamiya A., Yamagata K., Inoue Y., Miyamoto K., et al. Frequent premature ventricular contraction and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia after the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with implantable cardioverter defibrillator due to acquired long-QT syndrome. Circ. J. 2021;85:2117. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Alizadeh L.S., Koch V., Yel I., Grünewald L.D., Mathies D., Martin S., Vogl T.J., Rauschning D., Booz C. A case of Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: Incidental or Consequential? Heliyon. 2022;8:e09537. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Allam C., Kounis N.G., Chlawit R., Saouma M., Badaoui G., editors. Kounis Syndrome following COVID-19 Vaccination. Taylor & Francis; Abingdon, UK: 2022. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Al-Rasbi S., Al-Mqbali J.S., Al-Farsi R., Al Shukaili M.A., Al-Riyami M.H., Al Falahi Z., Al Farhan H., Al Alawi A.M. Myocarditis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and extensive myositis with rhabdomyolysis 12 days after first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: A case report. Am. J. Case Rep. 2022;23:e934399-1. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.934399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Ambati S., Colon M., Mihic M., Sanchez J., Bakar A. Acute myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccine in teenagers. Case Rep. Cardiol. 2021;2021:8268755. doi: 10.1155/2021/8268755. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Ameratunga R., Woon S.T., Sheppard M.N., Garland J., Ondruschka B., Wong C.X., Stewart R.A., Tatley M., Stables S.R., Tse R.D. First identified case of fatal fulminant necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis following the initial dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2, Comirnaty): An extremely rare idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction. J. Clin. Immunol. 2022;42:441–447. doi: 10.1007/s10875-021-01187-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Ansari U., Britsch S., Rogowski S., Duerschmied D., Papavassiliu T. Case Report: Transient Increase of CMR T1 Mapping Indices in a Patient With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Induced Acute Myocarditis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022;9:880717. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.880717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Ashaari S., Sohaib H.A., Bolger K. A case report: Symptomatic pericarditis post-COVID-19 vaccination. Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep. 2021;5:ytab375. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytab375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Azdaki N., Farzad M. Long QT interval and syncope after a single dose of COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Pan Afr. Med. J. 2021;40 doi: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.67.31546. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Bae D.H., Kim M., Lee D.I., Lee J.H., Kim S., Lee S.Y., Bae J.W., Hwang K.K., Kim D.W., Cho M.C. Simultaneous Occurrence of Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia and Myocarditis After mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2022;37:e169. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Bartlett V.L., Thomas A., Hur D.J., Malm B. Myopericarditis with Significant Left Ventricular Dysfunction Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. Am. J. Case Rep. 2021;22:e934066-1. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.934066. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Bengel C.P., Kacapor R. A report of two cases of myocarditis following mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination. Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep. 2022;6:ytac004. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytac004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Beshai R., Lee J.J. Unusual Case of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Secondary to COVID-19 Vaccine: Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus. 2022;14:e25398. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25398. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Boivin Z., Martin J. Untimely myocardial infarction or COVID-19 vaccine side effect. Cureus. 2021;13:e13651. doi: 10.7759/cureus.13651. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Berto M.B., Spano G., Wagner B., Bernhard B., Häner J., Huber A.T., Gräni C. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Heart Lung Circ. 2021;30:e119–e120. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Cereda A., Conca C., Barbieri L., Ferrante G., Tumminello G., Lucreziotti S., Guazzi M., Mafrici A. Acute myocarditis after the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: Serendipity or atypical causal relationship? Anatol. J. Cardiol. 2021;25:522–523. doi: 10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2021.99. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Ceylan M.E., Ünsalver B.Ö., Dönmez A., Yertutanol F.D.K., Evrensel A., Ceylan H.Z. A case of myocarditis and isolated hypopotassemia after Biontech-Pfizer vaccine for COVID-19. Vaccine. 2022;40:2897. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Chachar T.S., Yousuf N., Sulaibikh L., Abdulqader F., Alqahtani M. First Report of Acute Myocarditis Post-Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccination in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Cureus. 2021;13:e20313. doi: 10.7759/cureus.20313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Chamling B., Vehof V., Drakos S., Weil M., Stalling P., Vahlhaus C., Mueller P., Bietenbeck M., Reinecke H., Meier C., et al. Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: Just an accidental co-incidence or rather vaccination-associated autoimmune myocarditis? Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2021;110:1850–1854. doi: 10.1007/s00392-021-01916-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Chatterjee S., Ojha U.K., Vardhan B., Tiwari A. Myocardial infarction after COVID-19 vaccination-casual or causal? Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2021;15:1055. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Chelala L., Jeudy J., Hossain R., Rosenthal G., Pietris N., White C.S. Cardiac MRI findings of myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in adolescents. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2022;218:651–657. doi: 10.2214/AJR.21.26853. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Chellapandian S.B., Turkmen S., Salim I., Chinnakaruppan S., Mohammad J. Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA (mRNA-1273) vaccination. Clin. Case Rep. 2022;10:e05741. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.5741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Choi S., Lee S., Seo J.W., Kim M.J., Jeon Y.H., Park J.H., Lee J.K., Yeo N.S. Myocarditis-induced Sudden Death after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Korea: Case Report Focusing on Histopathological Findings. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2021;36:e286. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Crane P., Wong C., Mehta N., Barlis P. Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14:e246580. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246580. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.D’Angelo T., Cattafi A., Carerj M.L., Booz C., Ascenti G., Cicero G., Blandino A., Mazziotti S. Myocarditis After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Vaccine-Induced Reaction? Can. J. Cardiol. 2021;37:1665–1667. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.05.010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Dlewati M., Park K., Rawat S., Conte J., Bhadha K. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis Presenting as STEMI in a 48-Year-Old Male. Case Rep. Cardiol. 2022;2022:2284530. doi: 10.1155/2022/2284530. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Ehrlich P., Klingel K., Ohlmann-Knafo S., Hüttinger S., Sood N., Pickuth D., Kindermann M. Biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis following first mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in a 40-year-old male: Case report. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2021;110:1855–1859. doi: 10.1007/s00392-021-01936-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Elheet A.A., Farrag M.H., Elkeliei M.M., Alabdali A.M. Acute myocardial infarction following COVID-19 vaccination: A cause or a coincidence? Cardiometry. 2022;22:143–146. doi: 10.18137/cardiometry.2022.22.143146. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Fearon C., Parwani P., Gow-Lee B., Abramov D. Takotsubo syndrome after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2021;24:223–226. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2021.08.012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Federico C., Paolo T., Carlo L., Fulvio C. A case of constrictive pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccine. J. Clin. Images Med. Case Rep. 2022;3:1827. [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Freise N.F., Kivel M., Grebe O., Meyer C., Wafaisade B., Peiper M., Zeus T., Schmidt J., Neuwahl J., Jazmati D., et al. Acute cardiac side effects after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: A case series. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2022;27:80. doi: 10.1186/s40001-022-00695-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Gautam N., Saluja P., Fudim M., Jambhekar K., Pandey T., Al’Aref S. A late presentation of COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis. Cureus. 2021;13:e17890. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17890. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Gill J., Mallari A.J.P., Zahra F. Transient Myopericarditis Following Vaccination for COVID-19. J. Med. Cases. 2022;13:80. doi: 10.14740/jmc3876. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Giublin I.T., Hartmann C., Mangili O.C., Shiozaki A.A., Moura L.A.Z. Symptomatic Acute Myopericarditis after Pfizer Vaccine against COVID-19. ABC Heart Fail. Cardiomyopathy. 2022;2:120–122. doi: 10.36660/abchf.20220023. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Habedank D., Lagast A., Novoa-Usme M., Atmowihardjo I. A case of myocarditis in a 60-year-old man 48 h after mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2021;111:230–232. doi: 10.1007/s00392-021-01946-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Habib M.B., Hamamyh T., Elyas A., Altermanini M., Elhassan M. Acute myocarditis following administration of BNT162b2 vaccine. IDCases. 2021;25:e01197. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Hassanzadeh S., Sadeghi S., Mirdamadi A., Nematollahi A. Myocarditis following AstraZeneca (an adenovirus vector vaccine) COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Clin. Case Rep. 2022;10:e05744. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.5744. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Hinton J., Briosa e Gala A., Corbett S. mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine–Related Anaphylactoid Reaction and Coronary Thrombosis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2021;96:3182–3183. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.10.010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Hryniewicki A.T., Tolia V.M., Nene R.V. Cardiac Tamponade following COVID-19 Vaccination. J. Emerg. Med. 2022;62:250–253. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.10.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Huang S.-H., Liu Y.-H., Lin H.H., Hsu J.-C., Tu C.-M., Wu Y.-W. Acute Myocardial Infarction within 5 Days after COVID-19 Vaccination: Three Case Reports from a Regional Tertiary Center. Acta Cardiol. Sin. 2022;38:409. doi: 10.6515/ACS.202205_38(3).20211002B. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Hung Y.-P., Sun K.-S. A case of myopericarditis with pleuritis following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination. QJM Int. J. Med. 2021;114:879–881. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Imran A., Park W., Sood M. Partially Resolving Myocardial Fibrosis Five Months following the mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: An MRI Based Case Report. Int. J. Clin. Cardiol. 2022;9:253. [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Iqbal S., Adnan G., Farhad A., Ahmed I., Rahman M.N. Acute Myocardial Infarction after Coronavirus Vaccine: A Rare Adverse Effect. Cureus. 2022;14:e21544. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Isaak A., Feisst A., Luetkens J.A. Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Radiology. 2021;301:E378–E379. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021211766. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Iwamuro A., Sasa T., Kawai T., Taguchi M., Izuhara M., Uegaito T., Shioji K. A 17-year-old male with acute myocarditis following mRNA-1273 vaccination in Japan. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2022;26:108–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2022.03.012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Jani C., Leavitt J., Al Omari O., Dimaso A., Pond K., Gannon S., Chandran A.K., Dennis C., Colgrove R. COVID-19 Vaccine–Associated Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Ther. 2021;28:361–364. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Javed A., Medina Y., Tian J., Alvi M.J., Sahra S., Rojas-Marte G. An Unusual Case of Hemorrhagic Pleuropericarditis after COVID-19 Vaccination. Cureus. 2022;14:e24828. doi: 10.7759/cureus.24828. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Kadwalwala M., Chadha B., Ortoleva J., Joyce M. Multimodality imaging and histopathology in a young man presenting with fulminant lymphocytic myocarditis and cardiogenic shock after mRNA-1273 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e246059. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246059. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Kaneta K., Yokoi K., Jojima K., Kotooka N., Node K. Young male with myocarditis following mRNA-1273 vaccination against Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) Circ. J. 2022;86:721. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0818. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Kang D.H., Na J.Y., Yang J.H., Moon S.H., Kim S.H., Jung J.J., Cha H.J., Ahn J.H., Park Y.W., Cho S.Y., et al. Fulminant Giant Cell Myocarditis following Heterologous Vaccination of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19. Medicina. 2022;58:449. doi: 10.3390/medicina58030449. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Kaul R., Sreenivasan J., Goel A., Malik A., Bandyopadhyay D., Jin C., Sharma M., Levine A., Pan S., Fuisz A., et al. Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc. 2021;36:1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100872. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Kawakami T., Yahagi K., Sekiguchi M., Ishizawa T., Nonaka H., Setoguchi N., Watanabe Y., Nakase M., Horiuchi Y., Asami M., et al. Acute Myocarditis in a Patient Following mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Intern. Med. 2022;61:1371–1374. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9000-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Kawano H., Motokawa T., Kurohama H., Okano S., Akashi R., Yonekura T., Ikeda S., Izumikawa K., Maemura K. Fulminant Myocarditis 24 Days after Coronavirus Disease Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Vaccination: A Case Report. Intern. Med. 2022;61:2319–2325. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9800-22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Kazama S., Okumura T., Kimura Y., Ito R., Araki T., Mizutani T., Oishi H., Kuwayama T., Hiraiwa H., Kondo T., et al. Biopsy-proven fulminant myocarditis requiring mechanical circulatory support following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. CJC Open. 2022;4:501–505. doi: 10.1016/j.cjco.2022.02.004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Khogali F., Abdelrahman R. Unusual Presentation of Acute Perimyocarditis following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1237 Moderna Vaccination. Cureus. 2021;13:e16590. doi: 10.7759/cureus.16590. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Kim D., Choi J.H., Jang J.Y., So O., Cho E., Choi H., Hong K.S., Park K.T. A case report for myopericarditis after BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a Korean young male. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2021;36:e277. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e277. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Kim H.W., Jenista E.R., Wendell D.C., Azevedo C.F., Campbell M.J., Darty S.N., Parker M.A., Kim R.J. Patients with acute myocarditis following mrna COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6:1196–1201. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Kim I.-C., Kim H., Lee H.J., Kim J.Y., Kim J.-Y. Cardiac imaging of acute myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2021;36:e229. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e229. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Kimball E., Buchwalder K., Upchurch C., Kea B. Intermittent complete heart block with ventricular standstill after Pfizer COVID-19 booster vaccination: A case report. J. Am. Coll. Emerg. Physicians Open. 2022;3:e12723. doi: 10.1002/emp2.12723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Kimura M., Hashimoto T., Noda E., Ishikawa Y., Ishikita A., Fujino T., Matsushima S., Ide T., Kinugawa S., Nagaoka K., et al. Fulminant necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination survived with mechanical circulatory support. ESC Heart Failure. 2022;9:2732–2737. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13962. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.King W.W., Petersen M.R., Matar R.M., Budweg J.B., Pardo L.C., Petersen J.W. Myocarditis following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, a case series. Am. Heart J. Plus Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2021;8:100042. doi: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100042. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Koizumi T., Awaya T., Yoshioka K., Kitano S., Hayama H., Amemiya K., Enomoto Y., Yazaki Y., Moroi M., Nakamura M. Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. QJM Int. J. Med. 2021;114:741–743. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Kojima N., Tada H., Okada H., Yoshida S., Sakata K., Usui S., Ikeda H., Okajima M., Kawashiri M.A., Takamura M. Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination following Myocarditis associated with Campylobacter Jejuni. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022;9:837759. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.837759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Korzeniowska K., Cieślewicz A., Flotyńska A., Jabłecka A. Polyserositis (pericarditis and bilateral pleural effusion) after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Hematol. Clin. Pract. 2022;13:15–22. doi: 10.5603/HCP.a2022.0001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Kumar B., Sabbarwal V., Nigam A., Gore P., Chauhan G., Darbari A. Two case reports of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction after COVID-19 vaccination: Co-incidence or causal-association. J. Health Soc. Sci. 2021;6:293–298. [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Larson K.F., Ammirati E., Adler E.D., Cooper Jr L.T., Hong K.N., Saponara G., Couri D., Cereda A., Procopio A., Cavalotti C., et al. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccination. Circulation. 2021;144:506–508. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055913. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Lazaros G., Anastassopoulou C., Hatziantoniou S., Kalos T., Soulaidopoulos S., Lazarou E., Vlachopoulos C., Vassilopoulos D., Tsakris A., Tsioufis C. A case series of acute pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination in the context of recent reports from Europe and the United States. Vaccine. 2021;39:6585–6590. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.078. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Lee E., Chew N.W.S., Ng P., Yeo T.J. A spectrum of cardiac manifestations post Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. QJM Int. J. Med. 2021;114:661–662. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Levin D., Shimon G., Fadlon-Derai M., Gershovitz L., Shovali A., Sebbag A., Bader S., Fink N., Gordon B. Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination–a case series. Vaccine. 2021;39:6195–6200. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Li K., Huang B., Ji T., Xu S.G., Jiang W. A postoperative man with marfan syndrome with palpitations and chest pain after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Infect. Drug Resist. 2021;14:2953–2956. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S323280. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Lim Y., Kim M.C., Kim K.H., Jeong I.S., Cho Y.S., Choi Y.D., Lee J.E. Case report: Acute fulminant myocarditis and cardiogenic shock after messenger RNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination requiring extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021;8:758996. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.758996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Loch A., Siew K.S.W., Tan K.L. Transient severe myocarditis and intraventricular thrombus associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Singap. Med. J. 2022;1:15. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2022042. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Mansour J., Short R.G., Bhalla S., Woodard P.K., Verma A., Robinson X., Raptis D.A. Acute myocarditis after a second dose of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: A report of two cases. Clin. Imaging. 2021;78:247–249. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.06.019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Marshall M., Ferguson I.D., Lewis P., Jaggi P., Gagliardo C., Collins J.S., Shaughnessy R., Caron R., Fuss C., Corbin K.J.E., et al. Symptomatic acute myocarditis in 7 adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. Pediatrics. 2021;148:e2021052478. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Marsukjai A., Theerasuwipakorn N., Tumkosit M., Chattranukulchai P., Srichomkwun P., Prechawat S. Concomitant myocarditis and painless thyroiditis after AstraZeneca coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination: A case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 2022;16:212. doi: 10.1186/s13256-022-03438-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Matta A., Kallamadi R., Matta D., Bande D. Post-mRNA COVID-19 vaccination myocarditis. Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med. 2021;8:1–3. doi: 10.12890/2021_002769. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.McLean K., Johnson T.J. Myopericarditis in a previously healthy adolescent male following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2021;28:918–921. doi: 10.1111/acem.14322. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.Mengesha B., Asenov A.G., Hirsh-Raccah B., Amir O., Pappo O., Asleh R. Severe acute myocarditis after the third (booster) dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines. 2022;10:575. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10040575. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Mimouni H., Bahouh C., Baddi M., Berichi S., Bkiyar H., Housni B. Cardiogenic shock revealing myocarditis after mRNA vaccination against COVID-19, Case report and brief review for the first case in Morocco. Ann. Med. Surg. 2022;74:103210. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88.Minocha P.K., Better D., Singh R.K., Hoque T. Recurrence of acute myocarditis temporally associated with receipt of the mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in a male adolescent. J. Pediatr. 2021;238:321–323. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Miqdad M.A., Nasser H., Alshehri A., Mourad A.R. Acute myocarditis following the administration of the second BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine dose. Cureus. 2021;13:e18880. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18880. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Mishra A., Komut O., Kumar A., Ete T., Megeji R.D. Acute Myocardial Infarction after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. Cureus. 2022;14:e25536. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25536. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91.Misumi I., Ogata A., Fukuda K., Sato K., Nagano M., Usuku H., Tsujita K. Constrictive pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with systemic sclerosis. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2022;26:97–100. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2022.03.014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Mizoguchi T., Yokoi M., Shintani Y., Yamamoto J., Mori K., Fujita H., Ito T., Sugiura T., Seo Y. A case of an elderly female who developed subacute pleuropericarditis following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2022;26:225–228. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2022.04.020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93.Mouch S.A., Roguin A., Hellou E., Ishai A., Shoshan U., Mahamid L., Zoabi M., Aisman M., Goldschmid N., Yanay N.B. Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Vaccine. 2021;39:3790–3793. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.087. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Murakami Y., Shinohara M., Oka Y., Wada R., Noike R., Ohara H., Fujino T., Ikeda T. Myocarditis following a COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccination: A Japanese case series. Intern. Med. 2022;61:501–505. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8731-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Muthukumar A., Narasimhan M., Li Q.Z., Mahimainathan L., Hitto I., Fuda F., Batra K., Jiang X., Zhu C., Schoggins J., et al. In-depth evaluation of a case of presumed myocarditis after the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Circulation. 2021;144:487–498. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056038. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Nagasaka T., Koitabashi N., Ishibashi Y., Aihara K., Takama N., Ohyama Y., Yokoyama T., Kaneko Y. Acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2022;25:285–288. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2021.11.006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97.Naghashzadeh F., Shafaghi S., Dorudinia A., Naji S.A., Marjani M., Amin A., Mohamadifar A., Noorali S., Kashani B.S. Myocarditis following rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine: Case report. ESC Heart Failure. 2022;9:1483–1486. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13821. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Nakanishi Y., Honda S., Yamano M., Kawasaki T., Yoshioka K. Constrictive pericarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report. Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Infect. Dis. 2022;116:238–240. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Nassar M., Nso N., Gonzalez C., Lakhdar S., Alshamam M., Elshafey M., Abdalazeem Y., Nyein A., Punzalan B., Durrance R.J., et al. COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis: Case report with literature review. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2021;15:102205. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102205. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Ohnishi M., Tanaka Y., Nishida S., Sugimoto T. Case report of acute myocarditis after administration of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in Japan. Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep. 2022;6:ytab534. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytab534. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.Oka A., Sudo Y., Miyoshi T., Ozaki M., Kimura Y., Takagi W., Ugawa S., Okada T., Nosaka K., Doi M. Fulminant myocarditis after the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Clin. Case Rep. 2022;10:e05378. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.5378. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102.Olagunju A., Moradi A., Johnson B., Lebaron Z., Johnson R., Mehdizadeh A. Acute Myocarditis Following Vaccination With the First Dose of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine. J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep. 2022;10:23247096221092291. doi: 10.1177/23247096221092291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 103.Olmos C.V., Trahan S., Rochon A., Ducharme A. Severe myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a 49-year-old woman. CMAJ. 2022;194:E581–E584. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.211687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104.Özdemir İ.H., Özlek B., Özen M.B., Gündüz R., Bayturan Ö. Type 1 Kounis Syndrome Induced by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. J. Emerg. Med. 2021;61:e71–e76. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.04.018. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 105.Panthong S., Vimonsuntirungsri T., Thapanasuta M., Udayachalerm W., Ariyachaipanich A. Acute Coronary Syndrome After Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine A Case Report. Int. Heart J. 2022;63:388–392. doi: 10.1536/ihj.21-550. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106.Parmar K., Mekraksakit P., Del Rio-Pertuz G., Sethi P., Motes A., Hughes M., Wischmeyer J., Carbajal L., Sosa E.A., editors. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. Taylor & Francis; Abingdon, UK: 2022. Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107.Patel Y.R., Louis D.W., Atalay M., Agarwal S., Shah N.R. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in young adult patients with acute myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: A case series. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. Off. J. Soc. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 2021;23:101. doi: 10.1186/s12968-021-00795-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108.Perna F., Verecchia E., Pinnacchio G., Gerardino L., Brucato A., Manna R. Rapid resolution of severe pericardial effusion using anakinra in a patient with COVID-19 vaccine-related acute pericarditis relapse: A case report. Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep. 2022;6:ytac123. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytac123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109.Puchalski M., Kamińska H., Bartoszek M., Brzewski M., Werner B. COVID-19-vaccination-induced myocarditis in teenagers: Case series with further follow-up. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:3456. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063456. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110.Rosner C.M., Genovese L., Tehrani B.N., Atkins M., Bakhshi H., Chaudhri S., Damluji A.A., De Lemos J.A., Desai S.S., Emaminia A., et al. Myocarditis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Circulation. 2021;144:502–505. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055891. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111.Şancı E., Örçen C., Çelik O.M., Özen M.T., Bozyel S. Kounis syndrome associated with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine presenting as ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Anatol. J. Cardiol. 2022;26:72. doi: 10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2021.1212. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112.Sano M., Murai R., Kim K., Furukawa Y. Cardiac magnetic resonance findings in acute myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2022;26:17–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2022.01.015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113.Schauer J., Buddhe S., Colyer J., Sagiv E., Law Y., Chikkabyrappa S.M., Portman M.A. Myopericarditis After the Pfizer Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Coronavirus Disease Vaccine in Adolescents. J. Pediatr. 2021;238:317–320. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 114.Schmitt P., Demoulin R., Poyet R., Capilla E., Rohel G., Pons F., Jégo C., Sidibe S., Druelle A., Brocq F.X., et al. Acute Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. La Rev. De Med. Interne. 2021;42:797–800. doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.10.003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 115.Sciaccaluga C., D’Ascenzi F., Cameli M., Gallotta M., Menci D., Antonelli G., Banchi B., Mochi V., Valente S., Focardi M. Case report: Two case reports of acute myopericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022;9:827237. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.827237. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 116.Sharbatdaran A., Chahal Y., Molaei M., Bhavsar D. A rare case of COVID-19 vaccine-induced myopericarditis in a young adult. Radiol. Case Rep. 2022;17:1916–1920. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.03.039. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 117.Shiyovich A., Witberg G., Aviv Y., Kornowski R., Hamdan A. A case series of myocarditis following third (Booster) Dose of COVID-19 vaccination: Magnetic resonance imaging study. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022;9:319. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.839090. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 118.Shumkova M., Vassilev D., Karamfiloff K., Ivanova R., Stoyanova K., Yaneva-Sirakova T., Gil R.J. Acute myocarditis associated with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. Kardiol. Pol. 2021;79:1282–1283. doi: 10.33963/KP.a2021.0095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 119.Singh B., Kaur P., Cedeno L., Brahimi T., Patel P., Virk H., Shamoon F., Bikkina M. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine and Myocarditis. Eur. J. Case Rep. Int. Med. 2021;8:1–4. doi: 10.12890/2021_002681. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 120.Snapiri O., Danziger C.R., Shirman N., Weissbach A., Lowenthal A., Ayalon I., Adam D., Yarden-Bilavsky H., Bilavsky E. Transient Cardiac Injury in Adolescents Receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2021;40:e360–e363. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 121.Sokolska J.M., Kurcz J., Kosmala W. Every rose has its thorns—Acute myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Kardiol. Pol. 2021;79:1153–1154. doi: 10.33963/KP.a2021.0075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 122.Sonaglioni A., Albini A., Noonan D.M., Brucato A., Lombardo M., Santalucia P. A Case of Acute Pericarditis after COVID-19 Vaccination. Front. Allergy. 2021;2:733466. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2021.733466. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 123.Starekova J., Bluemke D.A., Bradham W.S., Grist T.M., Schiebler M.L., Reeder S.B. Myocarditis associated with mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Radiology. 2021;301:409. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021211430. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 124.Stewart C., Gamble D.T., Dawson D. Novel case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy following COVID-19 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2022;15:e247291. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 125.Sulemankhil I., Abdelrahman M., Negi S.I. Temporal association between the COVID-19 Ad26. COV2. S vaccine and acute myocarditis: A case report and literature review. Cardiovasc. Revascularization Med. 2022;38:117–123. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2021.08.012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 126.Sung J.G., Sobieszczyk P.S., Bhatt D.L. Acute Myocardial Infarction Within 24 Hours After COVID-19 Vaccination. Am. J. Cardiol. 2021;156:129–131. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.06.047. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 127.Tailor P.D., Feighery A.M., El-Sabawi B., Prasad A. Case report: Acute myocarditis following the second dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep. 2021;5:ytab319. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytab319. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 128.Tano E., San Martin S., Girgis S., Martinez-Fernandez Y., Sanchez Vegas C. Perimyocarditis in adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. 2021;10:962–966. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piab060. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 129.Tedeschi A., Camilli M., Ianni U., Tavecchia G., Palazzini M., Cartella I., Gentile P., Quattrocchi G., Spanò F.M., Cipriani M., et al. Takotsubo Syndrome after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: Emotional or causative relationship with vaccination? Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc. 2022;40:101002. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 130.Tinoco M., Leite S., Faria B., Cardoso S., Von Hafe P., Dias G., Cardoso F., Pereira T., Machado I., Lourenço A. Perimyocarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination. Clin. Med. Insights Cardiol. 2021;15:11795468211056634. doi: 10.1177/11795468211056634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 131.Toida R., Uezono S., Komatsu H., Toida T., Imamura A., Fujimoto S., Kaikita K. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis. CEN Case Rep. 2022;11:220–224. doi: 10.1007/s13730-021-00657-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 132.Ujueta F., Azimi R., Lozier M.R., Poppiti R., Ciment A. Lymphohistocytic myocarditis after Ad26. COV2. S viral vector COVID-19 vaccination. Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc. 2021;36:100869. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100869. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 133.Verma A.K., Lavine K.J., Lin C.-Y. Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;385:1332–1334. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2109975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 134.Vidula M.K., Ambrose M., Glassberg H., Chokshi N., Chen T., Ferrari V.A., Han Y. Myocarditis and Other Cardiovascular Complications of the mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. Cureus. 2021;13:e15576. doi: 10.7759/cureus.15576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 135.Watanabe K., Ashikaga T., Maejima Y., Tao S., Terui M., Kishigami T., Kaneko M., Nakajima R., Okata S., Lee T., et al. Case Report: Importance of MRI Examination in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination Induced Myocarditis: Our Experience and Literature Review. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022;9:844626. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.844626. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 136.Williams C.B., Choi J.-I., Hosseini F., Roberts J., Ramanathan K., Ong K. Acute myocarditis following mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. CJC Open. 2021;3:1410–1412. doi: 10.1016/j.cjco.2021.07.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 137.Yamaura H., Ishikawa H., Otsuka K., Kasayuki N. Reverse Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy as a Cause of Acute Chest Pain in a Young Woman Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2022;15:e013661. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.121.013661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 138.Yen K.-C., Ho C.-T., Chin S.-C., Su H.-C., Lee K.-T., Chu P.-H. Self-Limited Myocarditis after the First Dose of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Messenger RNA-1273 Vaccine in a Healthy Male. Acta Cardiol. Sin. 2022;38:210. doi: 10.6515/ACS.202203_38(2).20210912A. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 139.Zaki H.A., Zahran A., Abdelrahim M., Elnabawy W.A., Kaber Y. A Case of Acute Viral Pericarditis Complicated With Pericardial Effusion Induced by Third Dose of COVID Vaccination. Cureus. 2022;14:e21207. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 140.Abičić A., Adamec I., Habek M. Miller Fisher syndrome following Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:1495–1497. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05776-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 141.Ahmad S.A., Salih B.K., Hussein K.F.H., Mikael T.M., Kakamad F.H., Salih A.M. Aseptic meningoencephalitis after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Ann. Med. Surg. 2021;71:103028. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103028. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 142.Alabkal J., Rebchuk A.D., Lyndon D., Randhawa N. Incomplete subacute transverse myelitis following vaccination with Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: A case report. Cureus. 2021;13:e20460. doi: 10.7759/cureus.20460. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 143.Aladdin Y., Shirah B. New-onset refractory status epilepticus following the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. J. Neuroimmunol. 2021;357:7. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 144.Albokhari A., Alsawas A., Adnan M.A., Alasmari A., Aljuhani S., Almejalli M., Kedah H. Acute inflammatory transverse myelitis post-Pfizer-BioNtech-COVID-19 vaccine in 16-year-old. J. Med. Res. Innov. 2021;5:47–50. doi: 10.25259/JMRI_25_2021. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 145.Alhashim A., Hadhiah K., Alhaddad F.M., Al ARhain S.A., Saif F.H.B., Abid A., Al Gamdi O., Alsulaiman F., AlQarni M. Extensive Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST) After the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine without Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) in a Healthy Woman. Am. J. Case Rep. 2022;23:e934744-1. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.934744. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 146.Allen C.M., Ramsamy S., Tarr A.W., Tighe P.J., Irving W.L., Tanasescu R., Evans J.R. Guillain–Barré syndrome variant occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ann. Neurol. 2021;90:315–318. doi: 10.1002/ana.26144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 147.Al-Mashdali A.F., Ata Y.M., Sadik N. Post-COVID-19 vaccine acute hyperactive encephalopathy with dramatic response to methylprednisolone: A case report. Ann. Med. Surg. 2021;69:102803. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 148.Al-Mayhani T., Saber S., Stubbs M.J., Losseff N.A., Perry R.J., Simister R.J., Gull D., Jäger H.R., Scully M.A., Werring D.J. Ischaemic stroke as a presenting feature of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2021;92:1247–1248. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 149.Al-Midfai Y., Kujundzic W., Uppal S., Oakes D., Giezy S. Acute Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbation after Vaccination With the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine: Novel Presentation and First Documented Case Report. Cureus. 2022;14:e24017. doi: 10.7759/cureus.24017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 150.Al-Quliti K., Qureshi A., Quadri M., Abdulhameed B., Alanazi A., Alhujeily R. Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis Post-COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report and Literature Review. Diseases. 2022;10:13. doi: 10.3390/diseases10010013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 151.Alsallamin I., Somoza-Cano F.J., Zakarna L., Aggarwal P., Karia R., Bawwab A., Chakhachiro D., Alsallamin A. A Puzzling Diagnosis of Cerebral Vein Thrombosis in a COVID-19-Vaccinated Patient. Cureus. 2022;14:e25860. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 152.Alshararni A. Acute transverse myelitis associated with COVID-19 vaccine: A case report. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2021;12:2083–2087. doi: 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4818. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 153.Aly A.S., Alkolfat F., Mansour E.R., Salama S. Guillain-Barre syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report and an updated review. Neuroimmunol. Rep. 2022;2:100083. doi: 10.1016/j.nerep.2022.100083. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 154.Amjad M.A., Hamid Z., Patel Y., Husain M., Saddique A., Liaqat A., Ochieng P. COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Parsonage-Turner Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus. 2022;14:e25493. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25493. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 155.Anamnart C., Tisavipat N., Owattanapanich W., Apiwattanakul M., Savangned P., Prayoonwiwat N., Siritho S., Rattanathamsakul N., Jitprapaikulsan J. Newly diagnosed neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders following vaccination: Case report and systematic review. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2022;58:103414. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 156.Ancau M., Liesche-Starnecker F., Niederschweiberer J., Krieg S.M., Zimmer C., Lingg C., Kumpfmüller D., Ikenberg B., Ploner M., Hemmer B., et al. Case series: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Front. Neurol. 2022;2669:820049. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.820049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 157.Andreozzi V., D’arco B., Pagliano P., Toriello A., Barone P. Bilateral facial palsy after COVID-19 vaccination. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:4069–4079. doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-05982-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 158.Aravinda R., Tater P.M., Huliyappa H., Manual C.J. Atypical facial onset Guillain-Barré syndrome following first dose of COVISHIELD vaccine. Rom. J. Rnal. Neurol. 2021;20:379. doi: 10.37897/RJN.2021.3.19. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 159.Asif S., Kesireddy M., Koepsell S.A., Gonzalez-Castellon M.A., Gundabolu K., Baljevic M. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis due to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome following Ad26. COV2. S: A first real-world case report of a male subject. Neurohospitalist. 2022;12:346–351. doi: 10.1177/19418744211055065. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 160.Assiri S.A., Althaqafi R.M., Alswat K., Alghamdi A.A., Alomairi N.E., Nemenqani D.M., Ibrahim Z.S., Elkady A. Post COVID-19 Vaccination-Associated Neurological Complications. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2022;18:137–154. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S343438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 161.Azam S., Khalil A., Taha A. Guillain-Barré syndrome in a 67-year-old male post COVID-19 vaccination (Astra Zeneca) Am. J. Med. Case Rep. 2021;9:424–427. doi: 10.12691/ajmcr-9-8-10. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 162.Bagella C.F., Corda D.G., Zara P., Elia A.E., Ruiu E., Sechi E., Solla P. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Vaccines. 2021;9:1502. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9121502. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 163.Ballout A.A., Babaie A., Kolesnik M., Li J.Y., Hameed N., Waldman G., Chaudhry F., Saba S., Harel A., Najjar S. A Single-Health System Case Series of New-Onset CNS Inflammatory Disorders Temporally Associated With mRNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Front. Neurol. 2022;264:796882. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.796882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 164.Balloy G., Magot A., Fayet G., Bonnemain B., Péréon Y. COVID-19, A putative trigger for neuralgic amyotrophy. Rev. Neurol. 2022;178:157. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.11.004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 165.Bax F., Gigli G.L., Belgrado E., Brunelli L., Valente M. Guillain–Barré syndrome following COVID-19 immunization: A report of two cases. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2021;122:1365–1367. doi: 10.1007/s13760-021-01798-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 166.Bazrafshan H., Jahromi L.S.M., Parvin R., Ashraf A. A case of Guillain-Barre syndrome after the second dose of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination. Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2022;68:295. doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2022.9984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 167.Bensaidane M.R., Picher-Martel V., Émond F., De Serres G., Dupré N., Beauchemin P. Case Report: Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Following COVID-19 Vaccine. Front. Neurol. 2022;758:872734. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.872734. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 168.Berlot G., Tomasini A., La Fata C., Pintacuda S., Rigutti S., Falanga A. Widespread Arterial Thrombosis after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination. Case Rep. Crit. Care. 2022;2022:6804456. doi: 10.1155/2022/6804456. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 169.Bernheimer J.H., Gasbarro G. Parsonage Turner Syndrome Following Vaccination With mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. J. Clin. Neuromuscul. Dis. 2022;23:229–230. doi: 10.1097/CND.0000000000000411. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 170.Biswas A., Pandey S.K., Kumar D., Vardhan H. Post coronavirus disease-2019 vaccination Guillain-Barré syndrome. Indian J. Public Health. 2021;65:422–424. doi: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_1716_21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 171.Bogs T., Saleh N., Yavuz S.T., Fazeli W., Ganschow R., Schreiner F. Aseptic Meningitis, Mucocutaneous Lesions and Arthritis after COVID-19 Vaccination in a 15-Year-Old Boy. Vaccines. 2022;10:325. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10020325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 172.Bollo L., Marinari A., Iaffaldano P. Mild Symptomatic Guillain-Barre Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Open J. Case Rep. 2021;2:141. [Google Scholar]
  • 173.Bonifacio G.B., Patel D., Cook S., Purcaru E., Couzins M., Domjan J., Ryan S., Alareed A., Tuohy O., Slaght S., et al. Bilateral facial weakness with paraesthesia variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome following Vaxzevria COVID-19 vaccine. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2022;93:341–342. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 174.Borelli W.V., da Silveira A.L.M., Finkelsztejn A., Hansel G., Sato D.K., Saute J.A.M. Simultaneous bilateral optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following vaccination against COVID-19, A case report. Neuroimmunol. Rep. 2021;1:100041. doi: 10.1016/j.nerep.2021.100041. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 175.Bouattour N., Hdiji O., Sakka S., Fakhfakh E., Moalla K., Daoud S., Farhat N., Damak M., Mhiri C. Guillain-Barré syndrome following the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: Case report and review of reported cases. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:755–761. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05733-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 176.Bramer S., Jaffe Y., Sivagnanaratnam A. Vestibular neuronitis after COVID-19 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2022;15:e247234. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247234. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 177.Burillo J.C., Martínez C.L., Arguedas C.G., Pueyo F.M. Amyotrophic neuralgia secondary to Vaxzevri (AstraZeneca) COVID-19 vaccine. Neurologia. 2021;36:571. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.05.007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 178.Burrows A., Bartholomew T., Rudd J., Walker D. Sequential contralateral facial nerve palsies following COVID-19 vaccination first and second doses. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14:e243829. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243829. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 179.Butler M., Coebergh J., Safavi F., Carson A., Hallett M., Michael B., Pollak T.A., Solomon T., Stone J., Nicholson T.R., et al. Functional Neurological Disorder After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Two Case Reports and Discussion of Potential Public Health Implications. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2021;33:345–348. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21050116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 180.Cabral G., Gonçalves C., Serrazina F., Sá F. MRI negative myelitis induced by pfizer-biontech COVID-19 vaccine. J. Clin. Neurol. 2022;18:120. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2022.18.1.120. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 181.Cao L., Ren L. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination: A case report. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2022;122:793–795. doi: 10.1007/s13760-021-01608-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 182.Carneiro D.R., Matos A., Morgadinho A. Steroid-responsive aseptic meningitis after BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Rev. Neurol. 2022;178:160. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.10.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 183.Carranza O., Babici D., Waheed S., Yousuf F. Neurologic Sequela of COVID-19, Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccination. Cureus. 2022;14:e24252. doi: 10.7759/cureus.24252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 184.Castan M., Damin-Pernik M., Thiéry G., Page D., Smadja D.M., Bertoletti L. A case report of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome after Ad26. COV2. S vaccine (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson) Therapie. 2022;77:734. doi: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.01.014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 185.Castiglione J.I., Crespo J.M., Lecchini L., Silveira F.O., Luis M.B., Cotti N., Simison C.J., Aguirre F., Piedrabuena M.A., Alonso R.N., et al. Bilateral facial palsy with paresthesias, variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19 vaccine: A case series of 9 patients. Neuromuscul. Disord. 2022;32:572–574. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.05.003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 186.Cellina M., D’Arrigo A., Floridi C., Oliva G., Carrafiello G. Left Bell’s palsy following the first dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: A case report. Clin. Imaging. 2022;82:1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.10.010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 187.Čenščák D., Ungermann L., Štětkářová I., Ehler E. Guillan-Barré Syndrome after First Vaccination Dose against COVID-19, Case Report. Acta Medica. 2021;64:183–186. doi: 10.14712/18059694.2021.31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 188.Chakrabarti S.S., Tiwari A., Jaiswal S., Kaur U., Kumar I., Mittal A., Singh A., Jin K., Chakrabarti S. Rapidly progressive dementia with asymmetric rigidity following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Aging Dis. 2022;13:633. doi: 10.14336/AD.2021.1102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 189.Chan A.C., Tan B.Y., Goh Y., Tan S.S., Tambyah P.A. Aseptic meningitis after BNT-162b2 COVID-19 vaccination. Brain Behav. Immun.-Health. 2022;19:100406. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100406. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 190.Chaurasia B., Chavda V., Lu B., Garg K., Montemurro N. Cognitive deficits and memory impairments after COVID-19 (Covishield) vaccination. Brain Behav. Immun.-Health. 2022;22:100463. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 191.Chen S., Fan X.-R., He S., Zhang J.-W., Li S.-J. Watch out for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after inactivated virus vaccination for COVID-19. Neurol. Sci. Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2021;42:3537–3539. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05427-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 192.Chua M.M.J., Hayes M.T., Cosgrove R. Parsonage-Turner syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination and review of the literature. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2022;13:152. doi: 10.25259/SNI_4_2022. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 193.Chun J.Y., Park S., Jung J., Kim S.H., Kim T.S., Choi Y.J., Kim H.J., Eom H.S., Hyun J.W. Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination against COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:117–119. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00416-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 194.Cicalese M.P., Ferrua F., Barzaghi F., Cerri F., Moro M., Aiuti A., Silvani P. Third cranial nerve palsy in an 88-year-old man after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination: Change of injection site and type of vaccine resulted in an uneventful second dose with humoral immune response. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2022;15:e246485. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246485. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 195.Colella G., Orlandi M., Cirillo N. Bell’s palsy following COVID-19 vaccination. J. Neurol. 2021;268:3589–3591. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10462-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 196.Consoli S., Dono F., Evangelista G., D’Apolito M., Travaglini D., Onofrj M., Bonanni L. Status migrainosus: A potential adverse reaction to Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNtech/Pfizer) COVID-19 vaccine-a case report. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:767–770. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05741-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 197.Corrêa D.G., Cañete L.A.Q., Dos Santos G.A.C., de Oliveira R.V., Brandão C.O., da Cruz L.C.H., Jr. Neurological symptoms and neuroimaging alterations related with COVID-19 vaccine: Cause or coincidence? Clin. Imaging. 2021;80:348–352. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.08.021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198.Costentin G., Ozkul-Wermester O., Triquenot A., Le Cam-Duchez V., Massy N., Benhamou Y., Massardier E. Acute Ischemic Stroke Revealing ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia: Impact on Recanalization Strategy. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2021;30:105942. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105942. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 199.Daher M., Mansour J., Haikal E., Estephan M., Sebaaly A. Unilateral Lower Limb Paralysis: A Case Report of An Uncommon Side Effect of COVID-19 Mrna Vaccine. J. Med. Res. Case Rep. 2022;4:1–8. [Google Scholar]
  • 200.Dalwadi V., Hancock D., Ballout A.A., Geraci A. Axonal-variant guillian-Barre syndrome temporally associated with mRNA-based Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Cureus. 2021;13:e18291. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 201.Dang Y.L., Bryson A. Miller-Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome overlap syndrome in a patient post Oxford-AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e246701. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 202.Desai U.G. Myasthenia Gravis Exacerbation Following Second Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine. RRNMF Neuromuscul. J. 2021;2:46–47. doi: 10.17161/rrnmf.v2i2.15342. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 203.Diaz-Segarra N., Edmond A., Gilbert C., Mckay O., Kloepping C., Yonclas P. Painless idiopathic neuralgic amyotrophy after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Pm & R. 2021;14:889. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 204.Doi K., Ohara Y., Ouchi T., Sasaki R., Maki F., Mizuno J. Cervical Transverse Myelitis Following COVID-19 Vaccination. NMC Case Rep. J. 2022;9:145–149. doi: 10.2176/jns-nmc.2022-0045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 205.Einstein E.H., Shahzadi A., Desir L., Katz J., Boockvar J., D’Amico R. New-Onset Neurologic Symptoms and Related Neuro-Oncologic Lesions Discovered After COVID-19 Vaccination: Two Neurosurgical Cases and Review of Post-Vaccine Inflammatory Responses. Cureus. 2021;13:e15664. doi: 10.7759/cureus.15664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 206.Eom H., Kim S.W., Kim M., Kim Y.E., Kim J.H., Shin H.Y., Lee H.L. Case reports of acute transverse myelitis associated with mRNA vaccine for COVID-19. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2022;37:e52. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e52. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 207.Erdem N.Ş., Demirci S., Özel T., Mamadova K., Karaali K., Çelik H.T., Uslu F.I., Özkaynak S.S. Acute transverse myelitis after inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Ideggyogy. Szle. 2021;74:273–276. doi: 10.18071/isz.74.0273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 208.Etemadifar M., Sigari A.A., Sedaghat N., Salari M., Nouri H. Acute relapse and poor immunization following COVID-19 vaccination in a rituximab-treated multiple sclerosis patient. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2021;17:3481–3483. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1928463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 209.Fan H.T., Lin Y.Y., Chiang W.F., Lin C.Y., Chen M.H., Wu K.A., Chan J.S., Kao Y.H., Shyu H.Y., Hsiao P.J. COVID-19 vaccine-induced encephalitis and status epilepticus. QJM Int. J. Med. 2022;115:91–93. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab335. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 210.Fernandes J., Jaggernauth S., Ramnarine V., Mohammed S.R., Khan C., Panday A. Neurological conditions following COVID-19 vaccinations: Chance or association? Cureus. 2022;14:21919. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 211.Finsterer J. Exacerbating guillain–barré syndrome eight days after vector-based COVID-19 vaccination. Case Rep. Infect. Dis. 2021;2021:3619131. doi: 10.1155/2021/3619131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 212.Franco S.V., Fonollosa A. Ischemic Optic Neuropathy After Administration of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Report of 2 Cases. Am. J. Case Rep. 2022;23:e935095-1. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.935095. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 213.Fujimori J., Miyazawa K., Nakashima I. Initial clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis after immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J. Neuroimmunol. 2021;361:577755. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577755. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 214.Fukushima T., Tomita M., Ikeda S., Hattori N. A case of sensory ataxic Guillain–Barré syndrome with immunoglobulin G anti-GM1 antibodies following the first dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer) QJM Int. J. Med. 2021;115:25–27. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab296. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 215.Gálvez L.A., Abadía L.R., de los Reyes Guevara C.A., Orozco J.H. Guillain-Barre syndrome after vaccination for COVID-19. The first report in Latin America. Neurol. Perspect. 2021;1:236. doi: 10.1016/j.neurop.2021.09.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 216.Gama P.D.D., Alcantara T.G.D., Smaniotto R.R., Petuco P.D.L., Almeida W.A.D., Gama R.A.D.D., Fragoso Y.D. Extensive Longitudinal Transverse Myelitis Temporally Related to the Use of AZD1222, AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine: Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis and Recent Data Review. Case Rep. Neurol. Med. 2022;2022:8999853. doi: 10.1155/2022/8999853. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 217.Gao J.-J., Tseng H.-P., Lin C.-L., Hsu R.-F., Lee M.-H., Liu C.-H. Acute encephalitis after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report and literature review. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2022;18:2082206. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2082206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 218.Gao J.-J., Tseng H.-P., Lin C.-L., Shiu J.-S., Lee M.-H., Liu C.-H. Acute transverse myelitis following COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines. 2021;9:1008. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9091008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 219.García-Grimshaw M., Michel-Chávez A., Vera-Zertuche J.M., Galnares-Olalde J.A., Hernández-Vanegas L.E., Figueroa-Cucurachi M., Paredes-Ceballos O., Reyes-Terán G., Carbajal-Sandoval G., Arauz A., et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome is infrequent among recipients of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Clin. Immunol. 2021;230:108818. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108818. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 220.Garg R.K., Malhotra H.S., Kumar N., Pandey S., Patil M.R., Uniyal R., Rizvi I. Tumefactive Demyelinating Brain Lesion Developing after Administration of Adenovector-Based COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report. Neurol. India. 2022;70:409. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.338642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 221.George T.B., Kainat A., Pachika P.S., Arnold J. Rare occurrence of Guillain-Barré syndrome after Moderna vaccine. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2022;15:e249749. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249749. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 222.Ghosh R., Dubey S., Roy D., Mandal A., Naga D., Benito-León J. Focal onset non-motor seizure following COVID-19 vaccination: A mere coincidence? Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2021;15:1023. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 223.Greinacher A., Thiele T., Warkentin T.E., Weisser K., Kyrle P.A., Eichinger S. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;384:2092–2101. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2104840. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 224.Guarnaccia J., Creed M., Muriel S. Transverse myelitis as a first event of multiple sclerosis precipitated by Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. Neuroimmunol. Rep. 2022;2:100074. doi: 10.1016/j.nerep.2022.100074. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 225.Guditi S., Setty G., Verma M., Reddy R., Devraj R., Raju S.B., Gokhale G.K. Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine From a Deceased Donor: A Case Report. Transplant. Proc. 2021;54:1534–1538. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.11.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 226.Hasan T., Khan M., Khan F., Hamza G. Case of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19 vaccine. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e243629. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 227.Havla J., Schultz Y., Zimmermann H., Hohlfeld R., Danek A., Kümpfel T. First manifestation of multiple sclerosis after immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J. Neurol. 2022;269:55–58. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10648-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 228.Hemalatha S., Karishma M., Bera J., Blessy S., Thirumaran J., Loganathan T., Gopala Krishnan A. A Case Report on Post COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Guillain–Barré Syndrome. 2021, 33, 454–458
  • 229.Hirose S., Hara M., Koda K., Natori N., Yokota Y., Ninomiya S., Nakajima H. Acute autoimmune transverse myelitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Medicine. 2021;100:e28423. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028423. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 230.Hsiao Y.-T., Tsai M.-J., Chen Y.-H., Hsu C.-F. Acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 vaccination. Medicina. 2021;57:1010. doi: 10.3390/medicina57101010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 231.Hughes D.L., Brunn J.A., Jacobs J., Todd P.K., Askari F.K., Fontana R.J. Guillain-Barré Syndrome AFTER COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in a Liver Transplantation Recipient With Favorable Treatment Response. Liver Transplant. 2022;28:134–137. doi: 10.1002/lt.26279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 232.Iftikhar H., Noor S.M.U., Masood M., Bashir K. Bell’s palsy after 24 hours of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Cureus. 2021;13:e15935. doi: 10.7759/cureus.15935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 233.Introna A., Caputo F., Santoro C., Guerra T., Ucci M., Mezzapesa D.M., Trojano M. Guillain-Barré syndrome after AstraZeneca COVID-19-vaccination: A causal or casual association? Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2021;208:106887. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 234.Ish S., Ish P. Facial nerve palsy after COVID-19 vaccination–A rare association or a coincidence. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2021;69:2550. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1658_21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 235.James J., Jose J., Gafoor V.A., Smita B., Balaram N. Guillain-Barré syndrome following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccination: A case series. Neurol. Clin. Neurosci. 2021;9:402–405. doi: 10.1111/ncn3.12537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 236.John V., Koshy J.T., Gladson N., Wills V.K. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2022;10:268. doi: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20215064. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 237.Kanabar G., Wilkinson P. Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting with facial diplegia following COVID-19 vaccination in two patients. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e244527. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 238.Kang H.S., Kim J.E., Yoo J.R., Oh H., Kim M., Kim Y.R., Heo S.T. Aseptic meningitis following second dose of an mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in a healthy male: Case report and literature review. Infect. Chemother. 2022;54:189. doi: 10.3947/ic.2021.0131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 239.Kania K., Ambrosius W., Tokarz Kupczyk E., Kozubski W. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a patient vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2021;8:2000–2003. doi: 10.1002/acn3.51447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 240.Karimi N., Boostani R., Fatehi F., Panahi A., Okhovat A.A., Ziaadini B., Basiri K., Abdi S., Sinaei F., Rezaei M., et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19 vaccine: A report of nine patients. Basic Clin. Neurosci. 2021;12:703. doi: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3565.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 241.Katada E., Toyoda T., Yamada G., Morishima A., Matsukawa N. A case of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy following COVID-19 vaccine. Neurol. Clin. Neurosci. 2022;10:223–225. doi: 10.1111/ncn3.12604. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 242.Kataria S., Rogers S., Bilal U., Baktashi H., Singh R. Multiple Sclerosis Relapse following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus. 2022;14:e21374. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 243.Kavya S., Kubra K., Vaidyanathan R., Adarsh S. An Interesting Case of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Post COVID-19 Vaccine. RGUHS J. Allied Health Sci. 2021;1:35–38. [Google Scholar]
  • 244.Kawtharani A.A., Fakhry B., Serhan A. Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis with sixth nerve palsy post ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: A case report and literature review. World J. Adv. Res. Rev. 2021;12:526–538. doi: 10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0613. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 245.Kaya A., Kaya S.Y. A case of trigeminal neuralgia developing after a COVID-19 vaccination. J. Neurovirology. 2022;28:181–182. doi: 10.1007/s13365-021-01030-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 246.Keir G., Maria N.I., Kirsch C.F. Unique imaging findings of neurologic phantosmia following Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2021;30:133–137. doi: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 247.Kenda J., Lovrič D., Škerget M., Milivojević N. Treatment of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia related acute ischemic stroke. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2021;30:106072. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106072. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 248.Khadka B., Khanal K. Post COVID-19 vaccine Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Nepal Health Res. Counc. 2022;19:852–854. doi: 10.33314/jnhrc.v19i04.3803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 249.Khajavirad N., Salehi M., Haji Ghadery A., Khalili H., Arab Ahmadi M., Dehghan Manshadi S.A., Zare Dehnavi A. Serious events following COVID-19 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Vaxzevria): A short case series from Iran. Clin. Case Rep. 2022;10:e05390. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.5390. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 250.Khan E., Shrestha A.K., Colantonio M.A., Liberio R.N., Sriwastava S. Acute transverse myelitis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report and review of literature. J. Neurol. 2022;269:1121–1132. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10785-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 251.Khayat-Khoei M., Bhattacharyya S., Katz J., Harrison D., Tauhid S., Bruso P., Houtchens M.K., Edwards K.R., Bakshi R. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination leading to CNS inflammation: A case series. J. Neurol. 2022;269:1093–1106. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10780-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 252.Kılıç R., Kılıç E., Dinç Y., Demir A. New onset refractory status epilepticus after BNT162b2 nCoV-19. J. Clin. Images Med. Case Rep. 2022;3:1855. doi: 10.52768/2766-7820/1855. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 253.Kim J.E., Min Y.G., Shin J.Y., Kwon Y.N., Bae J.S., Sung J.J., Hong Y.H. Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Variants following COVID-19 Vaccination: Report of 13 Cases. Front. Neurol. 2022;12:820723. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.820723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 254.Kim J.W., Kim Y.G., Park Y.C., Choi S., Lee S., Min H.J., Kim M.J. Guillain-Barre syndrome after two COVID-19 vaccinations: Two case reports with follow-up electrodiagnostic study. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2022;37:e58. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e58. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 255.Kim N., Kim J.-H., Park J.-S. Guillain–Barré syndrome associated with BNT162b2 COVID vaccination: A first case report from South Korea. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:1491–1493. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05849-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 256.Kim S.I., Seok H.Y., Yi J., Cho J.H. Leg paralysis after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination diagnosed as neuralgic amyotrophy of the lumbosacral plexus: A case report. J. Int. Med. Res. 2021;49 doi: 10.1177/03000605211056783. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 257.Kim Y., Zhu Z., Kochar P., Gavigan P., Kaur D., Kumar A. A pediatric case of sensory predominant Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination. Child Neurol. Open. 2022;9 doi: 10.1177/2329048X221074549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 258.Kobayashi Y., Karasawa S., Ohashi N., Yamamoto K. A case of encephalitis following COVID-19 vaccine. J. Infect. Chemother. 2022;28:975–977. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.02.009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 259.Koh J.S., Goh Y., Tan B.Q., Hui A.F., Hoe R.H.M., Makmur A., Kei P.L., Vijayan J., Ng K.W.P., Quek A.M.L., et al. Neuralgic amyotrophy following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. QJM Int. J. Med. 2021;114:503–505. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 260.Kotal R., Jacob I., Rangappa P., Rao K., Hosurkar G., Anumula S.K., Kuberappa A.M. A rare case of vaccine-induced immune thrombosis and thrombocytopenia and approach to management. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2021;12:408. doi: 10.25259/SNI_689_2021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 261.Kripalani Y., Lakkappan V., Parulekar L., Shaikh A., Singh R., Vyas P. A Rare Case of Guillain-Barré Syndrome following COVID-19 Vaccination. Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med. 2021;8:002707. doi: 10.12890/2021_002797. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 262.Kubota T., Hasegawa T., Ikeda K., Aoki M. Case Report: Isolated, unilateral oculomotor palsy with anti-GQ1b antibody following COVID-19 vaccination. F1000Research. 2021;10:1142. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.74299.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 263.Kwon H., Kim T. Autoimmune encephalitis following ChAdOx1-S SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:1487–1489. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05790-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 264.Kyle K., Martinez-Lage M., Lang-Orsini M., Venna N. An Unusually Fulminant Case of Encephalomyelitis in an 80 Year Old. Neuroimmunol. Rep. 2022;2:100102. doi: 10.1016/j.nerep.2022.100102. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 265.Łagosz P., Biegus J., Gruszka E., Zymliński R. The surprising course of multiple sclerosis relapse in a patient after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Kardiol. Pol. 2022;80:237–238. doi: 10.33963/KP.a2022.0005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 266.Lee S., Oh S.-I. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following the ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 Vaccine: A Case Report. J. Korean Assoc. EMG-Electrodiagn. Med. 2022;24:7–10. doi: 10.18214/jend.2021.00087. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 267.Leemans W., Antonis S., De Vooght W., Lemmens R., Van Damme P. Neuromuscular complications after COVID-19 vaccination: A series of eight patients. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2022;122:753–761. doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-01941-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 268.Ling L., Bagshaw S.M., Villeneuve P.-M. Guillain–Barré syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a patient with previous vaccine-associated Guillain–Barré syndrome. CMAJ. 2021;193:E1766–E1769. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.210947. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 269.Liu B.D., Ugolini C., Jha P. Two Cases of Post-Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Encephalopathy Associated With Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. Cureus. 2021;13:e16172. doi: 10.7759/cureus.16172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 270.Lohmann L., Glaser F., Möddel G., Lünemann J.D., Wiendl H., Klotz L. Severe disease exacerbation after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination unmasks suspected multiple sclerosis as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A case report. BMC Neurol. 2022;22:185. doi: 10.1186/s12883-022-02698-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 271.Luca A., Squillaci R., Terravecchia C., Contrafatto F., Reggio E., Nicoletti A., Zappia M. Pure sensitive chronic inflammatory axonal polyneuropathy following Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:1431–1433. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05696-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 272.Luciano P.Q., Binatti R., Sodré A.R., Zajac S.R., Marson F.A.L., Ortega M.M. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in an older patient: Minireview and a case report. J. Infect. Public Health. 2022;15:638–642. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.04.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 273.Luitel P., Poudel B., Upadhyay D., Paudel S., Tiwari N., Gajurel B.P., Karn R., Rajbhandari R., Shrestha A., Gautam N., et al. Guillain–Barré syndrome following coronavirus disease vaccine: First report from Nepal. SAGE Open Med. Case Rep. 2022;10 doi: 10.1177/2050313X221100876. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 274.Mahajan S., Zhang F., Mahajan A., Zimnowodzki S. Parsonage Turner syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination. Muscle Nerve. 2021;64:E3. doi: 10.1002/mus.27255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 275.Malhotra H.S., Gupta P., Prabhu V., Garg R.K., Dandu H., Agarwal V. COVID-19 vaccination-associated myelitis. QJM Int. J. Med. 2021;114:591–593. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab069. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 276.Malik B., Kalantary A., Rikabi K., Kunadi A. Pulmonary embolism, transient ischaemic attack and thrombocytopenia after the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e243975. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 277.Mancuso M., Lauretti D.L., Cecconi N., Santini M., Lami V., Orlandi G., Casagli S., Ghetta A., Liberti G., Elena B.M., et al. Arterial intracranial thrombosis as the first manifestation of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): A case report. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:2085–2089. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05800-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 278.Manea M.M., Dragoș D., Enache I., Sirbu A.G., Tuta S. Multiple cranial nerve palsies following COVID-19 vaccination-Case report. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2022;145:257–259. doi: 10.1111/ane.13548. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 279.Maniscalco G.T., Manzo V., Di Battista M.E., Salvatore S., Moreggia O., Scavone C., Capuano A. Severe multiple sclerosis relapse after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Front. Neurol. 2021;12:721502. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.721502. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 280.Maramattom B.V., Krishnan P., Paul R., Padmanabhan S., Cherukudal Vishnu Nampoothiri S., Syed A.A., Mangat H.S. Guillain-Barré Syndrome following ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 Vaccine. Ann. Neurol. 2021;90:312–314. doi: 10.1002/ana.26143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 281.Maramattom B.V., Lotlikar R.S., Sukumaran S. Central nervous system adverse events after ChAdOx1 vaccination. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:3503–3507. doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06000-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 282.Maramattom B.V., Moidu F.M., Varikkottil S., Syed A.A. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after ChAdOx1 vaccination: The first case of definite thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome from India. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e246455. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 283.Maroufi S.F., Naderi Behdani F., Rezania F., Tanhapour Khotbehsara S., Mirzaasgari Z. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis after COVID-19 vaccination: Case report and review of literature. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2022;18:2040239. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2040239. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 284.Martin-Villares C., Vazquez-Feito A., Gonzalez-Gimeno M.J., de la Nogal-Fernandez B. Bell’s palsy following a single dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: A case report. J. Neurol. 2022;269:47–48. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10617-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 285.Masuccio F.G., Comi C., Solaro C. Guillain–Barrè syndrome following COVID-19 vaccine mRNA-1273, a case report. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2021;122:1369–1371. doi: 10.1007/s13760-021-01838-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 286.Matarneh A.S., Al-Battah A.H., Farooqui K., Ghamoodi M., Alhatou M. COVID-19 vaccine causing Guillain-Barre syndrome, a rare potential side effect. Clin. Case Rep. 2021;9:e04756. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.4756. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 287.Mazzeo A.T., Noto A., Asmundo A., Granata F., Galletta K., Mallamace R., De Gregorio C., Puliatti F., Fazio M.C., Germano’ A., et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Clues for an immunopathogenesis common to CVST observed in COVID-19. J. Anesth. Analg. Crit. Care. 2021;1:15. doi: 10.1186/s44158-021-00020-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 288.McKean N., Chircop C. Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e244125. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 289.Mehta P.R., Mangion S.A., Benger M., Stanton B.R., Czuprynska J., Arya R., Sztriha L.K. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination—A report of two UK cases. Brain Behav. Immun. 2021;95:514–517. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 290.Mélo-Silva M.L., Jr., Lopes D.P. Large hemorrhagic stroke after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: A case report. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2021;144:717–718. doi: 10.1111/ane.13505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 291.De Michele M., Iacobucci M., Chistolini A., Nicolini E., Pulcinelli F., Cerbelli B., Merenda E., Schiavo O.G., Sbardella E., Berto I., et al. Malignant cerebral infarction after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination: A catastrophic variant of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Nat. Commun. 2021;12:4663. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25010-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 292.Min Y.G., Ju W., Ha Y.E., Ban J.J., Lee S.A., Sung J.J., Shin J.Y. Sensory Guillain-Barre syndrome following the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: Report of two cases and review of literature. J. Neuroimmunol. 2021;359:577691. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577691. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 293.Mirmosayyeb O., Barzegar M., Rezaei M., Baharlouie N., Shaygannejad V. Bell’s palsy after Sputnik V COVID-19 (Gam-COVID-Vac) vaccination. Clin. Case Rep. 2022;10:e05468. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.5468. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 294.Miyamoto K., Koh J., Takahashi M., Niwa M., Ito H. A case of anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:3513–3514. doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06019-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 295.Miyaue N., Yoshida A., Yamanishi Y., Tada S., Ando R., Hosokawa Y., Yabe H., Nagai M. A case of refractory longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination in a Japanese man. Intern. Med. 2022;61:739–742. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8747-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 296.Morehouse Z.P., Paulus A., Jasti S.A., Bing X. A Rare Variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome following Ad26. COV2. S Vaccination. Cureus. 2021;13:e18153. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 297.Muir K.-L., Kallam A., Koepsell S.A., Gundabolu K. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26. COV2. S vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;384:1964–1965. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2105869. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 298.Mumoli L., Vescio V., Pirritano D., Russo E., Bosco D. ADEM anti-MOG antibody-positive after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:763–766. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05761-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 299.Mussatto C.C., Sokol J., Alapati N. Bell’s palsy following COVID-19 vaccine administration in HIV+ patient. Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep. 2022;25:101259. doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 300.Nagalli S., Shankar Kikkeri N. Sub-acute onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome post-mRNA-1273 vaccination: A case report. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 2022;4:41. doi: 10.1007/s42399-022-01124-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 301.Nagaratnam S.A., Ferdi A.C., Leaney J., Lee R.L.K., Hwang Y.T., Heard R. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with bilateral optic neuritis following ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccination. BMC Neurol. 2022;22:54. doi: 10.1186/s12883-022-02575-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 302.Nasiri A., Haddad Q., Alazwary N., Ghozzi I., Elkarouri M. Guillain-Barre Syndrome Post COVID-19 Vaccination: Case Report. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2022;7:8–12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20220701.12. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 303.Nasuelli N.A., De Marchi F., Cecchin M., De Paoli I., Onorato S., Pettinaroli R., Savoini G., Godi L. A case of acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with bilateral facial palsy after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Neurol. Sci. 2021;42:4747–4749. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05467-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 304.Nawaz S.B., Raigam W.A. Parsonage Turner Syndrome Following COVID-19 Vaccine. Eur. J. Med. Health Sci. 2022;4:13–14. doi: 10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.1.1158. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 305.Netravathi M., Dhamija K., Gupta M., Tamborska A., Nalini A., Holla V.V., Nitish L.K., Menon D., Pal P.K., Seena V., et al. COVID-19 vaccine associated demyelination & its association with MOG antibody. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2022;60:103739. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 306.Nishiguchi Y., Matsuyama H., Maeda K., Shindo A., Tomimoto H. Miller Fisher syndrome following BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus 2019 vaccination. BMC Neurol. 2021;21:452. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02489-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 307.Nishizawa Y., Hoshina Y., Baker V. Bell’s palsy following the Ad26. COV2. S COVID-19 vaccination. QJM An Int. J. Med. 2021;114:657–658. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 308.Nistri R., Barbuti E., Rinaldi V., Tufano L., Pozzilli V., Ianniello A., Marinelli F., De Luca G., Prosperini L., Tomassini V., et al. Case report: Multiple sclerosis relapses after vaccination against SARS-CoV2, a series of clinical cases. Front. Neurol. 2021;12:765954. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.765954. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 309.Ogbebor O., Seth H., Min Z., Bhanot N. Guillain-Barré syndrome following the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: A temporal occurrence, not a causal association. IDCases. 2021;24:e01143. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 310.Onoda K., Sashida R., Fujiwara R., Wakamiya T., Michiwaki Y., Tanaka T., Shimoji K., Suehiro E., Yamane F., Kawashima M., et al. Trigeminal neuropathy after tozinameran vaccination against COVID-19 in postmicrovascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: Illustrative case. J. Neurosurg. Case Lessons. 2022;3:CASE22101. doi: 10.3171/CASE22101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 311.Oo W.M., Giri P., De Souza A. AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Tasmania: A causal link? J. Neuroimmunol. 2021;360:577719. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 312.Oshida S., Akamatsu Y., Matsumoto Y., Suzuki T., Sasaki T., Kondo Y., Fujiwara S., Kashimura H., Kubo Y., Ogasawara K. Intracranial aneurysm rupture within three days after receiving mRNA anti-COVID-19 vaccination: Three case reports. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2022;13:117. doi: 10.25259/SNI_1144_2021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 313.Ozgen Kenangil G., Ari B.C., Guler C., Demir M.K. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis-like presentation after an inactivated coronavirus vaccine. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2021;121:1089–1091. doi: 10.1007/s13760-021-01699-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 314.Pagenkopf C., Südmeyer M. A case of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following vaccination against COVID-19. J. Neuroimmunol. 2021;358:577606. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577606. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 315.Pandey S., Garg R.K., Malhotra H.S., Kumar N., Uniyal R. Accelerated hypertension and intracerebral haemorrhage following first dose of ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccination. Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol. 2022;25:322. doi: 10.4103/aian.aian_714_21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 316.Pang E., Ghosh S., Chemmanam T., Grove C., Phillips T. Cerebral arterial and venous thrombosis due to COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2022;15:e245445. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 317.Patel S.U., Khurram R., Lakhani A., Quirk B. Guillain-Barre syndrome following the first dose of the chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine, ChAdOx1. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2021;14:e242956. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242956. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 318.Permezel F., Borojevic B., Lau S., de Boer H.H. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) following recent Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol. 2021;18:74–79. doi: 10.1007/s12024-021-00440-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 319.Pothiawala S. Bell’s Palsy After Second Dose of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine: Coincidence or Causation? Acta Medica Litu. 2021;28:298. doi: 10.15388/Amed.2021.28.2.7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 320.Poudel S., Nepali P., Baniya S., Shah S., Bogati S., Nepal G., Ojha R., Edaki O., Lazovic G., Kara S. Bell’s palsy as a possible complication of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine against COVID-19. Ann. Med. Surg. 2022;78:103897. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103897. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 321.Prasad A., Hurlburt G., Podury S., Tandon M., Kingree S., Sriwastava S. A novel case of bifacial diplegia variant of guillain-barré syndrome following janssen COVID-19 vaccination. Neurol. Int. 2021;13:404–409. doi: 10.3390/neurolint13030040. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 322.Queler S.C., Towbin A.J., Milani C., Whang J., Sneag D.B. Parsonage-Turner syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination: MR neurography. Radiology. 2022;302:84. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021211374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 323.Quintanilla-Bordás C., Gascón-Gimenez F., Alcalá C., Payá M., Mallada J., Silla R., Carratalà-Boscà S., Gasque-Rubio R., Castillo J., Casanova B. Case Report: Exacerbation of Relapses Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Series. Front. Neurol. 2022;13:897275. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.897275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 324.Rao S.J., Khurana S., Murthy G., Dawson E.T., Jazebi N., Haas C.J. A case of Guillain-Barre syndrome following Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. J. Community Hosp. Intern. Med. Perspect. 2021;11:597–600. doi: 10.1080/20009666.2021.1954284. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 325.Rastogi A., Bingeliene A., Strafella A.P., Tang-Wai D.F., Wu P.E., Mandell D.M. Reversible neurological and brain MRI changes following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. J. Neuroradiol. 2022;1:1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.neurad.2022.03.011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 326.Razok A., Shams A., Almeer A., Zahid M. Post-COVID-19 vaccine Guillain-Barré syndrome; first reported case from Qatar. Ann. Med. Surg. 2021;67:102540. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102540. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 327.Repajic M., Lai X.L., Xu P., Liu A. Bell’s Palsy after second dose of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with history of recurrent Bell’s palsy. Brain Behav. Immun.-Health. 2021;13:100217. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 328.Reyes-Capo D.P., Stevens S.M., Cavuoto K.M. Acute abducens nerve palsy following COVID-19 vaccination. J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus. 2021;25:302–303. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.05.003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 329.Rinaldi V., Bellucci G., Romano A., Bozzao A., Salvetti M. ADEM after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: A case report. Mult. Scler. 2021;28:1151–1154. doi: 10.1177/13524585211040222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 330.Rizvi I., Garg R.K., Gupta P., Malhotra H.S., Kumar N., Uniyal R., Pandey S. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis after administration of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 (COVISHIELD™) vaccine. Neuroimmunol. Rep. 2022;2:100089. doi: 10.1016/j.nerep.2022.100089. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 331.Rizzo A.C., Giussani G., Agostoni E.C. Ischemic Stroke and Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report with Systematic Review of the Literature. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2022;51:722–734. doi: 10.1159/000524290. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 332.Roncati L., Gravina D., Marra C., Della Rosa N., Adani R. Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Temporally after COVID-19 Vaccination. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022;7:62. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040062. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 333.Rossetti A., Gheihman G., O’Hare M., Kosowsky J.M. Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting as facial diplegia after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. J. Emerg. Med. 2021;61:e141–e145. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.07.062. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 334.Saito K., Shimizu T., Suzuki-Inoue K., Ishida T., Wada Y. Aseptic meningitis after vaccination of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Neurol. Sci. 2021;42:4433–4435. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05543-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 335.Salbas E., Özge O., Levent Ö., Karahan A.Y. Facial paralysis following messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines: The report of two Cases. Aegean J. Med. Sci. 2021;4:73–77. doi: 10.33713/egetbd.969419. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 336.Saleh M., Zimmermann J., Lehnen N.C., Pötzsch B., Weller J.M. Late-Onset Vaccine-Induced Immune Thombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT) with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. Off. J. Natl. Stroke Assoc. 2022;31:106311. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 337.Sanjay S., Acharya I., Rawoof A., Shetty R. Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) and COVID-19 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. CP. 2022;15:e248415. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-248415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 338.Sansen P., Calaras E., Weynants N., Glorieux P. Miller-Fisher Syndrome following the first dose of Comirnaty (Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination) J. Med. Case Rep. Case Ser. 2021;2:16. [Google Scholar]
  • 339.Saraswat B., Kumar S., Rawal D., Johri S., Rai P.K., Grover A. Acute Onset Quadriparesis Post COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. East Afr. Sch. J. Med. Sci. 2021;4:181–182. [Google Scholar]
  • 340.Scendoni R., Petrelli C., Scaloni G., Logullo F.O. Electromyoneurography and laboratory findings in a case of Guillain-Barré syndrome after second dose of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2021;17:4093–4096. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1954826. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 341.Schultz N.H., Sørvoll I.H., Michelsen A.E., Munthe L.A., Lund-Johansen F., Ahlen M.T., Wiedmann M., Aamodt A.H., Skattør T.H., Tjønnfjord G.E., et al. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;384:2124–2130. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2104882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 342.Senda J., Ashida R., Sugawara K., Kawaguchi K. Acute Meningoencephalitis after COVID-19 Vaccination in an Adult Patient with Rheumatoid Vasculitis. Intern. Med. 2022;61:8815–8821. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8815-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 343.Sepahvand M., Yazdi N., Rohani M., Emamikhah M. Cervical longitudinally extensive myelitis after vaccination with inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine. Radiol. Case Rep. 2022;17:303–305. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.10.053. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 344.Shalilahmadi D., Porkar N.F. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Sputnik V COVID-19 Vaccine: A. Int. J. Neurol. Disord. 2021;5:7–10. [Google Scholar]
  • 345.Sharma A., Gupta A. A Rare Case of Brachial Plexus Neuropraxia after COVID-19 Vaccination. Cureus. 2022;14:e21244. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21244. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 346.Shields L.B., Iyer V.G., Zhang Y.P., Burger J.T., Shields C.B. Parsonage-Turner Syndrome following COVID-19 Vaccination: Clinical and Electromyographic Findings in 6 Patients. Case Rep. Neurol. 2022;14:58–67. doi: 10.1159/000521462. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 347.Shimizu M., Ogaki K., Nakamura R., Kado E., Nakajima S., Kurita N., Watanabe M., Yamashiro K., Hattori N., Urabe T. An 88-year-old woman with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following messenger ribonucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccination. Eneurologicalsci. 2021;25:100381. doi: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100381. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 348.Siddiqi A.R., Khan T., Tahir M.J., Asghar M.S., Islam M.S., Yousaf Z. Miller Fisher syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination: Case report and review of literature. Medicine. 2022;101:e29333. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 349.Silva G.F., da Silva C.F., Oliveira R.E.N.D.N., Romancini F., Mendes R.M., Locks A., Longo M.F.M., Moro C.H.C., Longo A.L., Braatz V.L. Guillain-Barré syndrome after coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine: A temporal association. Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol. 2022;13:92–94. doi: 10.1111/cen3.12678. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 350.Silva G.F., Silva C.F., Oliveira R.E.N.D.N., Silva F.W.D., Baptista J.P.R., Loz S.H., Moro C.H.C., Longo A.L., Ribas G.D.C. Transverse myelitis and coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine: A temporal association. Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol. 2022;13:75–79. doi: 10.1111/cen3.12684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 351.Singh S., Sanna F., Adhikari R., Akella R., Gangu K. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Post-mRNA-1273 Vaccination. Cureus. 2022;14:e24528. doi: 10.7759/cureus.24528. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 352.Siriratnam P., Buzzard K., Yip G. Acute haemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report and literature review. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2022;123:303–305. doi: 10.1007/s13760-021-01862-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 353.Sivji M., Vidya M., Pratap T., Jalal M.J.A. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with Chadox1 nCov-19 (AZD1222)–A rare case report. East. J. Med. Sci. 2022;7:47–50. doi: 10.32677/ejms.v7i2.3365. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 354.Sluyts Y., Arnst Y., Vanhemelryck T., De Cauwer H. COVID-19-booster vaccine-induced encephalitis. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2022;122:579–581. doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-01898-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 355.Sobh O., AlSoofi N., Alatifi A., Alsulaim L., Dahhan H., Abuselmiya M., AlJarallah A., Elmaghrabi M.M., SobH O., Alatifi A., et al. A Rare Case of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia in a Young Patient. Cureus. 2022;14:e24355. doi: 10.7759/cureus.24355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 356.Souza A., Oo W.M., Giri P. Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy after the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine may follow a chronic course. J. Neurol. Sci. 2022;436:120231. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 357.Sriwastava S., Shrestha A.K., Khalid S.H., Colantonio M.A., Nwafor D., Srivastava S. Spectrum of neuroimaging findings in post-COVID-19 vaccination: A case series and review of literature. Neurol. Int. 2021;13:622–639. doi: 10.3390/neurolint13040061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 358.Stefanou M.I., Karachaliou E., Chondrogianni M., Moschovos C., Bakola E., Foska A., Melanis K., Andreadou E., Voumvourakis K., Papathanasiou M., et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome and fulminant encephalomyelitis following Ad26. COV2. S vaccination: Double jeopardy. Neurol. Res. Pract. 2022;4:6. doi: 10.1186/s42466-022-00172-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 359.Su S.-C., Lyu R.-K., Chang C.-W., Tseng W.-E.J. The First Guillain-Barr? Syndrome After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Taiwan. Acta Neurol. Taiwanica. 2022;31:46–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 360.Suri V., Pandey S., Singh J., Jena A. Acute-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy after COVID-19 infection and subsequent ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14:e245816. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245816. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 361.Syed K., Chaudhary H., Donato A. Central Venous Sinus Thrombosis with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Following an mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: Are These Reports Merely Co-Incidental? Am. J. Case Rep. 2021;22:e933397. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.933397. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 362.Tabatabaee S., Rezania F., Alwedaie S.M.J., Malekdar E., Badi Z., Tabatabaei S.M., Mirzaasgari Z. Post COVID-19 vaccination Guillain-Barre syndrome: Three cases. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2022;18:2045153. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2045153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 363.Tagliaferri A.R., Horani G., Stephens K., Michael P. A rare presentation of undiagnosed multiple sclerosis after the COVID-19 vaccine. J. Community Hosp. Intern. Med. Perspect. 2021;11:772–775. doi: 10.1080/20009666.2021.1979745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 364.Takahashi K., Tomoda Y., Kadena S., Kanbayashi T., Kobayashi S., Kato R. Guillain–Barré syndrome after BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTec) vaccination. QJM Int. J. Med. 2022;115:331–333. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcac102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 365.Tan W.Y., Yusof Khan A.H.K., Mohd Yaakob M.N., Abdul Rashid A.M., Loh W.C., Baharin J., Ibrahim A., Ismail M.R., Inche Mat L.N., Wan Sulaiman W.A., et al. Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis following ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine: A case report. BMC Neurol. 2021;21:395. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02427-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 366.Tapdia M., Kumar A., Singh V.K., Pathak A., Joshi D. Post ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination frontal lobe syndrome. Neurol. Sci. 2022;43:4099–4101. doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06086-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 367.Terreros-Caro G.G., Díaz S.G., Alé M.P., Gimeno M.M. Bell’s palsy following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Neurologia. 2021;36:567. doi: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.04.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 368.Thant H.L., Morgan R., Paese M.M., Persaud T., Diaz J., Hurtado L. Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Ad26. COV2. S Vaccination. Am. J. Case Rep. 2022;23:e935275-1. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.935275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 369.Tiede A., Sachs U.J., Czwalinna A., Werwitzke S., Bikker R., Krauss J.K., Donnerstag F., Weißenborn K., Höglinger G., Maasoumy B., et al. Prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination. Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol. 2021;138:350–353. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021011958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 370.Toljan K., Amin M., Kunchok A., Ontaneda D. New diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in the setting of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine exposure. J. Neuroimmunol. 2022;362:577785. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577785. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 371.Trimboli M., Zoleo P., Arabia G., Gambardella A. Guillain-Barré syndrome following BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine. Neurol. Sci. 2021;42:4401–4402. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05523-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 372.Vegezzi E., Ravaglia S., Buongarzone G., Bini P., Diamanti L., Gastaldi M., Prunetti P., Rognone E., Marchioni E. Acute myelitis and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: Casual or causal association? J. Neuroimmunol. 2021;359:577686. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577686. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 373.Vitturi B.K., Grandis M., Beltramini S., Orsi A., Schenone A., Icardi G., Durando P. Parsonage–Turner syndrome following coronavirus disease 2019 immunization with ChAdOx1-S vaccine: A case report and review of the literature. J. Med. Case Rep. 2021;15:589. doi: 10.1186/s13256-021-03176-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 374.Vogrig A., Janes F., Gigli G.L., Curcio F., Del Negro I., D’Agostini S., Fabris M., Valente M. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2021;208:106839. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 375.Walter U., Fuchs M., Grossmann A., Walter M., Thiele T., Storch A., Wittstock M. Adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine–induced immune thrombosis of carotid artery: A case report. Neurology. 2021;97:716–719. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 376.Yamakawa M., Nakahara K., Nakanishi T., Nomura T., Ueda M. Miller Fisher Syndrome Following Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Intern. Med. 2022;61:1067–1069. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8851-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 377.Yazdanpanah F., Iranpour P., Haseli S., Poursadeghfard M., Yarmahmoodi F. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report. Radiol. Case Rep. 2022;17:1789–1793. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.03.013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 378.Yu B.-Y., Cen L.-S., Chen T., Yang T.-H. Bell’s palsy after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with history of recurrent Bell’s palsy: A case report. World J. Clin. Cases. 2021;9:8274–8279. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i27.8274. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 379.Zavala-Jonguitud L.F., Pérez-García C.C. Delirium triggered by COVID-19 vaccine in an elderly patient. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2021;21:540. doi: 10.1111/ggi.14163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 380.Zavari A., Hamidabad N.M., Hassanzadeh M. A case of aseptic meningitis following AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccination. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2021;55:225.e5–225.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.12.035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 381.Zlotnik Y., Gadoth A., Abu-Salameh I., Horev A., Novoa R., Ifergane G. Case Report: Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Front. Immunol. 2022;12:813487. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.813487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 382.Zubair A.S., Bae J.Y., Desai K. Facial Diplegia Variant of Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Pregnancy FOLLOWING COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. Cureus. 2022;14:e22341. doi: 10.7759/cureus.22341. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 383.Zuhorn F., Graf T., Klingebiel R., Schäbitz W.R., Rogalewski A. Postvaccinal encephalitis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Ann. Neurol. 2021;90:506–511. doi: 10.1002/ana.26182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 384.Asaduzzaman M., Purkayastha B., Alam M.J., Chakraborty S.R., Roy S., Ahmed N. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-associated encephalopathy, myocarditis, and thrombocytopenia with excellent response to methylprednisolone: A case report. J. Neuroimmunol. 2022;368:577883. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 385.Barsha S.Y., Haque M.M.A., Rashid M.U., Rahman M.L., Hossain M.A., Zaman S., Bhuiyan E., Sultana R., Hossian M., Nabi M.H., et al. A case of acute encephalopathy and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction following mRNA-1273 vaccination: Possible adverse effect? Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res. 2021;10:293. doi: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 386.Zuin M., Rigatelli G., Bilato C., Porcari A., Merlo M., Roncon L., Sinagra G. One-Year Risk of myocarditis after COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can. J. Cardiol. 2022;39:839–844. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 387.Voleti N., Reddy S.P., Ssentongo P. Myocarditis in SARS-CoV-2 infection vs. COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022;9:2059. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.951314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 388.Ling R.R., Ramanathan K., Tan F.L., Tai B.C., Somani J., Fisher D., MacLaren G. Myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir. Med. 2022;10:679–688. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00059-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 389.Heidecker B., Dagan N., Balicer R., Eriksson U., Rosano G., Coats A., Tschöpe C., Kelle S., Poland G.A., Frustaci A., et al. Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccine: Incidence, presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, therapy, and outcomes put into perspective. A clinical consensus document supported by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2022;24:2000–2018. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 390.Bozkurt B., Kamat I., Hotez P.J. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation. 2021;144:471–484. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 391.Vojdani A., Kharrazian D. Potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases. Clin. Immunol. 2020;217:108480. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 392.Karikó K., Buckstein M., Ni H., Weissman D. Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity. 2005;23:165–175. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 393.Caso F., Costa L., Ruscitti P., Navarini L., Del Puente A., Giacomelli R., Scarpa R. Could Sars-coronavirus-2 trigger autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects? Autoimmun. Rev. 2020;19:102524. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102524. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 394.Sejvar J.J., Baughman A.L., Wise M., Morgan O.W. Population incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;36:123–133. doi: 10.1159/000324710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 395.Palaiodimou L., Stefanou M.I., Katsanos A.H., Fragkou P.C., Papadopoulou M., Moschovos C., Michopoulos I., Kokotis P., Bakirtzis C., Naska A., et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Guillain− Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Neurol. 2021;28:3517–3529. doi: 10.1111/ene.14860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 396.Ogunjimi O.B., Tsalamandris G., Paladini A., Varrassi G., Zis P. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Induced by Vaccination Against COVID-19, A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2023;15:e37578. doi: 10.7759/cureus.37578. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 397.Marcus R. What Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome? JAMA. 2023;329:602. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.24232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 398.Winer J.B. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Bmj. 2008;337:227–231. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a671. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 399.Arami M.A., Yazdchi M., Khandaghi R. Epidemiology and characteristics of Guillain-Barré syndrome in the northwest of Iran. Ann. Saudi Med. 2006;26:22–27. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2006.22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 400.Dourado M., Félix R., Da Silva W., Queiroz J., Jeronimo S. Clinical characteristics of Guillain–Barré syndrome in a tropical country: A Brazilian experience. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2012;125:47–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01503.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 401.Gómez Á., Díaz A., Carrión-Penagos J., Reyes J., Reyes S. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Colombia. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 2019;24:268–271. doi: 10.1111/jns.12340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 402.Hanson K.E., Goddard K., Lewis N., Fireman B., Myers T.R., Bakshi N., Weintraub E., Donahue J.G., Nelson J.C., Xu S., et al. Incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination in the vaccine safety datalink. JAMA Netw. Open. 2022;5:e228879-e. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8879. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 403.WHO . The Top 10 Causes of Death. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2020. [(accessed on 23 September 2023)]. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death#:~:text=Stroke%20and%20chronic%20obstructive%20pulmonary,4th%20leading%20cause%20of%20death. [Google Scholar]
  • 404.Feigin V.L., Stark B.A., Johnson C.O., Roth G.A., Bisignano C., Abady G.G., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abd-Allah F., Abedi V., et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795–820. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 405.Luo W., Liu X., Bao K., Huang C. Ischemic stroke associated with COVID-19, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurol. 2022;269:1731–1740. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10837-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 406.Cui Y., Zhao B., Li T., Yang Z., Li S., Le W. Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Res. Bull. 2022;180:31–37. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.12.011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 407.Stefanou M.I., Palaiodimou L., Aguiar de Sousa D., Theodorou A., Bakola E., Katsaros D.E., Halvatsiotis P., Tzavellas E., Naska A., Coutinho J.M., et al. Acute arterial ischemic stroke following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2022;99:e1465–e1474. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200996. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 408.Krzywicka K., Heldner M.R., Sánchez van Kammen M., van Haaps T., Hiltunen S., Silvis S.M., Levi M., Kremer Hovinga J.A., Jood K., Lindgren E., et al. Post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccination cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: An analysis of cases notified to the European Medicines Agency. Eur. J. Neurol. 2021;28:3656–3662. doi: 10.1111/ene.15029. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 409.Kakovan M., Shirkouhi S.G., Zarei M., Andalib S. Stroke associated with COVID-19 vaccines. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2022;31:106440. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106440. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 410.Liu L., Chen W., Zhou H., Duan W., Li S., Huo X., Xu W., Zheng H., Liu J., Liu H., et al. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: Executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases. Stroke Vasc. Neurol. 2020;5:159–176. doi: 10.1136/svn-2020-000378. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 411.Al-Mufti F., Amuluru K., Sahni R., Bekelis K., Karimi R., Ogulnick J., Cooper J., Overby P., Nuoman R., Tiwari A., et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19, a New York metropolitan cohort study. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2021;42:1196–1200. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 412.Hinduja A., Nalleballe K., Onteddu S., Kovvuru S., Hussein O. Impact of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with COVID-19. J. Neurol. Sci. 2021;425:117448. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117448. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 413.Taquet M., Husain M., Geddes J.R., Luciano S., Harrison P.J. Cerebral venous thrombosis: A retrospective cohort study of 513,284 confirmed COVID-19 cases and a comparison with 489,871 people receiving a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Cent. Open Sci. Prepr. 2021 medRxiv:2021.04.27.21256153. [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

vaccines-12-00575-s001.zip (374.6KB, zip)

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Articles from Vaccines are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

RESOURCES