Table 1.
Anthropometric, clinical, metabolic and serological data of normal weight group, overweight group, and obese group.
| Variables | Total Group (208) |
Normal Weight Group (60) |
Overweight Group (79) |
Obese Group (69) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical and biodemographic data | |||||
| Age, years | 10.4 ± 1.0 | 10.3 ± 1.0 | 10.4 ± 1.0 | 10.4 ± 1.1 | 0.647 |
| Tanner Stage [1–2/3–5], % | 66.2 (137) /33.8 (70) |
60.0 (36) /40.0 (24) |
62.8 (49) /37.2 (29) |
75.0 (51) /25.0 (17) |
0.144 |
| Sex [M/F], % | 48.3/51.7 (101/107) |
35.0/65.0 (21/39) |
50.6/49.4 (40/39) |
58.0/42.0 (40/29) |
0.029 |
| Dyslipidemia % | 38.3 (78) | 24.6 (14) | 34.2 (27) | 54.4 (37) | 0.002 |
| Insulin Resistance, % | 19 (39) | 5 (3) | 15 (12) | 35 (24) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg DBP, mmHg |
109.6 ± 18.6 61.5 ± 16.7 |
105.3 ± 18.4 a 63.9 ± 17.8 |
107.6 ± 18.3 57.8 ± 13.8 a.b |
115.7± 18.1 b 64.4 ± 18.3 |
<0.001 0.190 |
| Hypertension % | 35.5 (55) | 28.8 (13) | 28.8 (17) | 49.0% (25) | 0.050 |
| Anthropometric Parameters | |||||
| BMI z-score | 1.50 ± 0.67 | 0.35 ± 0.55 a | 1.42 ± 0.28 b | 2.58 ± 0.40 c | <0.001 |
| Body fat, % | 28.4± 8.7 | 21.7± 6.8 a | 27.3 ± 5.7 b | 36.4 ± 7.1 c | <0.001 |
| Biochemical Parameters | |||||
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 154 ± 29 | 150 ± 32 | 154 ± 27 | 157 ± 28 | 0.392 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 99 ± 68 | 80 ± 31 a | 90 ± 37 a | 127 ± 102 b | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 82 ± 24 | 79 ± 25 | 85 ± 23 | 87 ± 24 | 0.171 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 51 ± 13 | 54 ± 14 a | 52 ± 12 a | 46 ± 13 b | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 103 ± 30 | 97 ± 27 a | 103 ± 25 a.b | 112 ± 30 b | 0.003 |
| VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 20 ± 14 | 16 ± 6 a | 18 ± 8 a | 26 ± 21 b | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 85 ± 7 | 85 ± 6 | 85 ± 6 | 86 ± 9 | 0.844 |
| Insulin, μU/Ml | 14.1 ± 9.4 | 10.1 ± 5.5 a | 13.5 ± 8.2 b | 18.0 ± 11.6 c | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.00 ± 2.58 | 2.15 ± 1.25 a | 2.86 ± 1.82 a | 3.86 ± 2.81 b | <0.001 |
| Serology | |||||
| Anti-HAdv-D36, % | 5.4% (11) | 8.8% (5) | 3.8% (3) | 4.4% (3) | 0.089 |
The number of individuals is indicated in parentheses. Categorical data are presented as a per-centage and were compared using the chi-square test. Continuous variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation and were compared using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s method or Kruskal–Wallis followed by Dunn’s method for parametric and nonparametric variables, respectively. The children were grouped according to their pubertal development into Tanner stage 1–2 or 3–5. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: re-sistance index insulin according to the homeostatic evaluation model; Anti-HAdv-D36: positive serology against HAdv-D36 a, b, c: different letters on the same line represent significant differences.