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. 2024 May 30;16(5):e61400. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61400

Table 1. Description of the type of studies examined and the given scores for each study based on the MMAT 2018.

MMAT: Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool

Study Are there clear research questions Does the collected data allow to address the research questions? Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question? Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question? Are the findings adequately derived from the data? Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis, and interpretation? Is randomization appropriately performed? Are the groups comparable at baseline? Are there complete outcome data? Are outcome assessors blinded to the intervention provided? Did the participants adhere to the assigned intervention? Are the participants representative of the target population? Are measurements appropriate regarding both the outcome and intervention (or exposure)? Are there complete outcome data? Are the confounders accounted for in the design and analysis? During the study period, is the intervention administered (or exposure occurred) as intended? Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question? Is the sample representative of the target population? Are the measurements appropriate? Is the risk of nonresponse bias low? Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question? Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed methods design to address the research question? Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question? Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted? Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed? Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved?
Guo Y et al. 2024 [19] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes
Zhang W et al. 2022 [20] No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Can't tell
Daeschler SC et al. 2022 [21] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell No Yes Can't tell Can't tell No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
Onesto V et al. 2017 [22] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Yes Can't tell Yes Yes Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yu ZH et al. 2020 [23] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes No Can't tell Yes
Pridham G et al. 2021 [24] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes No No Yes
Liu Z et al. 2023 [25] No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes Yes Yes can't tell Can't tell Yes
Anopas D et al. 2018 [26] No Yes No No Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell can't tell can't tell Can't tell Can't tell
Malesevic N et al. 2023 [27] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Yes Yes Yes Can't tell Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Can't tell No Yes
Yan P et al. 2019 [28] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell No Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Can't tell No Yes
Lou M et al. 2007 [29] No Yes No No Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes No Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell
Timotius IK et al. 2021 [30] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell yes
Romeo-Guitart D et al. 2018 [31] No can't tell No Yes Yes Yes No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell No Can't tell No Can't tell Can't tell Yes
Chen YC et al. 2022 [32] Yes Yes No Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell No Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes
Saravi B et al. 2023 [33] no Yes No Can't tell Yes Yes No can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes Yes Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes
Du S et al. 2023 [34] Yes No No Can't tell Yes Yes No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes Can't tell Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
Al-Ali H et al. 2015 [35] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Heaton JT et al. 2013 [36] No No Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell
Shen H et al. 2021 [37] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Can't tell No Can't tell No Can't tell No Yes Can't tell Can't tell Can't tell Yes No Yes Can't tell Yes No Yes Can't tell Can't tell Yes