Synthesis of 4-functionalized pyrazoles via oxidative thio- or selenocyanation mediated by PhICl₂ and NH₄SCN/KSeCN

Abstract

A series of 4-thio/seleno-cyanated pyrazoles was conveniently synthesized from 4-unsubstituted pyrazoles using NH₄SCN/KSeCN as thio/selenocyanogen sources and PhICl₂ as the hypervalent iodine oxidant. This metal-free approach was postulated to involve the in situ generation of reactive thio/selenocyanogen chloride (Cl–SCN/SeCN) from the reaction of PhICl₂ and NH₄SCN/KSeCN, followed by an electrophilic thio/selenocyanation of the pyrazole skeleton.

Introduction

Pyrazoles and their derivatives are an important class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds [1–5] that have drawn increasing attention from organic chemists, due to their potential biological and pharmaceutical properties including anti-inflammatory [6], antiviral [7], antibacterial [8], antifungal [9], cytotoxic [10], antioxidant [11], and analgesic [12] activities. For instance, celecoxib (I, Figure 1) (for treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis), tepoxalin (II, Figure 1) (a veterinary painkiller used to relieve pain from muscle and bone diseases), dimetilan (III, Figure 1) (demonstrating excellent insecticidal effects) [13–15] all possess a pyrazole framework in their respective chemical structure. Considering the pharmaceutical significance of pyrazole compounds, there has been growing interest in the development of efficient strategies for accessing functionalized pyrazole derivatives.

Figure 1.

Representative pyrazoles with pharmacological activities and S/Se-containing pharmaceutical molecules.

Thio/selenocyano groups are widely existing in the core structural motifs of various natural products and pharmaceutical agents [16–20]. Many S/SeCN-containing bioactive small molecules have been proved to possess wide-ranging biological activities. Specifically, representative examples include fasicularin (IV, Figure 1), which possesses cytotoxic properties [21] and psammaplin B (V, Figure 1), which shows antimicrobial and mild tyrosine kinase inhibition activities [22]. In addition, Se-aspirin (VI, Figure 1) has been used as an effective anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical [23]. On the other hand, organic thiocyanates usually serve as useful synthetic intermediates that can be conveniently converted to sulfur-containing derivatives including sulfides [24], disulfides [25], thiocarbamates [26], and trifluoromethyl thioethers [27]. Likewise, selenocyanates can be used as versatile precursors for the synthesis of a variety of selenium-containing compounds [28–32].

As the S/SeCN-containing organic compounds play an important role in organic and medicinal chemistry, organic chemists have devoted a great deal of efforts to developing efficient thio/selenocyanation approaches [33–41]. Specifically, a plethora of synthetic strategies have been reported for the thiocyanation of heteroaromatic compounds including arenes, indoles, carbazoles, pyrroles, and imidazopyridines [42–45]. However, the electrophilic thiocyanation of biologically important pyrazoles has been less explored [46–48]. Among them, the majority of the reported methods proceed through a radical pathway, with the SCN radical generated by the reaction of the thiocyanate source with a corresponding oxidant (Scheme 1a–c) [49]. For example, Xu reported that a series of 4-thiocyanated 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles was synthesized by a K₂S₂O₈-promoted direct thiocyanation of pyrazolin-5-ones at room temperature, using NH₄SCN as thiocyanogen source (Scheme 1a) [20]. Similarly, utilizing NH₄SCN and K₂S₂O₈, Yotphan and colleagues realized a direct thiocyanation of N-substituted pyrazolones under metal-free conditions [49]. Besides, Choudhury and co-workers developed an additive and metal-free methodology for the C–H thiocyanation of aminopyrazoles, using H₂O₂ as a benign oxidizing agent (Scheme 1b) [41]. Pan presented a method for the C–H thiocyanation of pyrazoles by using a sustainable catalyst of graphite-phase carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) under visible light irradiation (Scheme 1c) [2]. Furthermore, Yao harnessed an electrochemical approach to form the electrophilic SCN⁺ intermediate, which reacted with pyrazoles to give the corresponding thiocyanated pyrazoles (Scheme 1d) [50]. However, to our knowledge, there are only few reports on the electrophilic selenocyanation of heterocycles [51–53] including the biologically important pyrazoles. In this regard, it should be highly desirable to develop an efficient method for a smooth selenocyanation of pyrazole compounds.

Scheme 1.

Approaches for thio/selenocyanation of the pyrazole skeleton.

Results and Discussion

In our previous work we reported that a regioselective C-5 thiocyanation of the 2-pyridone skeleton could be realized via a PhICl₂-mediated electrophilic thiocyanation approach [54]. Inspired by this previous work, we were interested at investigating whether a direct C-4 selenocyanation as well as a thiocyanation of the pyrazole skeleton could be realized using the same protocol. At the outset of the study, 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole (1a, 1 equiv) was chosen as the model substrate to react with NH₄SCN (1 equiv) and PhICl₂ (1 equiv) in THF at 0 °C under N₂ atmosphere. To our delight, the desired thiocyanated product 2a was obtained in 68% yield (Table 1, entry 1). Encouraged by this result, we proceeded to investigate the other parameters that would possibly affect the efficiency of the reaction. First, upon a comparison of different reaction temperatures, we found that the reaction operated at 0 °C gave the best result (Table 1, entries 1–3). Then, other SCN-containing inorganic salts including KSCN, AgSCN, and CuSCN were screened, and the results showed that none of them gave better results than NH₄SCN (Table 1, entries 4–6). Next, other oxidants including phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA), phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA), iodosobenzene (PhIO), and NCS were applied, and the results indicated that PhICl₂ was the most effective oxidant (Table 1, entries 7–10). Later on, when the dosage of PhICl₂ and NH₄SCN was increased to 2.0 equivalents, the yield of product 2a significantly increased to 82% (Table 1, entry 11). However, when the loading of PhICl₂ and NH₄SCN were further increased to 3.0 equivalents, the reaction did not afford a better outcome (Table 1, entry 12). Furthermore, solvent screening showed that toluene was the most appropriate solvent, while the reaction led to a much lower yield when DMF, MeOH, MeCN, or DCM were used as solvents (Table 1, entries 13–17). On the basis of the above experimental results, the optimized conditions for the thiocyanation of the model substrate were concluded to be: 2.0 equivalents of PhICl₂ and NH₄SCN in toluene at 0 °C, under N₂ atmosphere (Table 1, entry 17).

Table 1.

Optimization of oxidative thiocyanation of pyrazole.^a

Entry	Oxidant (equiv)	[SCN] (equiv)	Solvent	T (°C)	Yield (%)b
1	PhICl2 (1.0)	NH4SCN (1.0)	THF	0	68
2	PhICl2 (1.0)	NH4SCN (1.0)	THF	25	43
3	PhICl2 (1.0)	NH4SCN (1.0)	THF	40	40
4	PhICl2 (1.0)	KSCN (1.0)	THF	0	10
5	PhICl2 (1.0)	AgSCN (1.0)	THF	0	15
6	PhICl2 (1.0)	CuSCN (1.0)	THF	0	12
7	PIDA (1.0)	NH4SCN (1.0)	THF	0	NRc
8	PIFA (1.0)	NH4SCN (1.0)	THF	0	NR
9	PhIO (1.0)	NH4SCN (1.0)	THF	0	NR
10	NCS (1.0)	NH4SCN (1.0)	THF	0	NDd
11	PhICl2 (2.0)	NH4SCN (2.0)	THF	0	82
12	PhICl2 (3.0)	NH4SCN (3.0)	THF	0	80
13	PhICl2 (2.0)	NH4SCN (2.0)	DMF	0	NR
14	PhICl2 (2.0)	NH4SCN (2.0)	MeOH	0	10
15	PhICl2 (2.0)	NH4SCN (2.0)	MeCN	0	58
16	PhICl2 (2.0)	NH4SCN (2.0)	DCM	0	55
17	PhICl 2 (2.0)	NH 4 SCN (2.0)	toluene	0	91

^aReaction conditions: under N₂ atmosphere, a mixture of oxidant and [SCN] in solvent (2 mL) was stirred at 0 °C for 0.5 h, then 1a (0.20 mmol) was added, and stirring continued at 0 °C for 8 h. ^bYield of the isolated product. ^cNR = no reaction. ^dND = no desired product.

With the optimized reaction conditions in hand, the substrate scope of this thiocyanation approach was next investigated (Scheme 2). The results showed that the newly established PhICl₂/NH₄SCN protocol was suitable for a wide range of substrates. Specifically, when N-aryl substrates containing electron-donating groups (-Me, -OMe) were subjected to the standard reaction conditions, the corresponding products 2b–e were obtained in good yields (80–91%). It was found that there was no significant influence on the outcome of the reactions of various N-aryl-substituted pyrazoles with a methyl group at the ortho-, meta- or para- positions of the phenyl group. Next, N-arylated substrates bearing electron-withdrawing groups (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CF₃, -NO₂) were tested, and the desired products 2f–k were conveniently obtained in moderate to good yields. Notably, the reaction of the substrate bearing a -CF₃ group afforded the corresponding product 2j in 93% yield. However, the substrate possessing a -NO₂ substituent gave an inferior yield of the product 2k. Then, we proceeded to investigate the effects of different substituents R² and R³. When the methyl substituent (R²) was replaced with an aryl group, the corresponding thiocyanated products 2l–o could be obtained in acceptable to moderate yields. On the other hand, the method was equally applicable to the substrate bearing two aryl substituents (R² and R³), albeit the reaction afforded product 2n in a much lower yield, possibly caused by steric congestion. In addition, when the aryl substituent of R¹ was replaced with a tert-butyl group, this method also worked well to give product 2o in moderate yield. Notably, when the C3 and C5-unsubstituted substrate 1p was subjected to the standard conditions, the 4-thiocyanated product 2p was obtained regioselectively in 87% yield. Strikingly, the thiocyanation of the pharmaceutically active compound edaravone could also be realized under the optimized conditions, affording the corresponding product 2q in good yield.

Scheme 2.

PhICl₂/NH₄SCN-mediated thiocyanation of pyrazoles. Reaction conditions: under N₂ atmosphere, a mixture of PhICl₂ (2.00 mmol) and NH₄SCN (2.00 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) was stirred at 0 °C for 0.5 h, then 1a (1.00 mmol) was added and stirring continued at 0 °C for 8 h. Isolated yields are given.

Furthermore, we turned our attention to the applicability of this protocol for the selenocyanation of the pyrazole skeleton (Scheme 3). Gratifyingly, the method was equally applicable to selenocyanation of pyrazoles bearing various substituents, with the corresponding selenocyanated products 3a–o achieved in acceptable to good yields. Similarly, the selenocyanation of C3- and C5-unsubstituted substrate 1p regioselectively furnished the 4-selenocyanated pyrazole 3p in good yield.

Scheme 3.

PhICl₂/KSeCN-mediated selenocyanation of pyrazoles. Reaction conditions: under N₂ atmosphere, a mixture of PhICl₂ (2.00 mmol) and KSeCN (2.00 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) was stirred at 0 °C for 0.5 h, then 1a (1.00 mmol) was added and stirring continued at 0 °C for 8 h. Isolated yields are given.

The utility of this approach was further demonstrated by a scale-up experiment. When 10.0 mmol of compound 1a were treated with 20.0 mmol of NH₄SCN/KSeCN and PhICl₂ under the standard reaction conditions, the desired products 2a and 3a were obtained in 88% and 80% yield, respectively (Scheme 4).

Scheme 4.

Gram-scale synthesis of compounds 2a and 3a and their derivatization.

The obtained 4-thio/selenocyanated pyrazoles could be further derivatized by known approaches. Specifically, products 2a and 3a could react with TMSCF₃ in the presence of Cs₂CO₃ [55] to give the corresponding SCF₃- and SeCF₃-containing compounds 2r and 3q in moderate yields. Moreover, products 2a and 3a could be conveniently transformed into thiomethyl and selenomethyl-substituted pyrazole derivatives 2s and 3r by treatment with CH₃MgBr in THF [56] (Scheme 4).

Based on the previous reports [54,57–59], a possible mechanism of this selenocyanation reaction was proposed (Scheme 5). First, the reaction of PhICl₂ with KSeCN produces selenocyanogen chloride (Cl–SeCN), which further reacts with selenocyanate to give (SeCN)₂ [60]. Then, one selenium atom of (SeCN)₂ nucleophilically attacks the iodine center in PhICl₂ to generate intermediate A, which was further transformed into intermediate B by release of one molecule of iodobenzene. Next, the nucleophilic attack of chloride anion to the bivalent selenium center of intermediate B resulted in the formation of two molecules of Cl–SeCN. Subsequently, Cl–SeCN undergoes an electrophilic addition reaction with pyrazole 1 to give intermediate C, which, after deprotonative rearomatization affords the 4-selenocyanated pyrazole 3.

Scheme 5.

Plausible reaction mechanism.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have accomplished the synthesis of a series of C-4 thio/selenocyanated pyrazoles via a hypervalent iodine-mediated electrophilic thio/selenocyanation approach under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the obtained S/SeCN-containing pyrazoles can be converted to S/SeCF₃- and S/SeMe-containing pyrazole derivatives. Further investigations of the synthetic utility of this approach are currently ongoing in our lab.

Supporting Information

File 1

Synthetic details and compound characterization data.

This article is part of the thematic issue "Hypervalent halogen chemistry".

Funding Statement

We acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0905100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22071175) and Tianjin Graduate Research and Innovation Project (No.2021YJSB196) and for financial supports.

Data Availability

All data that supports the findings of this study is available in the published article and/or the supporting information to this article.