Hairy cell leukemia variant and WHO classification correspondence Re: 5^th edition WHO classification haematolymphoid tumors: lymphoid neoplasms

To the Editor:

In 2022, Alaggio and colleagues revised the WHO Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumors resulting in elimination of the provisional diagnostic categories of Hairy Cell Leukemia Variant (HCLv) and B Prolymphocytic Leukemia [1]. A new diagnostic category Splenic B Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia with Prominent Nucleoli (SBL/LPN) was established to include both cases of HCLv and the very rare CD5 (-) B Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia (B-PLL). While some other cases of splenic lymphoma might also be included, the ultimate goal to delineate biologically-defined entities may improve therapy of these often over-lapping clinical diseases. Coupland and colleagues recently provided a comprehensive assessment of the potential therapeutic opportunities that might emerge from reorganizing the classification of these clinical entities to a system incorporating evidence-based disease information [2]. As an international group of experts in the field of HCL and HCLv, we are concerned that this reassignment of patients with HCLv to a category including other rare B cell malignancies may impair the identification of new specific targeted therapeutic strategies that are urgently needed. While HCLv is not a homogenous clinical entity and lacks a single pathognomic molecular test, subsets of this disease have specific molecular targets that can serve as potential therapeutic opportunities for improved outcome. Discerning the oncogenetic mechanisms and targets will necessitate extensive collaboration and work between clinicians and basic scientists to optimize the therapeutic benefit from a revised classification.

Tremendous progress has been made in the treatment of classic hairy cell leukemia (HCLc) over the past six decades [3]. The introduction of purine nucleoside analogs and newer targeted agents improved survival in HCLc from slightly more than 4 years following diagnosis to projected survival close to normal life span. In contrast, patients with the distinct rare entity previously called “hairy cell leukemia variant (HCLv)” have a more aggressive clinical course with poorer response to therapies. This entity was initially described by Cawley in 1980, and subsequently major biological and clinical differences were identified between the classic and the variant forms of this disease. Patients with HCLc present with pancytopenia, splenomegaly, monocytopenia, and a marked increased risk for serious infection. In contrast, patients with HCLv present with splenomegaly, elevated peripheral leukemic cells with nucleoli, and no monocytopenia [3, 4]. Both entities have an unexplained male predominance with HCLc being more common than the rare HCLv. There are both distinguishing immunophenotypic and immunocytochemical (e.g., Annexin A1 is expressed in HCLc, but not in HCLv) profiles that differentiate these two clinical entities.

Response to purine analogs is also different between these two conditions. HCLc patients initially treated with a purine nucleoside analog show excellent response [3]. Patients with HCLv treated with purine analog alone are much less responsive. Durable remissions require the combination of cladribine plus rituximab [5]. The clinical course of patients with HCLv is more aggressive than HCLc with projected survival of approximately 6–9 years [4, 5]. For patients with HCLc who either relapse or do not respond, the documentation of the BRAF V600E mutation affords an opportunity to rescue the patient with a BRAF inhibitor plus an anti-CD20 mAb [6]. Unfortunately, the BRAF V600E mutation is not found in patients with HCLv [4]. Therefore, this rescue option is not available for patients with the variant if they either fail to respond or relapse.

Extensive investigation of leukemic cells from patients with HCLv have revealed many of the molecular abnormalities that make this less responsive and more aggressive. In HCLv, approximately 30-38% of patients have an abnormal p53 either as a result of deletion or mutation [4, 5]. Additional mutations in leukemic cells show abnormalities in signaling pathways that may afford opportunities for strategic intervention. Mutations in MAP2K1 found in less than half of the patients enabled the use of a MEK inhibitor to effectively control the aggressive phase of HCLv following failure to respond to multiple agents [7]. A currently open phase 2 trial of the MEK inhibitor binimetinib (NCT04322383) allows HCLv patients to receive an anti-CD20 mAb if needed to eliminate minimal residual disease if and when complete remission is achieved. Exploration of new agents alone and in combination in treating patients with HCLv should be pursued. Introduction of BTK inhibitors has produced responses in patients who have been previously heavily-pretreated with standard agents [8]. Considering the prevalence of p53 abnormalities in patients with HCLv, incorporation of BTK inhibitors may afford an opportunity to achieve a response in resistant disease. Likewise, BCL-2 inhibitors (e.g., venetoclax) may play an increasing role in managing these resistant patients. Early reports indicate that venetoclax has promise as an active agent in relapsed/resistant HCL patients [9, 10]. Determining the optimal agents to use in combination (e.g. which mAb would be more effective) has led to studies incorporating obinutuzumab along with other novel mechanistic anti-leukemic agents.

In the process of exploring novel agents and combinations in treating HCLv, inter-institutional collaboration will be necessary to evaluate new targeted therapy for such rare lymphoma subsets. In the past, a randomized intergroup study evaluated front-line therapy with pentostatin versus alpha-interferon. This study enrolled 356 previously untreated patients in less than 4 years. So, large studies are potentially feasible with inter-institutional collaboration.

International collaboration through the Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation could also be utilized to recruit a sufficient number of patients to address research questions targeting the development of effective therapeutic regimens. In order to develop targeted therapy for rare clinical entities (e.g., HCLv), it will be important to design studies that enroll well-characterized patients. Therefore, the new classification of patients with HCLv with other B cell lymphoproliferative malignancies may introduce different clinical conditions that may complicate interpretation of efficacy. Elucidation of molecular targets in patient material and the pharmacodynamic impact of treatment will be important in evaluating the efficacy of novel therapy. In order to improve therapy for HCLv in the near future, we will need to track patients with this rare entity and not lose important clinical information as a result of this recent change in the WHO disease classification.

Author contributions

MG wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final submitted manuscript.

Funding

Open Access funding supported by grants from Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation.

Competing interests

MA: received travel and accommodation expenses - Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation; VB received consulting fees- Abbvie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Janssen, Merck, Lilly, honoraria- CTC Communications, Fusion MD, Oncology Education, funded grants or clinical trials- CIHR, LLSC, Lymphoma Canada, HCL Foundation, CLC.3, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Abbvie, Gilead, patent on kinase inhibitors and methods of use ; JB: advisory board-Jannsen, Abbvie, Beigene, AstraZeneca, research support from Merck, Oncternal, Biomea; SAB: Advisory board- Pharmacyclics, AbbVie, Beigene and AstraZeneca, received research funding from AstraZeneca; FF: Honoraria- Abbvie, Janssen-cilag, Beigene, Astra-Zeneca, speakers bureau- Abbvie, Janssen-Cilag, Beigene, Astra-Zeneca, travel and accommodation- Abbvie, Janssen-Cilag, Beigene, consulting- BC platform, private clinical activity at Southampton General Hospital Solent Suite; MG: Consultant- Astra Zeneca, Pharmacyclics, Ascerta, Axio, Inc, research funding from Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation for Patient Data Registry, travel expenses - Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation, Scientific Board Chair - Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation Scientific Board (no reimbursement), Deciphera Pharmaceuticals., Scientific Honorarium- University of Pittsburgh; SI: Advisory board, received speaker fees or conference support : AbbVie, Astra Zeneca, Beigene, BMS, Gilead, Janssen, Takeda; RK: Coinventor of the NIH patent for moxetumomab pasudotox, received research drug and/or research funding from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Genentech, and Teva; SAP: Research funding- provided to Mayo Clinic from Janssen, AstraZeneca, Merck, and Genentech, Honoraria - Pharmacyclics, Merck, AstraZeneca, Janssen, BeiGene, Genentech, MingSight Pharmaceuticals, Ascentage Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novalgen Limited, Kite Pharma, and AbbVie; JHP: received consulting fees from Affyimmune Therapeutics, Amgen, Autolus, Be Biopharma, Beigene, Bright Pharmaceutical Services, Inc., Caribou Biosciences, Curocell, Galapagos, In8Bio, Kite, Medpace, Minerva Biotechnologies, Pfizer, Servier, Sobi, and Takeda, received honoraria from OncLive, Physician Education Resource, and MJH Life Sciences, serves on scientific advisory board of Allogene Therapeutics, Artiva Biotherapeutics and Green Cross Biopharma, and received institutional research funding from Autolus, Genentech, Fate Therapeutics, InCyte, Servier, and Takeda; KR: Research funding (institution)-Genentech, AbbVie, and Novartis, consulting - Genentech, AbbVie, Pharmacyclics, AstraZeneca, Beigene, LOXO@Lilly, and Janssen; JFS: Advisory board, speakers’ bureau, research funding or expert testimony - AbbVie, Astra Zeneca, Beigene, BMS, Genor Bio, Gilead, Janssen, Roche. Consultant, expert testimony: TG Therapeutics; MST: Research funding-AbbVie, Orsenix, BioSight, Glycomiometics, Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Advisory boards- AbbVie, Daiichi-Sankyo, Orsenix, KAHR Oncolyze, Jazz Parmaceuticals, BioSight, Innate Pharmaceuticals, Kura, Syros Pharmaceuticals, Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Royalties- UpToDate, Committees-Foghorn Therapeutics (Adjudication Committee), HOVON HO156 (DSMB), American Society of Hematology Executive Committee (2018-2021); CST: Honorarium from Janssen, AbbVie, Lilly, Beigene and Merck, research funding from Janssen, AbbVie and Beigene; ET: Advisory board for Innate Pharma, Kite/Gilead and Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, research funding from Roche, holder of a patent on the use of mutant BRAF as HCL biomarker; XT: Consultant for Abbvie, Lipomed, Beigene, fees from Deciphera; TZ: Advisory role- Roche, Gilead, Beigene, Lilly, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Abbvie, Incyte, Novartis; PLZ: Advisory board or Spekers bureau- Secur Bio, Celltrio, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag, BMS, Servier, Sandoz, MSD, Astra Zeneca, Takeda, Roche, Eusapharma, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, ADC Therap., Incyte, Beigene. The other authors declare no competing interests.