Table 2.

Contents and properties of each composition in LIBs [34,35,36,37,38,39].

Component	Content by Weight (wt%)	Composition	Structure	Characteristics/Advantages
Cathode	39.10 ± 1.1	LCO	Layered	High structural stability, over 500 cycles, 80–90% capacity retention
		LMO	Spinel	Economical, environmentally friendly
		NCA	Layered	Higher energy density, but lower structural stability
		LFP	Olivine	Stable structure, low cost
		NCM	Layered/Spinel	High capacity, good thermal stability
Anode		Carbon	Graphite	Low cost, abundant resources, high reversibility
Electrolyte		LiPF6, LiClO4, LiBF4	Liquid	High conductivity, wide operating temperature range
Separator	5.20 ± 0.4	PE/PP	Polyolefin	Porous, allows ion flow, prevents short circuits
Plastic shell	22.90 ± 0.7	Carbonized plastic layer		Sealed battery
Other shells	10.50 ± 1.1	Of stainless steel, aluminum
Copper foil	8.90 ± 0.3	Copper		Thickness ~14 µm
Aluminum foil	6.10 ± 0.6	Aluminum		Thickness ~20 µm
Binder	2.00 ± 0.5	PVDF, CMC, SBR		Binds electrode materials