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. 2024 Jul 19;22(7):e8930. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8930

Avian influenza overview March–June 2024

European Food Safety Authority✉; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Leonidas Alexakis, Alice Fusaro, Thijs Kuiken, Gražina Mirinavičiūtė, Karl Ståhl, Christoph Staubach, Olov Svartström, Calogero Terregino, Katriina Willgert, Roxane Delacourt, Sonagnon Martin Goudjihounde, Malin Grant, Stefania Tampach, Lisa Kohnle
PMCID: PMC11258884  PMID: 39036773

Abstract

Between 16 March and 14 June 2024, 42 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in domestic (15) and wild (27) birds across 13 countries in Europe. Although the overall number of detections in Europe has not been this low since the 2019–2020 epidemiological year, HPAI viruses continue to circulate at a very low level. Most detections in poultry were due to indirect contact with wild birds, but there was also secondary spread. Outside Europe, the HPAI situation intensified particularly in the USA, where a new A(H5N1) virus genotype (B3.13) has been identified in >130 dairy herds in 12 states. Infection in cattle appears to be centred on the udder, with milk from infected animals showing high viral loads and representing a new vehicle of transmission. Apart from cattle, HPAI viruses were identified in two other mammal species (alpaca and walrus) for the first time. Between 13 March and 20 June 2024, 14 new human cases with avian influenza virus infection were reported from Vietnam (one A(H5N1), one A(H9N2)), Australia (with travel history to India, one A(H5N1)), USA (three A(H5N1)), China (two A(H5N6), three A(H9N2), one A(H10N3)), India (one A(H9N2)), and Mexico (one fatal A(H5N2) case). The latter case was the first laboratory‐confirmed human infection with avian influenza virus subtype A(H5N2). Most of the human cases had reported exposure to poultry, live poultry markets, or dairy cattle prior to avian influenza virus detection or onset of illness. Human infections with avian influenza viruses remain rare and no human‐to‐human transmission has been observed. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian A(H5) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general public in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low‐to‐moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

Supporting information

 

EFS2-22-e8930-s001.zip (987.8KB, zip)

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Alexakis L, Fusaro A, Kuiken T, Mirinavičiūtė G, Ståhl K, Staubach C, Svartström O, Terregino C, Willgert K, Delacourt R, Goudjihounde SM, Tampach S and Kohnle L, 2024. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview March–June 2024. EFSA Journal 2024;22(7):8930, 72 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8930

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2024‐00174 and Commission request 280 to ECDC (SANTE.B.2/IK/mo (2023)2182203)

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks or shared sequence data: Aldin Lika (Albania); Sandra Revilla‐Fernández, Janna Vogelgesang and Irene Zimpernik (Austria); Ingeborg Mertens, Mieke Steensels and Steven Van Borm (Belgium); Aleksandra Miteva and Emiliya Ivanova (Bulgaria); Savić Vladimir (Croatia); Vasiliki Christodoulou (Cyprus); Tomáš Jarosil, Alexander Nagy and Luděk Závada (Czechia); Heidi Huus Petersen, Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager, Yuan Liang and Lone Thing Mortensen (Denmark); Tuija Gadd, Lauri Kareinen, Ari Kauppinen and Niina Tammiranta (Finland); Camille Boyer, François‐Xavier Briand, Béatrice Grasland, Éric Niquex and Audrey Schmitz (France); Christoph Staubach, Timm Harder, Anne Pohlmann and Carola Sauter‐Louis (Germany); Bálint Ádám, Helyes Georgina and Zsofia Szepesine Kokany (Hungary); Laura Garza Cuartero and Audrey Jenkinson (Ireland); Isabella Monne, Calogero Terregino, Lara Cavicchio, Ambra Pastori and Bianca Zecchin (Italy); Vicky Bink, Guillaume Fournier and Chantal Snoeck (Luxembourg); Oxana Groza, Oxana Popa and Vitalie Caraus (Moldova); Nancy Beerens and Marcel Spierenburg (Netherlands); Britt Gjerset, Silje Granstad and Lars Erik Lundblad Rondestveit (Norway); Krzysztof Śmietanka, Katarzyna Domańska‐Blicharz and Edyta Swieton (Poland); Dan Alexandru Enache and Iuliana Onita (Romania); Martin Tinak (Slovakia); Luis Gomero, Germán Cáceres Garrido, Elena García Villacieros, Isabel Guijarro Torvisco, Montserrat Agüero García and Azucena Sánchez (Spain); Malin Grant and Siamak Zohari (Sweden); Arlette Szelecsenyi and Claudia Bachofen (Switzerland); Anıl Demeli (Türkiye). The authors also wish to thank Ron Fouchier from Erasmus Medical Center (Netherlands); Ashley Banyard from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom); Camille Delavenne from Ausvet Europe for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment (Annex C); Paolo Calistri and Christian Gortázar from EFSA's Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Erik Alm, Angeliki Melidou and Edoardo Colzani from ECDC, as well as Inma Aznar, Francesca Baldinelli and Barbara Lanfranchi from EFSA for the support provided to this scientific output.

Declarations of interest: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu

Maps disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material on any maps included in this scientific output do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Food Safety Authority concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Amendment: On 11 July 2024, some reference information was adapted and, on p. 8, the total number of HPAI virus detections in poultry and wild birds in Europe was corrected from 46 to 42. An editorial correction was carried out that does not materially affect the contents or outcome of this scientific output. To avoid confusion, the original version of the output has been removed from the EFSA Journal, but is available on request.

Note: This article was originally published on the EFSA website http://www.efsa.europa.eu on 4 July 2024 as part of EFSA’s urgent publication procedures and amended on 11 July 2024

Annexes A‐C are available under the Supporting Information section

Approved: 3 July 2024

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