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Direct and indirect effects of fructose in metabolic tissues. Fructose exposure can lead to recruitment of immune cells to metabolic tissues such as intestine, liver, and adipose. This recruitment leads to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, aiding in cell-to-cell signaling. Fructose activates adipogenesis via upregulation of proteins involved in differentiation, monocyte and macrophage polarization, and cytokine secretion.
