Table 2. Summary of studies showing evidence of association of post-term with children’s motor impairment.

CP = cerebral palsy; ICD = International Classification of Diseases; MACS = Manual Ability Classification System; GMFC = Gross Motor Function Classification System; DCD = developmental coordination disorder; DCDQ = Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire; COPM = Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; ASD = autism spectrum disorder; ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; CNS = central nervous system; ROP = retinopathy of prematurity; IQ = intelligence quotient; OT = occupational therapy; LDCDQ = Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire

Authors (year)	Study population	Assessment variables	Final outcome	Evidence of association
Field et al. [77]	40 post-term-born infants/40 born at term (control)	1. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (assessing interaction and motor function)	Post-term-born children received lower Brazelton interaction and motor scores at birth and scored lower on the Denver Developmental Scale at four months	Positive
van Batenburg-Eddes et al. [81]	3,224 infants (1,576 males and 1,648 females) at corrected ages between 9 and 15 weeks/children born at 40–41 weeks of gestation (control)	Neuromotor development assessment using Touwen’s Neurodevelopmental Examination	The risk of non-optimal neuromotor development was significantly higher in infants born after 41 weeks of gestation, and the risk was higher for male and non-Dutch children	Positive
Moster et al. [82]	1,682,441 singleton-born children/children born at 40 weeks of gestation (control)	Assessment of CP based on physician diagnosis, with diagnoses registered according to ICD-99 or ICD-10	Compared with delivery at 40 weeks of gestation, delivery at 42 weeks or later was associated with an increased risk of CP for children surviving to at least four years of age	Positive
Abd Elmagid et al. [49]	1,000 children from neurology outpatient clinics	CP and motor impairments were determined through caregiver interviews, review of medical records, and direct physical examination	Preterm and post-term showed a significant association	Positive
Evensen et al. [48]	Children (n = 2,495) diagnosed with CP born between 1996 and 2015	The MACS and the GMFC were used to classify gross and fine motor functions	Term/post-term-born children are most commonly associated with CP	Positive
Rolschau et al. [83]	57,884 singleton infants born alive at weeks 39–45 of gestation	Data from the interviews and the seven-year questionnaire were linked to data from the Danish National Patient Register	No statistically significant increased risk of physical disabilities, mental disabilities, and epilepsy among children born post-term but there was an excess risk of neurological disabilities as followed for up to seven years of age	Negative
Zhu et al. [4]	22,898 singletons born between February 2007 and March 2009/children born at 40 weeks of gestation	Total score from the DCDQ	No significant increased risk of DCD was seen among children born post-term. When compared to girls, boys showed more association	Negative
Faebo Larsen et al. [33]	The study population consisted of 17,065 males and 16,289 females	Total DCD score using the validated DCDQ	The risk of DCD increases with decreasing gestational age with no significant association with post-term-born children as well, and females have a lower risk of DCD than males	Negative
Hua et al. [47]	A total of 152,433 children aged three to five years/full-term born children (39–40 weeks of gestation as reference gestation)	Outcome assessment using the LDCDQ, completed by their parents.	Every degree of prematurity at birth, early-term birth, and post-term birth was associated with suspected DCD	Positive