Abstract
This qualitative study assesses the quality, amount of active ingredient, and characteristics associated with counterfeiting of semaglutide purchased from illegal online pharmacies without a prescription.
Introduction
The popularity of branded semaglutide is surging, with widespread media coverage, viral social media exposure, and celebrity endorsements.1 Although Wegovy (Novo Nordisk) is approved for long-term weight management, Ozempic (Novo Nordisk) (only approved for type 2 diabetes) is often used off-label for this purpose. Global regulatory agencies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency, and World Health Organization (WHO), have warned about fake versions driven by patient demand, high cost, and shortages. Illegal online pharmacies, which operate without valid licenses and sell medicines like semaglutide without prescription, represent a consumer risk for ineffective and dangerous products.
Methods
In this qualitative study, we conducted risk assessment of semaglutide online sourcing (Figure and eAppendix in Supplement 1). We followed the SRQR reporting guideline.
Figure. Summary of Study Methods Including Online Market Availability, Website Monitoring, Packaging Analysis, and Complex Product Quality Control Testing.
FIP indicates International Pharmaceutical Federation.
First, we conducted structured searches on Google and Bing to catalog websites advertising semaglutide without a prescription in July 2023. Websites meeting inclusion criteria were selected for a product test buy protocol.2 Two 0.25-mg per dose prefilled pens or equivalent semaglutide injection vials were ordered from each website. Upon product receipt, authors (A.R.A., and A.F.) used the International Pharmaceutical Federation’s (FIP) checklist for visual inspection to assess potential counterfeiting or falsification risks, compared with genuine Ozempic brand 1-mg semaglutide solution for injection in a prefilled pen.3 Products were then tested for quality, including sterility and microbiological contamination, according to European Pharmacopoeia and US Pharmacopeia guidelines. Quantification of active ingredients was performed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Test purchases and analytical testing were performed August from 2023 to March 2024.
Results
Search engine monitoring generated 1080 hyperlinks, with 317 (29.35%) for online pharmacies. Nearly one-half (134 sites [42.27%]) belonged to illegal pharmacy operations; 763 links were websites not offering products for sale, including 615 news and informational websites and 148 telemedicine websites requiring consultation to obtain prescription before purchase.
Six online vendors classified as not recommended or rogue by LegitScript and/or National Association of Boards of Pharmacy and offering parenteral semaglutide products were included in test buys. Three websites offered prefilled 0.25-mg per dose semaglutide injection pens, and 3 sold vials of lyophilized semaglutide to be reconstituted to solution for injection (1-3 mg). All vendors referred to weight loss and obesity on their product page. Prices for the smallest dose and quantity ranged from US $113 to $360 (mean [SD], US $218.5 [$93.6]) (Table).
Table. Online Vendor Characteristics and Semaglutide Products Offered Online.
| Domain (location)a | Legit-Script verification | NABP category | Product form and dosage | Product price (shipping fee), $USb | Payment options | Prescription requirement | Assessment of patient health status before purchase | Communication of health-related benefits | Product packaging and labeling inspectionc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| semaspace.com (US) | NA | NR | Semaglutide vial (2 mg) | 199/vial (30) | PayPal only | No | No health status required by seller | Yes, obesity | Substantial deficiencies (9/22 criteria met) |
| wieghtcrunchshop.com (Not listed) | Rogue | NR | Ozempic pen (0.25 mg) (not delivered) | 190/1 pen (30) | Apple Pay, Google pay, Zelle, bank transfer, Osko, Bitcoin | No, “without prescription” highlighted | No health status required by seller | Yes, weight loss | Confirmed nondelivery scam operation |
| uschemlabs.com (Not listed) | Rogue | NA | Semaglutide vial (1 mg) | 148.90/5 vials (25) | Credit card, CashApp, crypto-currencies | No | No health status or professional qualification requested | Yes, weight loss, blood glucose regulation | Substantial deficiencies (8/22 criteria met) |
| biotechpeptides.com (US) | Rogue | NR | Semaglutide vial (3 mg) | 113/vial (0) | ACH, CashApp, Venmo, credit card | No | No health status or professional qualification requested | Yes, appetite, cardiovascular | Substantial deficiencies (8/22 criteria met) |
| puremedsonline.com (US) | Rogue | NR | Ozempic pen (0.25 mg) (not delivered) | 300/2 pens (30) | PayPal, Zelle, Bitcoin | No, “without a doctors prescription now!!!” highlighted | No health status required by seller | Yes, diabetes, weight loss, cardiovascular | Confirmed nondelivery scam operation |
| genius-pharmacy.com (US) | Rogue | NR | Ozempic pen (0.25 mg) (not delivered) | 360/2 pens (50) | Bitcoin, Zelle | No “No Rx required” highlighted | No health status required by seller | Yes, weight loss, diabetes | Confirmed nondelivery scam operation |
Abbreviations: ACH, Automated Clearing House; NA, not applicable; NABP, National Association of Boards of Pharmacy; NR, not recommended.
Purported location listed on website.
Prices represent the smallest quantity offered for sale.
Each International Pharmaceutical Federation criterion was scored as present (1) or absent (0) for a total score range of 0 to 22, with lower scores indicating higher risk.
Test purchases were confirmed via email and WhatsApp. Of 6 products purchased, only 3 were received. Three vendors selling Ozempic injections engaged in nondelivery scams requesting extra payments (range, US $650-$1200) to purportedly clear customs, confirmed as fraudulent by customs agencies. Although genuine Ozempic scored the full 22 points on the FIP checklist, test purchased products scored 8 or 9 with clear discrepancies in regulatory registration information, accurate labeling, and evidence products were likely unregistered or unlicensed.
Upon quality testing, one sample had elevated presence of endotoxin (8.95 EU/mg) indicating possible contamination, although no viable microorganisms were detected. LC-MS revealed the presence of semaglutide in all samples, but with considerably lower purity levels (7%-14% vs advertised 99%). The measured semaglutide content substantially exceeded the labeled amount in each sample by 29% to 39%, meaning that users could receive up to 39% more semaglutide per injection. These risk factors indicate likely falsification that does not meet legitimate product quality standards.
Discussion
This qualitative study found that semaglutide products are actively being sold without prescription by illegal online pharmacies, with vendors shipping unregistered and falsified products. Two websites evaluated were sent FDA warning letters for unlawful sale of unapproved and misbranded semaglutide.4,5 US poison centers have reported a 1500% increase in calls related to semaglutide, highlighting the need for enhanced pharmacovigilance including for online sourcing harms.6 Study limitations include limited sample of products tested due to nondelivery scams. Furthermore, although tested products represent some accessible semaglutide products sold online, higher priced offerings were excluded, limiting generalizability of the findings.
eAppendix. Description of Methods
Data Sharing Statement
References
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
eAppendix. Description of Methods
Data Sharing Statement