Skip to main content
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1976 Jun;124(6):446–475.

Male hypogonadism.

W D Odell, R S Swerdloff
PMCID: PMC1130101  PMID: 820082

Full text

PDF
446

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abe K., Nagata N., Saito S., Tanaka K., Kaneko T. Effects of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in man. Endocrinol Jpn. 1972 Feb;19(1):77–84. doi: 10.1507/endocrj1954.19.77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Abeyaratne M. R., Aherne W. A., Scott J. E. The vanishing testis. Lancet. 1969 Oct 18;2(7625):822–824. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)92275-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson D. C. Sex-hormone-binding globulin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1974 Jan;3(1):69–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1974.tb03298.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arimura A., Saito M., Yaoi Y., Kumasaka T., Sato H., Koyama T., Nishi N., Kastin A. J., Schally A. V. Comparison of the effect of subcutaneous and intravenous injection of synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) on serum LH and FSH levels in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Feb;36(2):385–388. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-2-385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arimura A., Sato H., Kumasaka T., Worobec R. B., Debeljuk L., Dunn J., Schally A. V. Production of antiserum to LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) associated with gonadal atrophy in rabbits: development of radioimmunoassays for LH-RH. Endocrinology. 1973 Nov;93(5):1092–1103. doi: 10.1210/endo-93-5-1092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BONGIOVANNI A. M. The adrenogenital syndrome with deficiency of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Clin Invest. 1962 Nov;41:2086–2092. doi: 10.1172/JCI104666. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bardin C. W., Ross G. T., Rifkind A. B., Cargille C. M., Lipsett M. B. Studies of the pituitary-Leydig cell axis in young men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hyposmia: comparison with normal men, prepuberal boys, and hypopituitary patients. J Clin Invest. 1969 Nov;48(11):2046–2056. doi: 10.1172/JCI106170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Barraclough C. A. Modifications in the CNS regulation of reproduction after exposure of prepubertal rats to steroid hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1966;22:503–539. doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9825-5.50016-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Ben-Jonathan N., Mical R. S., Porter J. C. Transport of LRF from CSF to hypophysial portal and systemic blood and the release of LH. Endocrinology. 1974 Jul;95(1):18–25. doi: 10.1210/endo-95-1-18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Benirschke K., Naftolin F., Gittes R., Khudr G., Yen S. S., Allen F. H., Jr True hermaphroditism and chimerism. A case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972 Jun 15;113(4):449–458. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(15)32494-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bergman S., Nowakowski H., Reitalu J. A Klinefelter patient with XX constitution. Hereditas. 1970;64(1):148–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1970.tb02285.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Besser G. M., McNeilly A. S., Anderson D. C., Marshall J. C., Harsoulis P., Hall R., Ormston B. J., Alexander L., Collins W. P. Hormonal responses to synthetic luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone in man. Br Med J. 1972 Jul 29;3(5821):267–271. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5821.267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Biglieri E. G., Herron M. A., Brust N. 17-hydroxylation deficiency in man. J Clin Invest. 1966 Dec;45(12):1946–1954. doi: 10.1172/JCI105499. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bodenheimer S., Winter J. S., Faiman C. Diurnal rhythms of serum gonadotropins, testosterone, estradiol and cortisol in blind men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Sep;37(3):472–475. doi: 10.1210/jcem-37-3-472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bolton M. R., Pugh D. M., Mattioli L. F., Dunn M. I., Schimke R. N. The Noonan syndrome: a family study. Ann Intern Med. 1974 May;80(5):626–629. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-80-5-626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bongiovanni A. M., Eberlein W. R., Goldman A. S., New M. Disorders of adrenal steroid biogenesis. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1967;23:375–449. doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9826-2.50012-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Boyar R. M., Finkelstein J. W., David R., Roffwarg H., Kapen S., Weitzman E. D., Hellman L. Twenty-four hour patterns of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in sexual precocity. N Engl J Med. 1973 Aug 9;289(6):282–286. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197308092890602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bricaire H., Luton J. P., Laudat P., Legrand J. C., Turpin G., Corvol P., Lemmer M. A new male pseudo-hermaphroditism associated with hypertension due to a block of 17 -hydroxylation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Jul;35(1):67–72. doi: 10.1210/jcem-35-1-67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Brook C. G., Wagner H., Zachmann M., Prader A., Armendares S., Frenk S., Alemán P., Najjar S. S., Slim M. S., Genton N. Familial occurrence of persistent Mullerian structures in otherwise normal males. Br Med J. 1973 Mar 31;1(5856):771–773. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5856.771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Brouet J. C., Preud'Homme J. L., Seligmann M., Bernard J. Blast cells with monoclonal surface immunoglobulin in two cases of acute blast crisis supervening on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br Med J. 1973 Oct 6;4(5883):23–24. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5883.23. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bruchovsky N., Wilson J. D. The conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha-androstan-17-beta-ol-3-one by rat prostate in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1968 Apr 25;243(8):2012–2021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bullock L. P., Bardin W. C. Androgen receptors in testicular feminization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Dec;35(6):935–937. doi: 10.1210/jcem-35-6-935. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Camacho A. M., Kowarski A., Migeon C. J., Brough A. J. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a deficiency of one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pregnenolone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1968 Feb;28(2):153–161. doi: 10.1210/jcem-28-2-153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Chader G. J., Villee C. A. Uptake of oestradiol by the rabbit hypothalamus. Specificity of binding by nuclei in vitro. Biochem J. 1970 Jun;118(1):93–97. doi: 10.1042/bj1180093. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Coble Y. D., Jr, Kohler P. O., Cargille C. M., Ross G. T. Production rates and metabolic clearance rates of human follicle-stimulating hormone in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest. 1969 Feb;48(2):359–363. doi: 10.1172/JCI105992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Court-Brown W. M., Smith P. G. Human population cytogenetics. Br Med Bull. 1969 Jan;25(1):74–80. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070674. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. De Kretser D. M., Burger H. G., Fortune D., Hudson B., Long A. R., Paulsen C. A., Taft H. P. Hormonal, histological and chromosomal studies in adult males with testicular disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Sep;35(3):392–401. doi: 10.1210/jcem-35-3-392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Debeljuk L., Arimura A., Schally A. V. Pituitary and serum FSH and LH levels after massive and selective depletion of the germinal epithelium in the rat testis. Endocrinology. 1973 Jan;92(1):48–54. doi: 10.1210/endo-92-1-48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Degenhart H. J., Visser H. K., Boon H., O'Doherty N. J. Evidence for deficient 20 -cholesterol-hydroxylase activity in adrenal tissue of a patient with lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1972 Nov;71(3):512–518. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.0710512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Faiman C., Hoffman D. L., Ryan R. J., Albert A. The "fertile eunuch" syndrome: demonstration of isolated luteinizing hormone deficiency by radioimmunoassay technique. Mayo Clin Proc. 1968 Sep;43(9):661–667. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Franchimont P., Chari S., Schellen A. M., Demoulin A. Relationship between gonadotrophins, spermatogenesis and seminal plasma. J Steroid Biochem. 1975 Jun;6(6):1037–1041. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90346-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Frohman L. A. Clinical neuropharmacology of hypothalamic releasing factors. N Engl J Med. 1972 Jun 29;286(26):1391–1397. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197206292862606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Froland A. Klinefelter's syndrome. Clinical, endocrinological and cytogenetical studies. Dan Med Bull. 1969 May;16(Suppl):1–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. GILBERT-DREYFUS, SAVOIE, SEBAOUN, ALEXANDRE C., BELAISCH J. Etude d'un cas familial d'androgynoïdisme avec hypospadias grave, gynécomastie et hyperoestrogénie. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 1957 Jan-Feb;18(1):93–101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Goebelsmann U., Horton R., Mestman J. H., Arce J. J., Nagata Y., Nakamura R. M., Thorneycroft I. H., Mishell D. R., Jr Male pseudohermaphroditism due to testicular 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 May;36(5):867–879. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-5-867. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Goldsmith O., Solomon D. H., Horton R. Hypogonadism and mineralocorticoid excess. The 17-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1967 Sep 28;277(13):673–677. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196709282771302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Goldstein J. L., Wilson J. D. Studies on the pathogenesis of the pseudohermaphroditism in the mouse with testicular feminization. J Clin Invest. 1972 Jul;51(7):1647–1658. doi: 10.1172/JCI106966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Gonzalez-Barcena D., Kastin A. J., Schalch D. S., Bermudez J. A., Lee D., Arimura A., Ruelas J., Zepeda I., Schally A. V. Synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) administered to normal men by different routes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Sep;37(3):481–484. doi: 10.1210/jcem-37-3-481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Grover P. K., Odell W. D. Correlation of in vivo and in vitro activities of some naturally occurring androgens using a radioreceptor assay for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone with rat prostate cytosol receptor protein. J Steroid Biochem. 1975 Oct;6(10):1373–1379. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90072-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hafiez A. A., Lloyd C. W., Bartke A. The role of prolactin in the regulation of testis function: the effects of prolactin and luteinizing hormone on the plasma levels of testosterone and androstenedione in hypophysectomized rats. J Endocrinol. 1972 Feb;52(2):327–332. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.0520327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Hamilton C. R., Jr, Scully R. E., Kliman B. Hypogonadotropinism in Prader-Willi syndrome. Induction of puberty and sperm altogenesis by clomiphene citrate. Am J Med. 1972 Mar;52(3):322–329. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(72)90019-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Holsclaw D. S., Perlmutter A. D., Jockin H., Shwachman H. Genital abnormalities in male patients with cystic fibrosis. J Urol. 1971 Oct;106(4):568–574. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)61343-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Horton R., Tait J. F. Androstenedione production and interconversion rates measured in peripheral blood and studies on the possible site of its conversion to testosterone. J Clin Invest. 1966 Mar;45(3):301–313. doi: 10.1172/JCI105344. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. IGARASHI M., MCCANN S. M. A HYPOTHALAMIC FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR. Endocrinology. 1964 Mar;74:446–452. doi: 10.1210/endo-74-3-446. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. IGARASHI M., NALLAR R., MCCANN S. M. FURTHER STUDIES ON THE FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE-RELEASING ACTION OF HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS. Endocrinology. 1964 Dec;75:901–907. doi: 10.1210/endo-75-6-901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Ito T., Horton R. The source of plasma dihydrotestosterone in man. J Clin Invest. 1971 Aug;50(8):1621–1627. doi: 10.1172/JCI106650. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Johnson B. H., Ewing L. L. Follicle-stimulating hormone and the regulation of testosterone secretion in rabbit testes. Science. 1971 Aug 13;173(3997):635–637. doi: 10.1126/science.173.3997.635. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Josso N. Interspecific character of the Müllerian-inhibiting substance: action of the human fetal testis, ovary and adrenal of the fetal rat Müllerian duct in organ culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1971 Mar;32(3):404–409. doi: 10.1210/jcem-32-3-404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Josso N. Permeability of membranes to the Müllerian-inhibiting substance synthesized by the human fetal testis in vitro: a clue to its biochemical nature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Feb;34(2):265–270. doi: 10.1210/jcem-34-2-265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Judd H. L., Hamilton C. R., Barlow J. J., Yen S. S., Kliman B. Androgen and gonadotropin dynamics in testicular feminization syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Jan;34(1):229–234. doi: 10.1210/jcem-34-1-229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Kahwanago I., Heinrichs W. L., Herrmann W. L. Estradiol "receptors" in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland: inhibition of estradiol binding by SH-group blocking agents and clomiphene citrate. Endocrinology. 1970 Jun;86(6):1319–1326. doi: 10.1210/endo-86-6-1319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Karl H. J., Back F., Macias-Alvarez I., Raith L. Heterosomenfragmente bei der Gonadendysgenesie. Ein Beitrag zur Bezichung Karyotyp--Phänotyp. Klin Wochenschr. 1967 Dec 15;45(24):1225–1233. doi: 10.1007/BF01746268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Kasdan R., Nankin H. R., Troen P., Wald N., Pan S., Yanaihara T. Paternal transmission of maleness in XX human beings. N Engl J Med. 1973 Mar 15;288(11):539–545. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197303152881102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kato J. Localization of oestradiol receptors in the rat hypothalamus. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1973 Apr;72(4):663–670. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.0720663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kelch R. P., Jenner M. R., Weinstein R., Kaplan S. L., Grumbach M. M. Estradiol and testosterone secretion by human, simian, and canine testes, in males with hypogonadism and in male pseudohermaphrodites with the feminizing testes syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1972 Apr;51(4):824–830. doi: 10.1172/JCI106877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kenny F. M., Reynolds J. W., Green O. C. Partial 3 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 -HSD) deficiency in a family with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: evidence for increasing 3 -HSD activity with age. Pediatrics. 1971 Nov;48(5):756–765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Keye W. R., Jr, Kelch R. P., Niswender G. D., Jaffe R. B. Quantitation of endogenous and exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Jun;36(6):1263–1267. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-6-1263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kirkland R. T., Kirkland J. L., Johnson C. M., Horning M. G., Librik L., Clayton G. W. Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia in an eight-year-old phenotypic female. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Mar;36(3):488–496. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-3-488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kohler P. O., Ross G. T., Odell W. D. Metabolic clearance and production rates of human luteinizing hormone in pre- and postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest. 1968 Jan;47(1):38–47. doi: 10.1172/JCI105713. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Korach K. S., Muldoon T. G. Studies on the nature of the hypothalamic estradiol-concentrating mechanism in the male and female rat. Endocrinology. 1974 Mar;94(3):785–793. doi: 10.1210/endo-94-3-785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kreuz L. E., Rose R. M., Jennings J. R. Suppression of plasma testosterone levels and psychological stress. A longitudinal study of young men in Officer Candidate School. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972 May;26(5):479–482. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750230089017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kuroshima A., Arimura A., Saito T., Ishida Y., Bowers C. Y., Schally A. V. Depletion of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone by beef and pig hypothalamic extracts. Endocrinology. 1966 Jun;78(6):1105–1108. doi: 10.1210/endo-78-6-1105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. LUBS H. A., Jr, VILAR O., BERGENSTAL D. M. Familial male pseudohermaphrodism with labial testes and partial feminization: endocrine studies and genetic aspects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1959 Sep;19:1110–1120. doi: 10.1210/jcem-19-9-1110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Laatikainen T., Laitinen E. A., Vihko R. Secretion of neutral steroid sulfates by the human testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969 Feb;29(2):219–224. doi: 10.1210/jcem-29-2-219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Leonard J. M., Leach R. B., Couture M., Paulsen C. A. Plasma and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone levels in oligospermia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Jan;34(1):209–214. doi: 10.1210/jcem-34-1-209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Liao S., Fang S. Receptor-proteims for androgens and the mode of action of androgens on gene transcription in ventral prostate. Vitam Horm. 1969;27:17–90. doi: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61124-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lipsett M. B., Wilson H., Kirschner M. A., Korenman S. G., Fishman L. M., Sarfaty G. A., Bardin C. W. Studies on Leydig cell physiology and pathology: secretion and metabolism of testosterone. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1966;22:245–281. doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9825-5.50009-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Longcope C., Kato T., Horton R. Conversion of blood androgens to estrogens in normal adult men and women. J Clin Invest. 1969 Dec;48(12):2191–2201. doi: 10.1172/JCI106185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Longcope C., Widrich W., Sawin C. T. The secretion of estrone and estradiol-17 by human testis. Steroids. 1972 Oct;20(4):439–448. doi: 10.1016/0039-128x(72)90042-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lostroh A. J. Regulation by FSH and ICSH (LH) of reproductive function in the immature male rat. Endocrinology. 1969 Sep;85(3):438–445. doi: 10.1210/endo-85-3-438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. MATTHEWS W. B., RUNDLE A. T. FAMILIAL CEREBELLAR ATAXIA AND HYPOGONADISM. Brain. 1964 Sep;87:463–468. doi: 10.1093/brain/87.3.463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. MITTLER J. C., MEITES J. IN VITRO STIMULATION OF PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE RELEASE BY HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACT. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Oct;117:309–313. doi: 10.3181/00379727-117-29567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. MORRIS J. M. The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphrodites. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1953 Jun;65(6):1192–1211. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(53)90359-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Madan K., Walker S. Letter: Possible evidence for Xp plus in and XX Male. Lancet. 1974 Jun 15;1(7868):1223–1223. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91028-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Malacara J. M., Seyler Le J., Reichlin S. Luteinizing hormone releasing factor activity in peripheral blood from women during the midcycle luteinizing hormone ovulatory surge. J Clin Endocrinol. 1972;34:271–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Males J. L., Schneider R. A. Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism with anosmia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1972 Sep;71(1):7–12. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.0710007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Mantero F., Busnardo B., Riondel A., Veyrat R., Austoni M. Hypertension artérielle, alcalose hypokaliémique et pseudohermaphrodisme mâle par déficit en 17 alpha-hydroxylase. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1971 Jan 16;101(2):38–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Matsuo H., Baba Y., Nair R. M., Arimura A., Schally A. V. Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone. I. The proposed amino acid sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1971 Jun 18;43(6):1334–1339. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80019-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Mauvais-Jarvis P., Floch H. H., Bercovici J. P. Studies on testosterone metabolism in human subjects with normal and pathological sexual differentiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1968 Apr;28(4):460–471. doi: 10.1210/jcem-28-4-460. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. McCullagh D. R. DUAL ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY OF THE TESTES. Science. 1932 Jul 1;76(1957):19–20. doi: 10.1126/science.76.1957.19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Michael R. P. Hormonal steroids and sexual communication in primates. J Steroid Biochem. 1975 Mar-Apr;6(3-4):161–170. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90126-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Morillo-Cucci G., German J. Males with a uterus and fallopian tubes, a rare disorder of sexual development. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971 May;7(6):229–231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Naess O., Attramadal A., Aakvaag A. Androgen binding proteins in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat. Endocrinology. 1975 Jan;96(1):1–9. doi: 10.1210/endo-96-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Naftolin F., Judd H. L., Yen S. S. Pulsatile patterns of gonadotropins and testosterone in man: the effects of clomiphene, with and without testosterone added. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Feb;36(2):285–288. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-2-285. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Naftolin F., Judd H. L., Yen S. S. Pulsatile patterns of gonadotropins and testosterone in man: the effects of clomiphene, with and without testosterone added. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Feb;36(2):285–288. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-2-285. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Naftolin F., Ryan K. J., Davies I. J., Reddy V. V., Flores F., Petro Z., Kuhn M., White R. J., Takaoka Y., Wolin L. The formation of estrogens by central neuroendocrine tissues. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1975;31:295–319. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571131-9.50012-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Naftolin F., Ryan K. J., Petro Z. Aromatization of androstenedione by the diencephalon. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1971 Aug;33(2):368–370. doi: 10.1210/jcem-33-2-368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Nett T. M., Akbar A. M., Niswender G. D. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cycling, castrated and anestrous ewes. Endocrinology. 1974 Mar;94(3):713–718. doi: 10.1210/endo-94-3-713. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Neuhäuser G., Back F. Zytogenetische Varianten des Ullrich-Turner-Syndroms. Med Klin. 1968 May 24;63(21):836–841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. New M. I. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1970 Oct;49(10):1930–1941. doi: 10.1172/JCI106412. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Noonan J. A. Hypertelorism with Turner phenotype. A new syndrome with associated congenital heart disease. Am J Dis Child. 1968 Oct;116(4):373–380. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1968.02100020377005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Northcutt R. C., Island D. P., Liddle G. W. An explanation for the target organ unresponsiveness to testosterone in the testicular feminization syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969 Mar;29(3):422–425. doi: 10.1210/jcem-29-3-422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. O'Malley B. W. Mechanisms of action of steroid hormones. N Engl J Med. 1971 Feb 18;284(7):370–377. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197102182840710. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Odell W. D., Swerdloff R. S., Bain J., Wollesen F., Grover P. K. The effect of sexual maturation on testicular response to LH stimulation of testosterone secretion in the intact rat. Endocrinology. 1974 Nov;95(5):1380–1384. doi: 10.1210/endo-95-5-1380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Odell W. D., Swerdloff R. S., Jacobs H. S., Hescox M. A. FSH induction of sensitivity to LH: one cause of sexual maturation in the male rat. Endocrinology. 1973 Jan;92(1):160–165. doi: 10.1210/endo-92-1-160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Odell W. D., Swerdloff R. S. Progestogen-induced luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone surge in postmenopausal women: a simulated ovulatory peak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Oct;61(2):529–536. doi: 10.1073/pnas.61.2.529. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Opitz J. M., Simpson J. L., Sarto G. E., Summitt R. L., New M., German J. Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias. Clin Genet. 1972;3(1):1–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1972.tb01721.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. PRADER A., ANDERS G. J. [On the genitics of congenital lipoid hyperplasia of the adrenals]. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1962;17:285–289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. PRADER A., GURTNER H. P. Das Syndrom des pseudohermaphroiditismus masculinus bei kongenitaler Nebennierenriden-Hyperplasie ohne Androgenüberproduktion (adrenaler Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinuS). Helv Paediatr Acta. 1955 Aug;10(4):397–412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Papkoff H., Sairam M. R., Farmer S. W., Li C. H. Studies on the structure and function of interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1973;29:563–590. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571129-6.50019-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Papkoff H., Samy T. S. Isolation and partial characterization of the polypeptide chains of ovine interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1967 Sep 19;147(1):175–177. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(67)90102-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. ROSEWATER S., GWINUP G., HAMWI G. J. FAMILIAL GYNECOMASTIA. Ann Intern Med. 1965 Sep;63:377–385. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-63-3-377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Rabin D., Spitz I., Bercovici B., Bell J., Laufer A., Benveniste R., Polishuk W. Isolated deficiency of follicle-stimulating hormone. Clinical and laboratory features. N Engl J Med. 1972 Dec 28;287(26):1313–1317. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197212282872602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Rebar R., Yen S. S., VandenBerg G., Naftolin F., Ehara Y., Engblom S., Ryan K. J., Amoss M., Guillemin R. Gonadotropin responses to synthetic LRF: dose-response relationship in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Jan;36(1):10–16. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-1-10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Reichert L. E., Jr, Ward D. N. On the isolation and characterization of the alpha and beta subunits of human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone. Endocrinology. 1974 Mar;94(3):655–664. doi: 10.1210/endo-94-3-655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Rosen S. W., Weintraub B. D. Monotropic increase of serum FSH correlated with low sperm count in young men with idiopathic oligospermia and aspermia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1971 Mar;32(3):410–416. doi: 10.1210/jcem-32-3-410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Roth J. C., Kelch R. P., Kaplan S. L., Grumbach M. M. FSH and LH response to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in prepubertal and pubertal children, adult males and patients with hypogonadotropic and hypertropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Dec;35(6):926–930. doi: 10.1210/jcem-35-6-926. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Rubin R. T., Gouin P. R., Kales A., Odell W. D. Lutenizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and growth hormone secretion in normal adult men during sleep and dreaming. Psychosom Med. 1973 Jul-Aug;35(4):309–321. doi: 10.1097/00006842-197307000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Saez J. M., De Peretti E., Morera A. M., David M., Bertrand J. Familial male pseudohermaphroditism with gynecomastia due to a testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase defect. I. Studies in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1971 May;32(5):604–610. doi: 10.1210/jcem-32-5-604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Saez J. M., Morera A. M., De Peretti E., Bertrand J. Further in vivo studies in male pseudohermaphroditism with gynecomastia due to a testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase defect (compared to a case of testicular feminization). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Mar;34(3):598–600. doi: 10.1210/jcem-34-3-598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Schally A. V., Nair R. M., Redding T. W., Arimura A. Isolation of the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone from porcine hypothalami. J Biol Chem. 1971 Dec 10;246(23):7230–7236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Seyler L. E., Jr, Reichlin S. Episodic secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) in the human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974 Sep;39(3):471–478. doi: 10.1210/jcem-39-3-471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Shome B., Parlow A. F. Human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH): first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit (hFSHa) and first demonstration of its identity with the alpha-subunit of human luteinizing hormone (hLHa). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974 Jul;39(1):199–202. doi: 10.1210/jcem-39-1-199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Shome B., Parlow A. F. Human follicle stimulating hormone: first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the hormone-specific, beta subunit (hFSHb). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974 Jul;39(1):203–205. doi: 10.1210/jcem-39-1-203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Simpson J. L., New M., Peterson R. E., German J. Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH) in sibs. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971 May;7(6):140–144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Stewart-Bentley M., Odell W., Horton R. The feedback control of luteinizing hormone in normal adult men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974 Apr;38(4):545–553. doi: 10.1210/jcem-38-4-545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Swerdloff R. S., Odell W. D. Feedback control of male gonadotrophin secretion. Lancet. 1968 Sep 21;2(7569):683–683. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92540-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Swerdloff R. S., Walsh P. C., Jacobs H. S., Odell W. D. Serum LH and FSH during sexual maturation in the male rat: effect of castration and cryptorchidism. Endocrinology. 1971 Jan;88(1):120–128. doi: 10.1210/endo-88-1-120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Swerdloff R. S., Walsh P. C. Pituitary and gonadal hormones in patients with varicocele. Fertil Steril. 1975 Oct;26(10):1006–1012. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)41416-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. THERKELSEN A. J. STERILE MALE WITH THE CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION 46 XX. Cytogenetics. 1964;3:207–218. doi: 10.1159/000129812. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. VOLPE R., METZLER W. S., JOHNSTON M. W. Familial hypogonadotrophic eunuchoidism with cerebellar ataxia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1963 Jan;23:107–115. doi: 10.1210/jcem-23-1-107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Van Hall E. V., Vaitukaitis J. L., Ross G. T., Hickman J. W., Ashwell G. Immunological and biological activity of HCG following progressive desialylation. Endocrinology. 1971 Feb;88(2):456–464. doi: 10.1210/endo-88-2-456. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Wagner H., Böckel K., Hrubesch M., Grote G., Hauss W. H. On the effect of synthetic LH-releasing hormone on the blood levels of LH, FSH, HGH, TSH, ACTH, insulin and blood sugar in man. Horm Metab Res. 1972 Sep;4(5):403–403. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Walker A. C., Stack E. M., Horsfall W. A. Familial male pseudohermaphroditism. Med J Aust. 1970 Jan 24;1(4):156–160. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1970.tb77782.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Walsh P. C., Madden J. D., Harrod M. J., Goldstein J. L., MacDonald P. C., Wilson J. D. Familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 2. Decreased dihydrotestosterone formation in pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias. N Engl J Med. 1974 Oct 31;291(18):944–949. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197410312911806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Walsh P. C., Swerdloff R. S. Biphasic effect of testosterone on spermatogenesis in the rat. Invest Urol. 1973 Nov;11(3):190–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Walsh P. C., Swerdloff R. S., Odell W. D. Feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion in men. J Urol. 1973 Jul;110(1):84–89. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)60123-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Ward D. N., Reichert L. E., Jr, Liu W. K., Nahm H. S., Hsia J., Lamkin W. M., Jones N. Chemical studies of luteinizing hormone from human and ovine pituitaries. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1973;29:533–561. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571129-6.50018-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Wilson J. D., Harrod M. J., Goldstein J. L., Hemsell D. L., MacDonald P. C. Familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 1. Evidence for androgen resistance and variable clinical manifestations in a family with the Reifenstein syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1974 May 16;290(20):1097–1103. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197405162902001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Wilson J. D., Lasnitzki I. Dihydrotestosterone formation in fetal tissues of the rabbit and rat. Endocrinology. 1971 Sep;89(3):659–668. doi: 10.1210/endo-89-3-659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Wilson J. D. Testosterone uptake by the urogenital tract of the rabbit embryo. Endocrinology. 1973 Apr;92(4):1192–1199. doi: 10.1210/endo-92-4-1192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wilson J. D., Walker J. D. The conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one (dihydrotestosterone) by skin slices of man. J Clin Invest. 1969 Feb;48(2):371–379. doi: 10.1172/JCI105994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Yen S. S., Rebar R., Van den Berg G., Naftolin F., Ehara Y., Engblom S., Ryan K. J., Benirschke K., Rivier J., Amoss M. Synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. A potent stimulator of gonadotropin release in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Jun;34(6):1108–1111. doi: 10.1210/jcem-34-6-1108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. ZACHARIAS L., WURTMAN R. J. BLINDNESS: ITS RELATION TO AGE OF MENARCHE. Science. 1964 May 29;144(3622):1154–1155. doi: 10.1126/science.144.3622.1154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Zachmann M., Völlmin J. A., Hamilton W., Prader A. Steroid 17,20-desmolase deficiency: a new cause of male pseudohermaphroditism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1972 Oct;1(4):369–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1972.tb00407.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Zellweger H., Schneider H. J. Syndrome of hypotonia-hypomentia-hypogonadism-obesity (HHHO) or Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Dis Child. 1968 May;115(5):588–598. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1968.02100010590009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Zárate A., Canales E. S., Soria J., Carballo O. Studies on the luteinizing hormone- and follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing mechanism in the testicular feminization syndrome. Hypothalamic-pituitary responsiveness to clomiphene, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, gonadectomy, and sexual steroids. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974 Aug 1;119(7):971–977. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90017-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. de la Chapelle A. Analytic review: nature and origin of males with XX sex chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 1972 Jan;24(1):71–105. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. zur Mühlen A von, Köbberling J. Effect of testosterone on the LH and FSH release induced by LH-releasing factor (LRF) in normal men. Horm Metab Res. 1973 Jul;5(4):266–270. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1093944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES