Extended Data Fig. 1. Timing and characteristics of Gondwana break-up in the studied cratons.

Plate-tectonic reconstructions (from GPlates⁵⁹), at the point of continental break-up, of Southern Africa at 135 Ma (a), Brazil at 118 Ma (b) and the Western Ghats, India, at 82 Ma (c). The plots in d–f show full-rift velocities for the corresponding rift systems (data from ref. ⁵⁴), with the point of continental break-up labelled (dashed red line).