Table 2. Association between educational attainment and mental health outcomes.

HUNT and UK Biobank data were analysed separately and results then meta-analysed (see Methodology).

Outcome	HUNT					UK Biobank					Meta-analysis
	B	LCI	UCI	SE	p	B	LCI	UCI	SE	p	B	LCI	UCI	SE	p
Anxiety
OLS EA	−0.07	−0.08	−0.06	0.01	2.68×10−25	−0.02	−0.05	0.00	−0.02	0.090	−0.06	−0.11	−0.01	0.03	0.017
OLS EA + FE	−0.05	−0.07	−0.03	0.01	6.03×10−07	−0.02	−0.07	0.02	−0.02	0.286	−0.04	−0.06	−0.03	0.01	5.49×10−07
1SMR	−0.20	−0.26	−0.13	0.04	3.07×10−08	−0.22	−0.34	−0.10	−0.22	2.99×10−04	−0.20	−0.26	−0.14	0.03	1.89×10−10
1SMR + FE	−0.08	−0.24	0.08	0.08	0.347	−0.65	−1.25	−0.04	−0.65	0.036	−0.17	−0.33	−0.00	0.08	0.049
Depression
OLS EA	−0.09	−0.10	−0.07	0.01	5.52×10−40	−0.06	−0.09	−0.03	−0.06	2.05×10−05	−0.08	−0.09	−0.07	0.01	2.34×10−44
OLS EA + FE	−0.06	−0.08	−0.04	0.01	1.76×10−10	−0.02	−0.07	0.02	−0.02	0.328	−0.06	−0.07	−0.04	0.01	4.13×10−10
1SMR	−0.06	−0.13	0.00	0.03	0.058	−0.34	−0.47	−0.21	−0.34	1.20×10−07	−0.11	−0.43	0.22	0.17	0.518
1SMR + FE	−0.03	−0.20	0.13	0.08	0.674	−1.00	−1.68	−0.31	−1.00	0.004	−0.18	−1.26	0.89	0.55	0.739
Neuroticism
OLS EA	−0.11	−0.13	−0.09	0.01	6.94×10−33	−0.08	−0.09	−0.06	0.01	6.93×10−31	−0.09	−0.12	−0.06	0.02	1.21×10−07
OLS EA + FE	−0.07	−0.09	−0.04	0.01	6.21×10−08	−0.04	−0.06	−0.02	0.01	1.01×10−04	−0.05	−0.08	−0.02	0.01	5.96×10−04
1SMR	−0.44	−0.53	−0.34	0.05	3.89×10−18	−0.20	−0.25	−0.14	0.03	7.96×10−13	−0.30	−0.53	−0.06	0.12	0.015
1SMR + FE	−0.40	−0.62	−0.17	0.11	4.44×10−04	−0.22	−0.40	−0.04	0.09	0.016	−0.29	−0.43	−0.15	0.07	3.64×10−05
Psych. med. *
LOG EA	0.85	0.79	0.90	0.03	1.72×10−07	0.63	0.53	0.74	0.08	4.37×10−08	0.85	0.82	0.88	0.02	2.85×10−19
LOG EA + FE	0.90	0.82	0.99	0.05	0.027	0.47	0.25	0.87	0.31	0.017	0.93	0.88	0.98	0.03	0.007
1SMR	0.56	0.44	0.71	0.12	1.93×10−06	0.85	0.82	0.89	0.02	3.41×10−14	0.60	0.52	0.69	0.07	5.31×10−13
1SMR + FE	0.60	0.32	1.14	0.33	0.120	0.95	0.89	1.01	0.03	0.116	0.52	0.34	0.82	0.23	0.004

Abbreviations and symbology: B, coefficient; SE, standard error; LCI, low 95% confidence interval; UCI, upper 95% confidence interval; p, p value; n, number; OLS, ordinary least squares regression; LOG, logistic regression; EA, educational attainment; FE, within-sibship adjustment; PGS-edu, educational attainment polygenic score; 1SMR, one-sample Mendelian randomization; Psych. med., psychotropic medication usage;

^*,coefficient and confidence intervals were exponentiated and hence odd ratios are presented.