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. 2024 May 24;46(5):4671–4688. doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01204-1

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Aging Association 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 3 — Blood concentration of NAD-related metabolites before (0W) and at week 4 (4W) and week 12 (12W) of the study period. Black horizontal lines indicate average values. *P < 0.05 vs. Placebo group. Results of ANCOVA with 0 week as the covariate. NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NMN nicotinamide mononucleotide, NADP + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NAM nicotinamide, 2-PY N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, 4-PY N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, NaMN nicotinic acid mononucleotide, NaR nicotinic acid riboside