Skip to main content
Biochemical Journal logoLink to Biochemical Journal
. 1993 Sep 1;294(Pt 2):521–527. doi: 10.1042/bj2940521

Purification and separation of holo- and apo-forms of Saccharopolyspora erythraea acyl-carrier protein released from recombinant Escherichia coli by freezing and thawing.

S A Morris 1, W P Revill 1, J Staunton 1, P F Leadlay 1
PMCID: PMC1134486  PMID: 8373367

Abstract

Saccharopolyspora erythraea acyl-carrier protein, highly expressed from a T7-based expression plasmid in Escherichia coli, can be selectively released from the cells in near-quantitative yield by a single cycle of freezing and thawing in a neutral buffer. Electrospray mass spectrometry was used to confirm that the recombinant S. erythraea acyl-carrier protein over-expressed in E. coli is present predominantly as the holo-form, with variable amounts of apo-acyl-carrier protein, holo-acyl-carrier protein dimer and holo-acyl-carrier protein glutathione adduct. The holo- and apo-acyl-carrier proteins are both readily purified on a large scale from the freeze-thaw extracts and can be separated from one another by octyl-Sepharose chromatography. The holo-acyl-carrier protein obtained in this way was fully active in supporting the synthesis of acyl-acyl-carrier protein by extracts of S. erythraea.

Full text

PDF
521

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bayan N., Therisod H. Membrane-binding sites for acyl carrier protein in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 1989 Aug 14;253(1-2):221–225. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80963-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bevitt D. J., Cortes J., Haydock S. F., Leadlay P. F. 6-Deoxyerythronolide-B synthase 2 from Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Cloning of the structural gene, sequence analysis and inferred domain structure of the multifunctional enzyme. Eur J Biochem. 1992 Feb 15;204(1):39–49. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16603.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brody S., Mikolajczyk S. Neurospora mitochondria contain an acyl-carrier protein. Eur J Biochem. 1988 Apr 15;173(2):353–359. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14005.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brozek K. A., Raetz C. R. Biosynthesis of lipid A in Escherichia coli. Acyl carrier protein-dependent incorporation of laurate and myristate. J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 15;265(26):15410–15417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Butt A. D., Ohlrogge J. B. Acyl carrier protein is conjugated to glutathione in spinach seed. Plant Physiol. 1991 Jul;96(3):937–942. doi: 10.1104/pp.96.3.937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Caffrey P., Green B., Packman L. C., Rawlings B. J., Staunton J., Leadlay P. F. An acyl-carrier-protein-thioesterase domain from the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. High-level production, purification and characterisation in Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Feb 14;195(3):823–830. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15771.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cortes J., Haydock S. F., Roberts G. A., Bevitt D. J., Leadlay P. F. An unusually large multifunctional polypeptide in the erythromycin-producing polyketide synthase of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Nature. 1990 Nov 8;348(6297):176–178. doi: 10.1038/348176a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cronan J. E., Jr Beta-alanine synthesis in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1980 Mar;141(3):1291–1297. doi: 10.1128/jb.141.3.1291-1297.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Donadio S., Katz L. Organization of the enzymatic domains in the multifunctional polyketide synthase involved in erythromycin formation in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Gene. 1992 Feb 1;111(1):51–60. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90602-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Donadio S., Staver M. J., McAlpine J. B., Swanson S. J., Katz L. Modular organization of genes required for complex polyketide biosynthesis. Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):675–679. doi: 10.1126/science.2024119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dunn J. J., Studier F. W. Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage T7 DNA and the locations of T7 genetic elements. J Mol Biol. 1983 Jun 5;166(4):477–535. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80282-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Elovson J., Vagelos P. R. Acyl carrier protein. X. Acyl carrier protein synthetase. J Biol Chem. 1968 Jul 10;243(13):3603–3611. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Guerra D. J., Dziewanowska K., Ohlrogge J. B., Beremand P. D. Purification and characterization of recombinant spinach acyl carrier protein I expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 25;263(9):4386–4391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hale R. S., Jordan K. N., Leadlay P. F. A small, discrete acyl carrier protein is involved in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces erythraeus. FEBS Lett. 1987 Nov 16;224(1):133–136. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80436-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hanahan D. Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J Mol Biol. 1983 Jun 5;166(4):557–580. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80284-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Holak T. A., Frederick A. F., Prestegard J. H. Purification and NMR characterization of acyl carrier protein. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 15;262(8):3685–3689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hopwood D. A., Sherman D. H. Molecular genetics of polyketides and its comparison to fatty acid biosynthesis. Annu Rev Genet. 1990;24:37–66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.000345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Issartel J. P., Koronakis V., Hughes C. Activation of Escherichia coli prohaemolysin to the mature toxin by acyl carrier protein-dependent fatty acylation. Nature. 1991 Jun 27;351(6329):759–761. doi: 10.1038/351759a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Jackowski S., Rock C. O. Ratio of active to inactive forms of acyl carrier protein in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1983 Dec 25;258(24):15186–15191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Jackowski S., Rock C. O. Regulation of coenzyme A biosynthesis. J Bacteriol. 1981 Dec;148(3):926–932. doi: 10.1128/jb.148.3.926-932.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Jacobson G. R., Rosenbusch J. P. Abundance and membrane association of elongation factor Tu in E. coli. Nature. 1976 May 6;261(5555):23–26. doi: 10.1038/261023a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Jacobson G. R., Takacs B. J., Rosenbusch J. P. Properties of a major protein released from Escherichia coli by osmotic shock. Biochemistry. 1976 Jun 1;15(11):2297–2303. doi: 10.1021/bi00656a008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Joseph-Liauzun E., Leplatois P., Legoux R., Guerveno V., Marchese E., Ferrara P. Human recombinant interleukin-1 beta isolated from Escherichia coli by simple osmotic shock. Gene. 1990 Feb 14;86(2):291–295. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90293-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kim Y., Prestegard J. H. Refinement of the NMR structures for acyl carrier protein with scalar coupling data. Proteins. 1990;8(4):377–385. doi: 10.1002/prot.340080411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. LaVallie E. R., DiBlasio E. A., Kovacic S., Grant K. L., Schendel P. F., McCoy J. M. A thioredoxin gene fusion expression system that circumvents inclusion body formation in the E. coli cytoplasm. Biotechnology (N Y) 1993 Feb;11(2):187–193. doi: 10.1038/nbt0293-187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Loo J. A., Udseth H. R., Smith R. D. Peptide and protein analysis by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem. 1989 Jun;179(2):404–412. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90153-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lunn C. A., Pigiet V. P. Localization of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli in an osmotically sensitive compartment. J Biol Chem. 1982 Oct 10;257(19):11424–11430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Matsudaira P. Sequence from picomole quantities of proteins electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jul 25;262(21):10035–10038. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Nossal N. G., Heppel L. A. The release of enzymes by osmotic shock from Escherichia coli in exponential phase. J Biol Chem. 1966 Jul 10;241(13):3055–3062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Revill W. P., Leadlay P. F. Cloning, characterization, and high-level expression in Escherichia coli of the Saccharopolyspora erythraea gene encoding an acyl carrier protein potentially involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. J Bacteriol. 1991 Jul;173(14):4379–4385. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.14.4379-4385.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Roberts G. A., Staunton J., Leadlay P. F. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of an intact multienzyme component of the erythromycin-producing polyketide synthase. Eur J Biochem. 1993 May 15;214(1):305–311. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17925.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Rock C. O., Cronan J. E., Jr Acyl carrier protein from Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 1981;71(Pt 100):341–351. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(81)71043-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Rock C. O., Cronan J. E., Jr Re-evaluation of the solution structure of acyl carrier protein. J Biol Chem. 1979 Oct 10;254(19):9778–9785. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Rock C. O., Garwin J. L. Preparative enzymatic synthesis and hydrophobic chromatography of acyl-acyl carrier protein. J Biol Chem. 1979 Aug 10;254(15):7123–7128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Rock C. O., Jackowski S. Regulation of phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. Composition of the acyl-acyl carrier protein pool in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1982 Sep 25;257(18):10759–10765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Runswick M. J., Fearnley I. M., Skehel J. M., Walker J. E. Presence of an acyl carrier protein in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from bovine heart mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 1991 Jul 29;286(1-2):121–124. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80955-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Shen B., Summers R. G., Gramajo H., Bibb M. J., Hutchinson C. R. Purification and characterization of the acyl carrier protein of the Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin C polyketide synthase. J Bacteriol. 1992 Jun;174(11):3818–3821. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.11.3818-3821.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Swan D. G., Cortes J., Hale R. S., Leadlay P. F. Cloning, characterization, and heterologous expression of the Saccharopolyspora erythraea (Streptomyces erythraeus) gene encoding an EF-hand calcium-binding protein. J Bacteriol. 1989 Oct;171(10):5614–5619. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.10.5614-5619.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Tabor S., Huber H. E., Richardson C. C. Escherichia coli thioredoxin confers processivity on the DNA polymerase activity of the gene 5 protein of bacteriophage T7. J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 25;262(33):16212–16223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Tabor S., Richardson C. C. A bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system for controlled exclusive expression of specific genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Feb;82(4):1074–1078. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.4.1074. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Therisod H., Kennedy E. P. The function of acyl carrier protein in the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides does not require its phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(23):8235–8238. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Van Den Bosch H., Williamson J. R., Vagelos P. R. Localization of acyl carrier protein in Escherichia coli. Nature. 1970 Oct 24;228(5269):338–341. doi: 10.1038/228338a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Vanden Boom T., Cronan J. E., Jr Genetics and regulation of bacterial lipid metabolism. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1989;43:317–343. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.43.100189.001533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Zensen R., Husmann H., Schneider R., Peine T., Weiss H. De novo synthesis and desaturation of fatty acids at the mitochondrial acyl-carrier protein, a subunit of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase in Neurospora crassa. FEBS Lett. 1992 Sep 28;310(2):179–181. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81324-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biochemical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biochemical Society

RESOURCES