Skip to main content
PMC home page
Biochemical Journal logoLink to Biochemical Journal
. 1993 Oct 15;295(Pt 2):329–341. doi: 10.1042/bj2950329

The glucose transporter family: structure, function and tissue-specific expression.

G W Gould 1, G D Holman 1
PMCID: PMC1134886  PMID: 8240230

Full text

PDF
329

Images in this article

333Figure 1
on p.333
334Figure 2
on p.334
335Figure 3
on p.335
336Figure 4
on p.336

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alvarez J., Lee D. C., Baldwin S. A., Chapman D. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the structure and conformational changes of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 15;262(8):3502–3509. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Asano T., Takata K., Katagiri H., Tsukuda K., Lin J. L., Ishihara H., Inukai K., Hirano H., Yazaki Y., Oka Y. Domains responsible for the differential targeting of glucose transporter isoforms. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 25;267(27):19636–19641. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Axelrod J. D., Pilch P. F. Unique cytochalasin B binding characteristics of the hepatic glucose carrier. Biochemistry. 1983 Apr 26;22(9):2222–2227. doi: 10.1021/bi00278a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baekkeskov S., Nielsen J. H., Marner B., Bilde T., Ludvigsson J., Lernmark A. Autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children immunoprecipitate human pancreatic islet cell proteins. Nature. 1982 Jul 8;298(5870):167–169. doi: 10.1038/298167a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baldwin J. M., Gorga J. C., Lienhard G. E. The monosaccharide transporter of the human erythrocyte. Transport activity upon reconstitution. J Biol Chem. 1981 Apr 25;256(8):3685–3689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baldwin S. A., Baldwin J. M., Lienhard G. E. Monosaccharide transporter of the human erythrocyte. Characterization of an improved preparation. Biochemistry. 1982 Aug 3;21(16):3836–3842. doi: 10.1021/bi00259a018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barnell W. O., Yi K. C., Conway T. Sequence and genetic organization of a Zymomonas mobilis gene cluster that encodes several enzymes of glucose metabolism. J Bacteriol. 1990 Dec;172(12):7227–7240. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.12.7227-7240.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bell G. I., Kayano T., Buse J. B., Burant C. F., Takeda J., Lin D., Fukumoto H., Seino S. Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters. Diabetes Care. 1990 Mar;13(3):198–208. doi: 10.2337/diacare.13.3.198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Berger J., Biswas C., Vicario P. P., Strout H. V., Saperstein R., Pilch P. F. Decreased expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter in diabetes and fasting. Nature. 1989 Jul 6;340(6228):70–72. doi: 10.1038/340070a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Birnbaum M. J., Haspel H. C., Rosen O. M. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the rat brain glucose-transporter protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(16):5784–5788. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.16.5784. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Birnbaum M. J., Haspel H. C., Rosen O. M. Transformation of rat fibroblasts by FSV rapidly increases glucose transporter gene transcription. Science. 1987 Mar 20;235(4795):1495–1498. doi: 10.1126/science.3029870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Birnbaum M. J. Identification of a novel gene encoding an insulin-responsive glucose transporter protein. Cell. 1989 Apr 21;57(2):305–315. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90968-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Block N. E., Menick D. R., Robinson K. A., Buse M. G. Effect of denervation on the expression of two glucose transporter isoforms in rat hindlimb muscle. J Clin Invest. 1991 Nov;88(5):1546–1552. doi: 10.1172/JCI115465. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bringaud F., Baltz T. A potential hexose transporter gene expressed predominantly in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992 May;52(1):111–121. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90040-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Burant C. F., Bell G. I. Mammalian facilitative glucose transporters: evidence for similar substrate recognition sites in functionally monomeric proteins. Biochemistry. 1992 Oct 27;31(42):10414–10420. doi: 10.1021/bi00157a032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Burant C. F., Takeda J., Brot-Laroche E., Bell G. I., Davidson N. O. Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jul 25;267(21):14523–14526. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cairns B. R., Collard M. W., Landfear S. M. Developmentally regulated gene from Leishmania encodes a putative membrane transport protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(20):7682–7686. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.20.7682. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cairns M. T., Alvarez J., Panico M., Gibbs A. F., Morris H. R., Chapman D., Baldwin S. A. Investigation of the structure and function of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter by proteolytic dissection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Dec 11;905(2):295–310. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90458-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Celenza J. L., Marshall-Carlson L., Carlson M. The yeast SNF3 gene encodes a glucose transporter homologous to the mammalian protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2130–2134. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2130. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Charron M. J., Brosius F. C., 3rd, Alper S. L., Lodish H. F. A glucose transport protein expressed predominately in insulin-responsive tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2535–2539. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2535. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen L., Alam T., Johnson J. H., Hughes S., Newgard C. B., Unger R. H. Regulation of beta-cell glucose transporter gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jun;87(11):4088–4092. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4088. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chin J. J., Jung E. K., Jung C. Y. Structural basis of human erythrocyte glucose transporter function in reconstituted vesicles. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jun 5;261(16):7101–7104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Clark A. E., Holman G. D., Kozka I. J. Determination of the rates of appearance and loss of glucose transporters at the cell surface of rat adipose cells. Biochem J. 1991 Aug 15;278(Pt 1):235–241. doi: 10.1042/bj2780235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Colville C. A., Seatter M. J., Jess T. J., Gould G. W., Thomas H. M. Kinetic analysis of the liver-type (GLUT2) and brain-type (GLUT3) glucose transporters in Xenopus oocytes: substrate specificities and effects of transport inhibitors. Biochem J. 1993 Mar 15;290(Pt 3):701–706. doi: 10.1042/bj2900701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Craik J. D., Elliott K. R. Kinetics of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem J. 1979 Aug 15;182(2):503–508. doi: 10.1042/bj1820503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cushman S. W., Wardzala L. J. Potential mechanism of insulin action on glucose transport in the isolated rat adipose cell. Apparent translocation of intracellular transport systems to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1980 May 25;255(10):4758–4762. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Czech M. P., Clancy B. M., Pessino A., Woon C. W., Harrison S. A. Complex regulation of simple sugar transport in insulin-responsive cells. Trends Biochem Sci. 1992 May;17(5):197–201. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(92)90266-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Davidson N. O., Hausman A. M., Ifkovits C. A., Buse J. B., Gould G. W., Burant C. F., Bell G. I. Human intestinal glucose transporter expression and localization of GLUT5. Am J Physiol. 1992 Mar;262(3 Pt 1):C795–C800. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.3.C795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Davies A., Meeran K., Cairns M. T., Baldwin S. A. Peptide-specific antibodies as probes of the orientation of the glucose transporter in the human erythrocyte membrane. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jul 5;262(19):9347–9352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Diamond D. L., Carruthers A. Metabolic control of sugar transport by derepression of cell surface glucose transporters. An insulin-independent recruitment-independent mechanism of regulation. J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 25;268(9):6437–6444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dohm G. L., Elton C. W., Friedman J. E., Pilch P. F., Pories W. J., Atkinson S. M., Jr, Caro J. F. Decreased expression of glucose transporter in muscle from insulin-resistant patients. Am J Physiol. 1991 Mar;260(3 Pt 1):E459–E463. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.3.E459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Dohm G. L., Tapscott E. B., Pories W. J., Dabbs D. J., Flickinger E. G., Meelheim D., Fushiki T., Atkinson S. M., Elton C. W., Caro J. F. An in vitro human muscle preparation suitable for metabolic studies. Decreased insulin stimulation of glucose transport in muscle from morbidly obese and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1988 Aug;82(2):486–494. doi: 10.1172/JCI113622. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Elliott K. R., Craik J. D. Sugar transport across the hepatocyte plasma membrane. Biochem Soc Trans. 1982 Feb;10(1):12–13. doi: 10.1042/bst0100012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Flier J. S., Mueckler M., McCall A. L., Lodish H. F. Distribution of glucose transporter messenger RNA transcripts in tissues of rat and man. J Clin Invest. 1987 Feb;79(2):657–661. doi: 10.1172/JCI112864. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Froehner S. C., Davies A., Baldwin S. A., Lienhard G. E. The blood-nerve barrier is rich in glucose transporter. J Neurocytol. 1988 Apr;17(2):173–178. doi: 10.1007/BF01674204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Fry A. J., Towner P., Holman G. D., Eisenthal R. Transport of D-fructose and its analogues by Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993 Jul;60(1):9–18. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90023-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fukumoto H., Kayano T., Buse J. B., Edwards Y., Pilch P. F., Bell G. I., Seino S. Cloning and characterization of the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter expressed in human skeletal muscle and other insulin-responsive tissues. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 15;264(14):7776–7779. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fukumoto H., Seino S., Imura H., Seino Y., Bell G. I. Characterization and expression of human HepG2/erythrocyte glucose-transporter gene. Diabetes. 1988 May;37(5):657–661. doi: 10.2337/diab.37.5.657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Fukumoto H., Seino S., Imura H., Seino Y., Eddy R. L., Fukushima Y., Byers M. G., Shows T. B., Bell G. I. Sequence, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of mRNA encoding a human glucose transporter-like protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(15):5434–5438. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5434. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Galuska D., Zierath J., Thörne A., Sonnenfeld T., Wallberg-Henriksson H. Metformin increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle. Diabete Metab. 1991 May;17(1 Pt 2):159–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Garcia J. C., Strube M., Leingang K., Keller K., Mueckler M. M. Amino acid substitutions at tryptophan 388 and tryptophan 412 of the HepG2 (Glut1) glucose transporter inhibit transport activity and targeting to the plasma membrane in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem. 1992 Apr 15;267(11):7770–7776. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Garvey W. T., Huecksteadt T. P., Matthaei S., Olefsky J. M. Role of glucose transporters in the cellular insulin resistance of type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1988 May;81(5):1528–1536. doi: 10.1172/JCI113485. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Garvey W. T., Maianu L., Huecksteadt T. P., Birnbaum M. J., Molina J. M., Ciaraldi T. P. Pretranslational suppression of a glucose transporter protein causes insulin resistance in adipocytes from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. J Clin Invest. 1991 Mar;87(3):1072–1081. doi: 10.1172/JCI115068. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Garvey W. T., Olefsky J. M., Matthaei S., Marshall S. Glucose and insulin co-regulate the glucose transport system in primary cultured adipocytes. A new mechanism of insulin resistance. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jan 5;262(1):189–197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Geever R. F., Huiet L., Baum J. A., Tyler B. M., Patel V. B., Rutledge B. J., Case M. E., Giles N. H. DNA sequence, organization and regulation of the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa. J Mol Biol. 1989 May 5;207(1):15–34. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90438-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gibbs E. M., Lienhard G. E., Gould G. W. Insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane precedes full stimulation of hexose transport. Biochemistry. 1988 Sep 6;27(18):6681–6685. doi: 10.1021/bi00418a006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gould G. W., Brant A. M., Kahn B. B., Shepherd P. R., McCoid S. C., Gibbs E. M. Expression of the brain-type glucose transporter is restricted to brain and neuronal cells in mice. Diabetologia. 1992 Apr;35(4):304–309. doi: 10.1007/BF00401196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Haney P. M., Slot J. W., Piper R. C., James D. E., Mueckler M. Intracellular targeting of the insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (GLUT4) is isoform specific and independent of cell type. J Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;114(4):689–699. doi: 10.1083/jcb.114.4.689. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hashiramoto M., Kadowaki T., Clark A. E., Muraoka A., Momomura K., Sakura H., Tobe K., Akanuma Y., Yazaki Y., Holman G. D. Site-directed mutagenesis of GLUT1 in helix 7 residue 282 results in perturbation of exofacial ligand binding. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 5;267(25):17502–17507. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Haspel H. C., Wilk E. W., Birnbaum M. J., Cushman S. W., Rosen O. M. Glucose deprivation and hexose transporter polypeptides of murine fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1986 May 25;261(15):6778–6789. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hebert D. N., Carruthers A. Glucose transporter oligomeric structure determines transporter function. Reversible redox-dependent interconversions of tetrameric and dimeric GLUT1. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 25;267(33):23829–23838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hediger M. A., Coady M. J., Ikeda T. S., Wright E. M. Expression cloning and cDNA sequencing of the Na+/glucose co-transporter. 1987 Nov 26-Dec 2Nature. 330(6146):379–381. doi: 10.1038/330379a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hiraki Y., Garcia de Herreros A., Birnbaum M. J. Transformation stimulates glucose transporter gene expression in the absence of protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Nov;86(21):8252–8256. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.21.8252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hiraki Y., Rosen O. M., Birnbaum M. J. Growth factors rapidly induce expression of the glucose transporter gene. J Biol Chem. 1988 Sep 25;263(27):13655–13662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hirshman M. F., Goodyear L. J., Wardzala L. J., Horton E. D., Horton E. S. Identification of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters from basal and insulin-stimulated rat skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jan 15;265(2):987–991. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Holman G. D., Kozka I. J., Clark A. E., Flower C. J., Saltis J., Habberfield A. D., Simpson I. A., Cushman S. W. Cell surface labeling of glucose transporter isoform GLUT4 by bis-mannose photolabel. Correlation with stimulation of glucose transport in rat adipose cells by insulin and phorbol ester. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25;265(30):18172–18179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Holman G. D., Rees W. D. Photolabelling of the hexose transporter at external and internal sites: fragmentation patterns and evidence for a conformational change. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Mar 12;897(3):395–405. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90437-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Hudson A. W., Ruiz M., Birnbaum M. J. Isoform-specific subcellular targeting of glucose transporters in mouse fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;116(3):785–797. doi: 10.1083/jcb.116.3.785. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hundal H. S., Ramlal T., Reyes R., Leiter L. A., Klip A. Cellular mechanism of metformin action involves glucose transporter translocation from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane in L6 muscle cells. Endocrinology. 1992 Sep;131(3):1165–1173. doi: 10.1210/endo.131.3.1505458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Jacobs D. B., Hayes G. R., Lockwood D. H. In vitro effects of sulfonylurea on glucose transport and translocation of glucose transporters in adipocytes from streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes. 1989 Feb;38(2):205–211. doi: 10.2337/diab.38.2.205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. James D. E., Strube M., Mueckler M. Molecular cloning and characterization of an insulin-regulatable glucose transporter. Nature. 1989 Mar 2;338(6210):83–87. doi: 10.1038/338083a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Jhun B. H., Rampal A. L., Liu H., Lachaal M., Jung C. Y. Effects of insulin on steady state kinetics of GLUT4 subcellular distribution in rat adipocytes. Evidence of constitutive GLUT4 recycling. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 5;267(25):17710–17715. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Johnson J. H., Crider B. P., McCorkle K., Alford M., Unger R. H. Inhibition of glucose transport into rat islet cells by immunoglobulins from patients with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1990 Mar 8;322(10):653–659. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199003083221003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Johnson J. H., Newgard C. B., Milburn J. L., Lodish H. F., Thorens B. The high Km glucose transporter of islets of Langerhans is functionally similar to the low affinity transporter of liver and has an identical primary sequence. J Biol Chem. 1990 Apr 25;265(12):6548–6551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Johnson J. H., Ogawa A., Chen L., Orci L., Newgard C. B., Alam T., Unger R. H. Underexpression of beta cell high Km glucose transporters in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Science. 1990 Oct 26;250(4980):546–549. doi: 10.1126/science.2237405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Johnson K. F., Kornfeld S. The cytoplasmic tail of the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor has two signals for lysosomal enzyme sorting in the Golgi. J Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;119(2):249–257. doi: 10.1083/jcb.119.2.249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kaestner K. H., Christy R. J., McLenithan J. C., Braiterman L. T., Cornelius P., Pekala P. H., Lane M. D. Sequence, tissue distribution, and differential expression of mRNA for a putative insulin-responsive glucose transporter in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(9):3150–3154. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3150. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Kahn B. B., Charron M. J., Lodish H. F., Cushman S. W., Flier J. S. Differential regulation of two glucose transporters in adipose cells from diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1989 Aug;84(2):404–411. doi: 10.1172/JCI114180. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kahn B. B., Flier J. S. Regulation of glucose-transporter gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes Care. 1990 Jun;13(6):548–564. doi: 10.2337/diacare.13.6.548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Kahn B. B., Flier J. S. Regulation of glucose-transporter gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes Care. 1990 Jun;13(6):548–564. doi: 10.2337/diacare.13.6.548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Karnieli E., Zarnowski M. J., Hissin P. J., Simpson I. A., Salans L. B., Cushman S. W. Insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transport systems in the isolated rat adipose cell. Time course, reversal, insulin concentration dependency, and relationship to glucose transport activity. J Biol Chem. 1981 May 25;256(10):4772–4777. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Katagiri H., Asano T., Ishihara H., Tsukuda K., Lin J. L., Inukai K., Kikuchi M., Yazaki Y., Oka Y. Replacement of intracellular C-terminal domain of GLUT1 glucose transporter with that of GLUT2 increases Vmax and Km of transport activity. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 5;267(31):22550–22555. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Katagiri H., Asano T., Shibasaki Y., Lin J. L., Tsukuda K., Ishihara H., Akanuma Y., Takaku F., Oka Y. Substitution of leucine for tryptophan 412 does not abolish cytochalasin B labeling but markedly decreases the intrinsic activity of GLUT1 glucose transporter. J Biol Chem. 1991 Apr 25;266(12):7769–7773. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kayano T., Burant C. F., Fukumoto H., Gould G. W., Fan Y. S., Eddy R. L., Byers M. G., Shows T. B., Seino S., Bell G. I. Human facilitative glucose transporters. Isolation, functional characterization, and gene localization of cDNAs encoding an isoform (GLUT5) expressed in small intestine, kidney, muscle, and adipose tissue and an unusual glucose transporter pseudogene-like sequence (GLUT6). J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 5;265(22):13276–13282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Kayano T., Fukumoto H., Eddy R. L., Fan Y. S., Byers M. G., Shows T. B., Bell G. I. Evidence for a family of human glucose transporter-like proteins. Sequence and gene localization of a protein expressed in fetal skeletal muscle and other tissues. J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 25;263(30):15245–15248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Keller K., Strube M., Mueckler M. Functional expression of the human HepG2 and rat adipocyte glucose transporters in Xenopus oocytes. Comparison of kinetic parameters. J Biol Chem. 1989 Nov 15;264(32):18884–18889. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. King P. A., Horton E. D., Hirshman M. F., Horton E. S. Insulin resistance in obese Zucker rat (fa/fa) skeletal muscle is associated with a failure of glucose transporter translocation. J Clin Invest. 1992 Oct;90(4):1568–1575. doi: 10.1172/JCI116025. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Klip A., Marette A., Dimitrakoudis D., Ramlal T., Giacca A., Shi Z. Q., Vranic M. Effect of diabetes on glucoregulation. From glucose transporters to glucose metabolism in vivo. Diabetes Care. 1992 Nov;15(11):1747–1766. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.11.1747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Klip A., Ramlal T., Young D. A., Holloszy J. O. Insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters in rat hindlimb muscles. FEBS Lett. 1987 Nov 16;224(1):224–230. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80452-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Koranyi L., James D., Mueckler M., Permutt M. A. Glucose transporter levels in spontaneously obese (db/db) insulin-resistant mice. J Clin Invest. 1990 Mar;85(3):962–967. doi: 10.1172/JCI114526. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Kozka I. J., Clark A. E., Holman G. D. Chronic treatment with insulin selectively down-regulates cell-surface GLUT4 glucose transporters in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 25;266(18):11726–11731. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kozka I. J., Holman G. D. Metformin blocks downregulation of cell surface GLUT4 caused by chronic insulin treatment of rat adipocytes. Diabetes. 1993 Aug;42(8):1159–1165. doi: 10.2337/diab.42.8.1159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Lernmark A., Freedman Z. R., Hofmann C., Rubenstein A. H., Steiner D. F., Jackson R. L., Winter R. J., Traisman H. S. Islet-cell-surface antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1978 Aug 24;299(8):375–380. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197808242990802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Li J., Tooth P. Size and shape of the Escherichia coli lactose permease measured in filamentous arrays. Biochemistry. 1987 Jul 28;26(15):4816–4823. doi: 10.1021/bi00389a032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Lowe A. G., Walmsley A. R. The kinetics of glucose transport in human red blood cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 May 28;857(2):146–154. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90342-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Maiden M. C., Jones-Mortimer M. C., Henderson P. J. The cloning, DNA sequence, and overexpression of the gene araE coding for arabinose-proton symport in Escherichia coli K12. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jun 15;263(17):8003–8010. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Marshall M. O., Thomas H. M., Seatter M. J., Greer K. R., Wood P. J., Gould G. W. Pancreatic beta-cells express a low affinity glucose transporter: functional consequences in normal and diabetic states. Biochem Soc Trans. 1993 Feb;21(1):164–168. doi: 10.1042/bst0210164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Matthaei S., Hamann A., Klein H. H., Benecke H., Kreymann G., Flier J. S., Greten H. Association of Metformin's effect to increase insulin-stimulated glucose transport with potentiation of insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters from intracellular pool to plasma membrane in rat adipocytes. Diabetes. 1991 Jul;40(7):850–857. doi: 10.2337/diab.40.7.850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. May J. M., Mikulecky D. C. The simple model of adipocyte hexose transport. Kinetic features, effect of insulin, and network thermodynamic computer simulations. J Biol Chem. 1982 Oct 10;257(19):11601–11608. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Merrall N. W., Wakelam M. J., Plevin R., Gould G. W. Insulin and platelet-derived growth factor acutely stimulate glucose transport in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts independently of protein kinase C. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Jun 6;1177(2):191–198. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(93)90040-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Mueckler M., Caruso C., Baldwin S. A., Panico M., Blench I., Morris H. R., Allard W. J., Lienhard G. E., Lodish H. F. Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter. Science. 1985 Sep 6;229(4717):941–945. doi: 10.1126/science.3839598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Nagamatsu S., Kornhauser J. M., Burant C. F., Seino S., Mayo K. E., Bell G. I. Glucose transporter expression in brain. cDNA sequence of mouse GLUT3, the brain facilitative glucose transporter isoform, and identification of sites of expression by in situ hybridization. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jan 5;267(1):467–472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Oka Y., Asano T., Shibasaki Y., Lin J. L., Tsukuda K., Katagiri H., Akanuma Y., Takaku F. C-terminal truncated glucose transporter is locked into an inward-facing form without transport activity. Nature. 1990 Jun 7;345(6275):550–553. doi: 10.1038/345550a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Orci L., Thorens B., Ravazzola M., Lodish H. F. Localization of the pancreatic beta cell glucose transporter to specific plasma membrane domains. Science. 1989 Jul 21;245(4915):295–297. doi: 10.1126/science.2665080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Orci L., Unger R. H., Ravazzola M., Ogawa A., Komiya I., Baetens D., Lodish H. F., Thorens B. Reduced beta-cell glucose transporter in new onset diabetic BB rats. J Clin Invest. 1990 Nov;86(5):1615–1622. doi: 10.1172/JCI114883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Ortiz P. A., Honkanen R. A., Klingman D. E., Haspel H. C. Regulation of the functional expression of hexose transporter GLUT-1 by glucose in murine fibroblasts: role of lysosomal degradation. Biochemistry. 1992 Jun 16;31(23):5386–5393. doi: 10.1021/bi00138a021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Palfreyman R. W., Clark A. E., Denton R. M., Holman G. D., Kozka I. J. Kinetic resolution of the separate GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transport activities in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem J. 1992 May 15;284(Pt 1):275–282. doi: 10.1042/bj2840275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Pedersen O., Bak J. F., Andersen P. H., Lund S., Moller D. E., Flier J. S., Kahn B. B. Evidence against altered expression of GLUT1 or GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of patients with obesity or NIDDM. Diabetes. 1990 Jul;39(7):865–870. doi: 10.2337/diab.39.7.865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Pedersen O., Gliemann J. Hexose transport in human adipocytes: factors influencing the response to insulin and kinetics of methylglucose and glucose transport. Diabetologia. 1981 Jun;20(6):630–635. doi: 10.1007/BF00257432. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Pessino A., Hebert D. N., Woon C. W., Harrison S. A., Clancy B. M., Buxton J. M., Carruthers A., Czech M. P. Evidence that functional erythrocyte-type glucose transporters are oligomers. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 25;266(30):20213–20217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Piper R. C., Tai C., Slot J. W., Hahn C. S., Rice C. M., Huang H., James D. E. The efficient intracellular sequestration of the insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (GLUT-4) is conferred by the NH2 terminus. J Cell Biol. 1992 May;117(4):729–743. doi: 10.1083/jcb.117.4.729. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Ploug T., Galbo H., Vinten J., Jørgensen M., Richter E. A. Kinetics of glucose transport in rat muscle: effects of insulin and contractions. Am J Physiol. 1987 Jul;253(1 Pt 1):E12–E20. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.1.E12. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Robinson L. J., Pang S., Harris D. S., Heuser J., James D. E. Translocation of the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the cell surface in permeabilized 3T3-L1 adipocytes: effects of ATP insulin, and GTP gamma S and localization of GLUT4 to clathrin lattices. J Cell Biol. 1992 Jun;117(6):1181–1196. doi: 10.1083/jcb.117.6.1181. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Satoh S., Nishimura H., Clark A. E., Kozka I. J., Vannucci S. J., Simpson I. A., Quon M. J., Cushman S. W., Holman G. D. Use of bismannose photolabel to elucidate insulin-regulated GLUT4 subcellular trafficking kinetics in rat adipose cells. Evidence that exocytosis is a critical site of hormone action. J Biol Chem. 1993 Aug 25;268(24):17820–17829. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Sauer N., Friedländer K., Gräml-Wicke U. Primary structure, genomic organization and heterologous expression of a glucose transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana. EMBO J. 1990 Oct;9(10):3045–3050. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07500.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Sauer N., Tanner W. The hexose carrier from Chlorella. cDNA cloning of a eucaryotic H+-cotransporter. FEBS Lett. 1989 Dec 18;259(1):43–46. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81489-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Schürmann A., Monden I., Joost H. G., Keller K. Subcellular distribution and activity of glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT4 transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Jul 15;1131(3):245–252. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90022-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Schürmann A., Monden I., Joost H. G., Keller K. Subcellular distribution and activity of glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT4 transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Jul 15;1131(3):245–252. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90022-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Shepherd P. R., Gibbs E. M., Wesslau C., Gould G. W., Kahn B. B. Human small intestine facilitative fructose/glucose transporter (GLUT5) is also present in insulin-responsive tissues and brain. Investigation of biochemical characteristics and translocation. Diabetes. 1992 Oct;41(10):1360–1365. doi: 10.2337/diab.41.10.1360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Shepherd P. R., Gould G. W., Colville C. A., McCoid S. C., Gibbs E. M., Kahn B. B. Distribution of GLUT3 glucose transporter protein in human tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Oct 15;188(1):149–154. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)92362-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Simpson I. A., Cushman S. W. Hormonal regulation of mammalian glucose transport. Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:1059–1089. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.005211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Sinha M. K., Raineri-Maldonado C., Buchanan C., Pories W. J., Carter-Su C., Pilch P. F., Caro J. F. Adipose tissue glucose transporters in NIDDM. Decreased levels of muscle/fat isoform. Diabetes. 1991 Apr;40(4):472–477. doi: 10.2337/diab.40.4.472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Sinha M. K., Taylor L. G., Pories W. J., Flickinger E. G., Meelheim D., Atkinson S., Sehgal N. S., Caro J. F. Long-term effect of insulin on glucose transport and insulin binding in cultured adipocytes from normal and obese humans with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest. 1987 Oct;80(4):1073–1081. doi: 10.1172/JCI113163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sivitz W. I., DeSautel S. L., Kayano T., Bell G. I., Pessin J. E. Regulation of glucose transporter messenger RNA in insulin-deficient states. Nature. 1989 Jul 6;340(6228):72–74. doi: 10.1038/340072a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Slot J. W., Geuze H. J., Gigengack S., James D. E., Lienhard G. E. Translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 in cardiac myocytes of the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 1;88(17):7815–7819. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.17.7815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Slot J. W., Geuze H. J., Gigengack S., Lienhard G. E., James D. E. Immuno-localization of the insulin regulatable glucose transporter in brown adipose tissue of the rat. J Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;113(1):123–135. doi: 10.1083/jcb.113.1.123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Srikanta S., Ricker A. T., McCulloch D. K., Soeldner J. S., Eisenbarth G. S., Palmer J. P. Autoimmunity to insulin, beta cell dysfunction, and development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1986 Feb;35(2):139–142. doi: 10.2337/diab.35.2.139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Suzuki K., Kono T. Evidence that insulin causes translocation of glucose transport activity to the plasma membrane from an intracellular storage site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 May;77(5):2542–2545. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.5.2542. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Szkutnicka K., Tschopp J. F., Andrews L., Cirillo V. P. Sequence and structure of the yeast galactose transporter. J Bacteriol. 1989 Aug;171(8):4486–4493. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.8.4486-4493.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Tal M., Wu Y. J., Leiser M., Surana M., Lodish H., Fleischer N., Weir G., Efrat S. [Val12] HRAS downregulates GLUT2 in beta cells of transgenic mice without affecting glucose homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 1;89(13):5744–5748. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.13.5744. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Taylor L. P., Holman G. D. Symmetrical kinetic parameters for 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in adipocytes in the presence and in the absence of insulin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Apr 6;642(2):325–335. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90449-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Thomas H. M., Takeda J., Gould G. W. Differential targeting of glucose transporter isoforms heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Biochem J. 1993 Mar 15;290(Pt 3):707–715. doi: 10.1042/bj2900707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Thomas H. M., Takeda J., Gould G. W. Differential targeting of glucose transporter isoforms heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Biochem J. 1993 Mar 15;290(Pt 3):707–715. doi: 10.1042/bj2900707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Thorens B., Cheng Z. Q., Brown D., Lodish H. F. Liver glucose transporter: a basolateral protein in hepatocytes and intestine and kidney cells. Am J Physiol. 1990 Dec;259(6 Pt 1):C279–C285. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1990.259.2.C279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Thorens B., Sarkar H. K., Kaback H. R., Lodish H. F. Cloning and functional expression in bacteria of a novel glucose transporter present in liver, intestine, kidney, and beta-pancreatic islet cells. Cell. 1988 Oct 21;55(2):281–290. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90051-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Todd J. A., Bell J. I., McDevitt H. O. HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature. 1987 Oct 15;329(6140):599–604. doi: 10.1038/329599a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Tominaga M., Komiya I., Johnson J. H., Inman L., Alam T., Moltz J., Crider B., Stefan Y., Baetens D., McCorkle K. Loss of insulin response to glucose but not arginine during the development of autoimmune diabetes in BB/W rats: relationships to islet volume and glucose transport rate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(24):9749–9753. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9749. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Traxinger R. R., Marshall S. Recovery of maximal insulin responsiveness and insulin sensitivity after induction of insulin resistance in primary cultured adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 15;264(14):8156–8163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Unger R. H. Diabetic hyperglycemia: link to impaired glucose transport in pancreatic beta cells. Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1200–1205. doi: 10.1126/science.2006409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Vannucci S. J., Nishimura H., Satoh S., Cushman S. W., Holman G. D., Simpson I. A. Cell surface accessibility of GLUT4 glucose transporters in insulin-stimulated rat adipose cells. Modulation by isoprenaline and adenosine. Biochem J. 1992 Nov 15;288(Pt 1):325–330. doi: 10.1042/bj2880325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Vogt B., Mühlbacher C., Carrascosa J., Obermaier-Kusser B., Seffer E., Mushack J., Pongratz D., Häring H. U. Subcellular distribution of GLUT 4 in the skeletal muscle of lean type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in the basal state. Diabetologia. 1992 May;35(5):456–463. doi: 10.1007/BF02342444. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Waddell I. D., Zomerschoe A. G., Voice M. W., Burchell A. Cloning and expression of a hepatic microsomal glucose transport protein. Comparison with liver plasma-membrane glucose-transport protein GLUT 2. Biochem J. 1992 Aug 15;286(Pt 1):173–177. doi: 10.1042/bj2860173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Wadzinski B. E., Shanahan M. F., Clark R. B., Ruoho A. E. Identification of the glucose transporter in mammalian cell membranes with a 125I-forskolin photoaffinity label. Biochem J. 1988 Nov 1;255(3):983–990. doi: 10.1042/bj2550983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Walmsley A. R. The dynamics of the glucose transporter. Trends Biochem Sci. 1988 Jun;13(6):226–231. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(88)90089-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Wardzala L. J., Jeanrenaud B. Identification of the D-glucose-inhibitable cytochalasin B binding site as the glucose transporter in rat diaphragm plasma and microsomal membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1983 Apr 21;730(1):49–56. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90315-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Watanabe T., Smith M. M., Robinson F. W., Kono T. Insulin action on glucose transport in cardiac muscle. J Biol Chem. 1984 Nov 10;259(21):13117–13122. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Weber M. J., Evans P. K., Johnson M. A., McNair T. F., Nakamura K. D., Salter D. W. Transport of potassium, amino acids, and glucose in cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. Fed Proc. 1984 Jan;43(1):107–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Whitesell R. R., Abumrad N. A. Modulation of basal glucose transporter Km in the adipocyte by insulin and other factors. J Biol Chem. 1986 Nov 15;261(32):15090–15096. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Whitesell R. R., Gliemann J. Kinetic parameters of transport of 3-O-methylglucose and glucose in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1979 Jun 25;254(12):5276–5283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Williams S. A., Birnbaum M. J. The rat facilitated glucose transporter gene. Transformation and serum-stimulated transcription initiate from identical sites. J Biol Chem. 1988 Dec 25;263(36):19513–19518. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Yang J., Clark A. E., Harrison R., Kozka I. J., Holman G. D. Trafficking of glucose transporters in 3T3-L1 cells. Inhibition of trafficking by phenylarsine oxide implicates a slow dissociation of transporters from trafficking proteins. Biochem J. 1992 Feb 1;281(Pt 3):809–817. doi: 10.1042/bj2810809. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Yang J., Holman G. D. Comparison of GLUT4 and GLUT1 subcellular trafficking in basal and insulin-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells. J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 5;268(7):4600–4603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Zorzano A., Wilkinson W., Kotliar N., Thoidis G., Wadzinkski B. E., Ruoho A. E., Pilch P. F. Insulin-regulated glucose uptake in rat adipocytes is mediated by two transporter isoforms present in at least two vesicle populations. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 25;264(21):12358–12363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biochemical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biochemical Society

RESOURCES