Table 3.
Microorganisms as biocontrol agents.
| Microorganisms | Pathogens | Active Compounds |
References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | |||
| Bacillus subtilis | Fusarium graminearum | surfactin, iturin, fengycin lipopeptides | [151,152,154] |
| Bacillus megaterium | Fusarium graminearum | not studied | [154] |
| Bacillus vallismortis |
Fusarium graminearum
Alternaria alternata Rhizoctonia solani Cryphonectria parasitica Phytophthora capsici |
bacillomycin D | [155] |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
F. graminearum Fusarium spp. |
iturin lipopeptide | [157,165] |
| Paenibacillus polymyxa | F. graminearum | not studied | [166] |
| Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus | F. graminearum | not studied | [158] |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum |
F. graminearum Fusarium spp. |
not studied | [157,158] |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | F. graminearum | not studied | [167] |
| Pseudomonas chlororaphis |
Drechslera graminea
D. teres D. avenae Ustilago avenae U. hordei Tilletia caries |
[168] | |
| Streptomyces spp. |
F. graminearum
Rhizoctonia solani |
secondary metabolites chitinases volatile organic compounds |
[150,167,168,169] |
| Azotobacter nigricans |
F. sporotrichioides
F. graminearum F. poae F. crookwellense F. equiseti F. sambucinum F. culmorum |
not studied | [170] |
| Yeasts | |||
| Sporidiobolus pararoseus | Fusarium fujikuroi | not studied | [161] |
| Pichia guilliermondii |
Fusarium fujikuroi
Penicillium roqueforti |
not studied | [161,162] |
| Metschnikowia pulcherrima | Fusarium fujikuroi | not studied | [161] |
| Cryptococcus flavescens | F. graminearum | not studied | [171] |
| Pichia anomala | Penicillium roqueforti | not studied | [162] |
| Pichia burtonii | |||
| Pichia farinosa | |||
| Pichia membranifaciens | |||
| Candida silvicola | |||
| Candida fennica | |||
| Candida pelliculosa | |||
| Candida silvicultrix | |||
| Molds | |||
| T. asperellum |
F. graminearum
Pseudomonas syringae |
not studied induced resistance |
[172] [173] |
| T. citrinoviride | F. graminearum | not studied | [158] |
| T. harzianum |
F. verticillioides
F. graminearum F. oxysporum B. cinerea |
secretion of chitinase, competition for space | [171,172,173,174] |
| T. brevicrasum | Rizoctonia solani | mycoparasitism | [173] |
| Clonostachys rosea |
F. culmorum F. graminearum F. verticillioides F. crookwellense Alternaria dauci A. radicina Botrytis cinerea B. aclada Bipolaris sorokiniana Drechslera teres Helminthosporium solani Moniliophthora roreri, Phytophthora palmivora Rhizoctonia solani Rhynchosporium communea Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
secretion cell-wall-degrading enzymes | [163,164] |