Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Biochemical Journal logoLink to Biochemical Journal
. 1995 Feb 1;305(Pt 3):689–705. doi: 10.1042/bj3050689

Platelet-activating factor: the biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes.

F Snyder 1
PMCID: PMC1136314  PMID: 7848265

Full text

PDF
689

Images in this article

702Figure 1
on p.702
702Figure 2
on p.702

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aarsman A. J., Neys F. W., Van den Bosch H. Catabolism of platelet-activating factor and its acyl analog. Differentiation of the activities of lysophospholipase and platelet-activating-factor acetylhydrolase. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Aug 15;200(1):187–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb21066.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alonso F., Henson P. M., Leslie C. C. A cytosolic phospholipase in human neutrophils that hydrolyzes arachidonoyl-containing phosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 Sep 12;878(2):273–280. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90156-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Angle M. J., Paltauf F., Johnston J. M. Selective hydrolysis of ether-containing glycerophospholipids by phospholipase A2 in rabbit lung. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Sep 23;962(2):234–240. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90165-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker R. R., Chang H. Y. MgATP inhibits the synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate by microsomal acetyltransferase of immature rabbit cerebral cortex. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Jun 23;1213(1):27–33. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90218-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bell O. E., Jr, Snyder F., Blank M. L. The incorporation of 18O and 14C from long-chain alcohols into the alkyl and alk-1-enyl ethers of phospholipids of developing rat brain. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971 May 4;231(3):579–583. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90133-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Blank M. L., Fitzgerald V., Lee T. C., Snyder F. Evidence for biosynthesis of plasmenylcholine from plasmenylethanolamine in HL-60 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Feb 24;1166(2-3):309–312. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90112-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Blank M. L., Hall M. N., Cress E. A., Snyder F. Inactivation of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by a plasma acetylhydrolase: higher activities in hypertensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Jun 15;113(2):666–671. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91778-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blank M. L., Lee T., Fitzgerald V., Snyder F. A specific acetylhydrolase for 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (a hypotensive and platelet-activating lipid). J Biol Chem. 1981 Jan 10;256(1):175–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blank M. L., Lee Y. J., Cress E. A., Snyder F. Stimulation of the de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) via cytidylyltransferase activation in cells with minimal endogenous PAF production. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 25;263(12):5656–5661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Blank M. L., Smith Z. L., Cress E. A., Snyder F. Characterization of the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetate from alkylacetylglycerols in the de novo pathway of PAF biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Feb 6;1042(2):153–158. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90001-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Blank M. L., Wykle R. L., Alper S., Snyder F. Microsomal synthesis of the ether analogs of triacylglycerols. Acyl CoA:alkylacylglycerol and acyl CoA:alk-i-enylacylglycerol acyltransferases in tumors and liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1974 Jun 26;348(3):397–403. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(74)90219-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Blank M. L., Wykle R. L., Snyder F. The biosynthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogens by a postmitochondrial fraction from rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1972 Jun 9;47(5):1203–1208. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90962-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown A. J., Glish G. L., McBay E. H., Snyder F. Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase mechanism: 18O studies of fatty acid release from acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate. Biochemistry. 1985 Dec 31;24(27):8012–8016. doi: 10.1021/bi00348a026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Brown A. J., Snyder F. Alkyldihydroxyacetone-P synthase. Solubilization, partial purification, new assay method, and evidence for a ping-pong mechanism. J Biol Chem. 1982 Aug 10;257(15):8835–8839. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown A. J., Snyder F. The mechanism of alkyldihydroxyacetone-P synthase. Formation of [3H]H2O from acyl[1-R-3H]dihydroxyacetone-P by purified alkyldihydroxyacetone-P synthase in the absence of acylhydrolase activity. J Biol Chem. 1983 Apr 10;258(7):4184–4189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown A., Snyder F. Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase. Methods Enzymol. 1992;209:377–384. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(92)09046-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bussolino F., Gremo F., Tetta C., Pescarmona G. P., Camussi G. Production of platelet-activating factor by chick retina. J Biol Chem. 1986 Dec 15;261(35):16502–16508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cabot M. C., Faulkner L. A., Lackey R. J., Snyder F. Vertebrate class distribution of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetylhydrolase in serum. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1984;78(1):37–40. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90141-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Camussi G., Tetta C., Bussolino F., Baglioni C. Tumor necrosis factor stimulates human neutrophils to release leukotriene B4 and platelet-activating factor. Induction of phospholipase A2 and acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O2-acetyltransferase activity and inhibition by antiproteinase. Eur J Biochem. 1989 Jul 1;182(3):661–666. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14876.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chae K., Piantadosi C., Snyder F. An alternate enzymic route for the synthesis of the alkyl analog of phosphatidic acid involving alkylglycerol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973 Mar 5;51(1):119–124. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90516-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chae K., Piantadosi C., Snyder F. Reductase, phosphatase, and kinase activities in the metabolism of alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate and alkyldihydroxyacetone. J Biol Chem. 1973 Oct 10;248(19):6718–6723. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Channon J. Y., Leslie C. C. A calcium-dependent mechanism for associating a soluble arachidonoyl-hydrolyzing phospholipase A2 with membrane in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. J Biol Chem. 1990 Apr 5;265(10):5409–5413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Chao W., Olson M. S. Platelet-activating factor: receptors and signal transduction. Biochem J. 1993 Jun 15;292(Pt 3):617–629. doi: 10.1042/bj2920617. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Clark J. D., Milona N., Knopf J. L. Purification of a 110-kilodalton cytosolic phospholipase A2 from the human monocytic cell line U937. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7708–7712. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7708. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Colard O., Bidault J., Breton M., Ninio E. Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor in cultured mast cells. Involvement of the CoA-independent transacylase demonstrated by analysis of the molecular species of platelet-activating factor. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Sep 15;216(3):835–840. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18205.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Datta N. S., Wilson G. N., Hajra A. K. Deficiency of enzymes catalyzing the biosynthesis of glycerol-ether lipids in Zellweger syndrome. A new category of metabolic disease involving the absence of peroxisomes. N Engl J Med. 1984 Oct 25;311(17):1080–1083. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198410253111704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Davis P. A., Hajra A. K. Assay and properties of the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of 1-O-alkyl dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981 Oct 1;211(1):20–29. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90424-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Davis P. A., Hajra A. K. Stereochemical specificity of the biosynthesis of the alkyl ether bond in alkyl ether lipids. J Biol Chem. 1979 Jun 10;254(11):4760–4763. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Davis P. A., Hajra A. K. The enzymatic exchange of the acyl group of acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphat with free fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1977 Jan 10;74(1):100–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Dennis E. A. Diversity of group types, regulation, and function of phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem. 1994 May 6;269(18):13057–13060. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Diez E., Chilton F. H., Stroup G., Mayer R. J., Winkler J. D., Fonteh A. N. Fatty acid and phospholipid selectivity of different phospholipase A2 enzymes studied by using a mammalian membrane as substrate. Biochem J. 1994 Aug 1;301(Pt 3):721–726. doi: 10.1042/bj3010721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Diez E., Mong S. Purification of a phospholipase A2 from human monocytic leukemic U937 cells. Calcium-dependent activation and membrane association. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 25;265(24):14654–14661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Domenech C., Machado-De Domenech E., Söling H. D. Regulation of acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O2-acetyltransferase (lyso-PAF-acetyltransferase) in exocrine glands. Evidence for an activation via phosphorylation by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 1987 Apr 25;262(12):5671–5676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ellingboe J., Karnovsky M. L. Origin of glycerol ethers. Biosynthesis from labeled acetate, stearic acid, stearaldehyde, and stearyl alcohol. J Biol Chem. 1967 Dec 25;242(24):5693–5699. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Elstad M. R., Stafforini D. M., McIntyre T. M., Prescott S. M., Zimmerman G. A. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase increases during macrophage differentiation. A novel mechanism that regulates accumulation of platelet-activating factor. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 25;264(15):8467–8470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Farr R. S., Cox C. P., Wardlow M. L., Jorgensen R. Preliminary studies of an acid-labile factor (ALF) in human sera that inactivates platelet-activating factor (PAF). Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1980 Mar;15(3):318–330. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(80)90044-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Farr R. S., Wardlow M. L., Cox C. P., Meng K. E., Greene D. E. Human serum acid-labile factor is an acylhydrolase that inactivates platelet-activating factor. Fed Proc. 1983 Nov;42(14):3120–3122. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ford D. A., Gross R. W. The discordant rates of sn-1 aliphatic chain and polar head group incorporation into plasmalogen molecular species demonstrate the fundamental importance of polar head group remodeling in plasmalogen metabolism in rabbit myocardium. Biochemistry. 1994 Feb 8;33(5):1216–1222. doi: 10.1021/bi00171a022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Francescangeli E., Goracci G. The de novo biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 May 30;161(1):107–112. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91567-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Friedberg S. J., Alkek R. D. Absolute configuration of tritiated O-alkylglycerol synthesized enzymatically from (1,3-3H2, 1,3-14C2)dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Biochemistry. 1977 Nov 29;16(24):5291–5294. doi: 10.1021/bi00643a020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Friedberg S. J., Gomillion D. M., Stotter P. L. The mechanism of ether bond formation in O-alkyl lipid synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1980 Feb 10;255(3):1074–1079. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Friedberg S. J., Greene R. C. Glyceryl ether synthesis from long chain alcohols in elasmobranch stomach. J Biol Chem. 1967 Dec 25;242(24):5709–5714. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Friedberg S. J., Heifetz A., Greene R. C. Loss of hydrogen from dihydroxyacetone phosphate during glyceryl ether synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1971 Sep 25;246(18):5822–5827. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Friedberg S. J., Heifetz A., Greene R. C. Studies on the mechanism of O-alkyl lipid synthesis. Biochemistry. 1972 Jan 18;11(2):297–301. doi: 10.1021/bi00752a023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Friedberg S. J., Heifetz A. Hydrogen exchange in the synthesis of glyceryl ether and in the formation of dihydroxyacetone in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Biochemistry. 1973 Mar 13;12(6):1100–1106. doi: 10.1021/bi00730a013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Friedberg S. J., Weintraub S. T., Singer M. R., Greene R. C. The mechanism of ether bond formation in O-alkyl lipid synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor. Unusual cleavage of the fatty acid moiety of acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jan 10;258(1):136–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Garcia M. C., Fernandez-Gallardo S., Gijon M. A., Garcia C., Nieto M. L., Sanchez Crespo M. Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The role of lyso-PAF disposal and free arachidonic acid. Biochem J. 1990 May 15;268(1):91–98. doi: 10.1042/bj2680091. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Gomez-Cambronero J., Mato J. M., Vivanco F., Sanchez-Crespo M. Phosphorylation of partially purified 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from rat spleen. Biochem J. 1987 Aug 1;245(3):893–897. doi: 10.1042/bj2450893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gomez-Cambronero J., Velasco S., Sanchez-Crespo M., Vivanco F., Mato J. M. Partial purification and characterization of 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from rat spleen. Biochem J. 1986 Jul 15;237(2):439–445. doi: 10.1042/bj2370439. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Gronich J. H., Bonventre J. V., Nemenoff R. A. Purification of a high-molecular-mass form of phospholipase A2 from rat kidney activated at physiological calcium concentrations. Biochem J. 1990 Oct 1;271(1):37–43. doi: 10.1042/bj2710037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Gómez-Cambronero J., Velasco S., Mato J. M., Sánchez-Crespo M. Modulation of lyso-platelet activating factor: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from rat splenic microsomes. The role of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985 Jun 30;845(3):516–519. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(85)90219-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hajra A. K. Acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate: precursor of alkyl ethers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1970;39(6):1037–1044. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90663-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hajra A. K., Agranoff B. W. Acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Characterization of a 32P-labeled lipid from guinea pig liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 1968 Apr 10;243(7):1617–1622. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hajra A. K. Biosynthesis of acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate in guinea pig liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 1968 Jun 25;243(12):3458–3465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hajra A. K. Biosynthesis of alkyl-ether containing lipid from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1969 Oct 22;37(3):486–492. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90941-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hajra A. K., Bishop J. E. Glycerolipid biosynthesis in peroxisomes via the acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;386:170–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21415.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Hajra A. K., Burke C. L., Jones C. L. Subcellular localization of acyl coenzyme A: dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in rat liver peroxisomes (microbodies). J Biol Chem. 1979 Nov 10;254(21):10896–10900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Hajra A. K., Jones C. L., Davis P. A. Studies on the biosynthesis of the O-alkyl bond in glycerol ether lipids. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;101:369–378. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9071-2_34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hajra A. K., Seguin E. B., Agranoff B. W. Rapid labeling of mitochondrial lipids by labeled orthophosphate and adenosine triphosphate. J Biol Chem. 1968 Apr 10;243(7):1609–1616. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Hattori M., Arai H., Inoue K. Purification and characterization of bovine brain platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 5;268(25):18748–18753. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Hazen S. L., Ford D. A., Gross R. W. Activation of a membrane-associated phospholipase A2 during rabbit myocardial ischemia which is highly selective for plasmalogen substrate. J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 25;266(9):5629–5633. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hazen S. L., Stuppy R. J., Gross R. W. Purification and characterization of canine myocardial cytosolic phospholipase A2. A calcium-independent phospholipase with absolute f1-2 regiospecificity for diradyl glycerophospholipids. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 25;265(18):10622–10630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Heller R., Bussolino F., Ghigo D., Garbarino G., Pescarmona G., Till U., Bosia A. Stimulation of platelet-activating factor synthesis in human endothelial cells by activation of the de novo pathway. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate activates 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphate:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and dithiothreitol-insensitive 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol:CDP-choline cholinephosphotransferase. J Biol Chem. 1991 Nov 15;266(32):21358–21361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Hoffman D. R., Hoffman L. H., Snyder F. Cytotoxicity and metabolism of alkyl phospholipid analogues in neoplastic cells. Cancer Res. 1986 Nov;46(11):5803–5809. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Holland M. R., Venable M. E., Whatley R. E., Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M., Prescott S. M. Activation of the acetyl-coenzyme A:lysoplatelet-activating factor acetyltransferase regulates platelet-activating factor synthesis in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22883–22890. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Holloway P. W., Katz J. T. A requirement for cytochrome b 5 in microsomal stearyl coenzyme A desaturation. Biochemistry. 1972 Sep 26;11(20):3689–3696. doi: 10.1021/bi00770a005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Horie S., Das A. K., Hajra A. K. Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase from guinea pig liver peroxisomes. Methods Enzymol. 1992;209:385–390. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(92)09047-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Jones C. L., Hajra A. K. Properties of guinea pig liver peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 1980 Sep 10;255(17):8289–8295. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Jones C. L., Hajra A. K. The subcellular distribution of acyl CoA: dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyl transferase in guinea pig liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1977 Jun 20;76(4):1138–1143. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90974-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. KAUFMAN S. Studies on the mechanism of the enzymatic conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. J Biol Chem. 1959 Oct;234:2677–2682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Kawasaki T., Snyder F. Synthesis of a novel acetylated neutral lipid related to platelet-activating factor by acyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 25;263(6):2593–2596. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Kawasaki T., Snyder F. The metabolism of lyso-platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) by a calcium-dependent lysophospholipase D in rabbit kidney medulla. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Jul 13;920(1):85–93. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(87)90314-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kent C. Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res. 1990;29(2):87–105. doi: 10.1016/0163-7827(90)90010-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kim D. K., Kudo I., Inoue K. Purification and characterization of rabbit platelet cytosolic phospholipase A2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Apr 24;1083(1):80–88. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90127-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Korth R., Bidault J., Palmantier R., Benveniste J., Ninio E. Human platelets release a paf-acether: acetylhydrolase similar to that in plasma. Lipids. 1993 Mar;28(3):193–199. doi: 10.1007/BF02536639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Kramer R. M., Roberts E. F., Manetta J., Putnam J. E. The Ca2(+)-sensitive cytosolic phospholipase A2 is a 100-kDa protein in human monoblast U937 cells. J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 15;266(8):5268–5272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. LaBelle E. F., Jr, Hajra A. K. Enzymatic reduction of alkyl and acyl derivatives of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by reduced pyridine nucleotides. J Biol Chem. 1972 Sep 25;247(18):5825–5834. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. LaBelle E. F., Jr, Hajra A. K. Purification and kinetic properties of acyl and alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate oxidoreductase. J Biol Chem. 1974 Nov 10;249(21):6936–6944. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Lee T. C., Blank M. L., Fitzgerald V., Snyder F. Formation of alkylacyl- and diacylglycerophosphocholines via diradylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Nov 12;713(2):479–483. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90269-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Lee T. C., Blank M. L., Fitzgerald V., Snyder F. Substrate specificity in the biocleavage of the O-alkyl bond: 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (a hypotensive and platelet-activating lipid) and its metabolites. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981 May;208(2):353–357. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90519-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Lee T. C., Fitzgerald V., Chatterjee R., Malone B., Snyder F. Differentiation induced increase of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in HL-60 cells. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal. 1994 May;9(3):267–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Lee T. C., Malone B., Blank M. L., Fitzgerald V., Snyder F. Regulation of the synthesis of platelet-activating factor and its inactive storage precursor (1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) from 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol by rabbit platelets. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 5;265(16):9181–9187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Lee T. C., Malone B., Snyder F. A new de novo pathway for the formation of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerols, precursors of platelet activating factor. Biochemical characterization of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-P:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase in rat spleen. J Biol Chem. 1986 Apr 25;261(12):5373–5377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Lee T. C., Malone B., Snyder F. Formation of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerols via the de novo biosynthetic pathway for platelet-activating factor. Characterization of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate phosphohydrolase in rat spleens. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 5;263(4):1755–1760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Lee T. C., Malone B., Woodard D., Snyder F. Renal necrosis and the involvement of a single enzyme of the de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor in the rat kidney inner medulla. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Sep 15;163(2):1002–1005. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92321-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Lee T. C., Snyder F. 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase. Methods Enzymol. 1992;209:279–283. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(92)09035-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Lee T. C., Uemura Y., Snyder F. A novel CoA-independent transacetylase produces the ethanolamine plasmalogen and acyl analogs of platelet-activating factor (PAF) with PAF as the acetate donor in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 5;267(28):19992–20001. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Lee T. C., Vallari D. S., Snyder F. 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase. Methods Enzymol. 1992;209:396–401. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(92)09049-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Lee T. C., Wykle R. L., Blank M. L., Snyder F. Dietary control of stearyl CoA and alkylacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine desaturases in tumor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973 Dec 10;55(3):574–579. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91182-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Lenihan D. J., Greenberg N., Lee T. C. Involvement of platelet activating factor in physiological stress in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1985;81(1):81–86. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90095-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Lenihan D. J., Lee T. C. Regulation of platelet activating factor synthesis: modulation of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in rat spleen microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 May 16;120(3):834–839. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(84)80182-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Leslie C. C. Kinetic properties of a high molecular mass arachidonoyl-hydrolyzing phospholipase A2 that exhibits lysophospholipase activity. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 15;266(17):11366–11371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Leslie C. C., Voelker D. R., Channon J. Y., Wall M. M., Zelarney P. T. Properties and purification of an arachidonoyl-hydrolyzing phospholipase A2 from a macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Dec 16;963(3):476–492. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90316-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Leyravaud S., Bossant M. J., Joly F., Bessou G., Benveniste J., Ninio E. Biosynthesis of paf-acether. X. Phorbol myristate acetate-induced paf-acether biosynthesis and acetyltransferase activation in human neutrophils. J Immunol. 1989 Jul 1;143(1):245–249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Liu M., Subbaiah P. V. Hydrolysis and transesterification of platelet-activating factor by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 21;91(13):6035–6039. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.6035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. MacDonald J. I., Sprecher H. Phospholipid fatty acid remodeling in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Jul 9;1084(2):105–121. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90209-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. McNamara M. J., Schmitt J. D., Wykle R. L., Daniel L. W. 1-0-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol stimulates differentiation of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells to macrophage-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Jul 31;122(2):824–830. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(84)80108-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Mollinedo F., Gómez-Cambronero J., Cano E., Sánchez-Crespo M. Intracellular localization of platelet-activating factor synthesis in human neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Aug 15;154(3):1232–1239. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90271-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Narahara H., Frenkel R. A., Johnston J. M. Secretion of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase following phorbol ester-stimulated differentiation of HL-60 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Mar;301(2):275–281. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Narahara H., Johnston J. M. Effects of endotoxins and cytokines on the secretion of platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase by human decidual macrophages. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Sep;169(3):531–537. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90614-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Narahara H., Johnston J. M. Smoking and preterm labor: effect of a cigarette smoke extract on the secretion of platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase by human decidual macrophages. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Nov;169(5):1321–1326. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90300-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Nieto M. L., Velasco S., Sanchez Crespo M. Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Involvement of the cholinephosphotransferase pathway in response to the phorbol esters. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 15;263(5):2217–2222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Nieto M. L., Velasco S., Sanchez Crespo M. Modulation of acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF) acetyltransferase in human polymorphonuclears. The role of cyclic AMP-dependent and phospholipid sensitive, calcium-dependent protein kinases. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 5;263(10):4607–4611. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Nieto M. L., Venable M. E., Bauldry S. A., Greene D. G., Kennedy M., Bass D. A., Wykle R. L. Evidence that hydrolysis of ethanolamine plasmalogens triggers synthesis of platelet-activating factor via a transacylation reaction. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 5;266(28):18699–18706. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Ninio E., Joly F., Bessou G. Biosynthesis of paf-acether. XI. Regulation of acetyltransferase by enzyme-substrate imbalance. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Nov 25;963(2):288–294. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90293-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Ninio E., Joly F., Hieblot C., Bessou G., Mencia-Huerta J. M., Benveniste J. Biosynthesis of paf-acether. IX. Role for a phosphorylation-dependent activation of acetyltransferase in antigen-stimulated mouse mast cells. J Immunol. 1987 Jul 1;139(1):154–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Ninio E., Mencia-Huerta J. M., Heymans F., Benveniste J. Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor. I. Evidence for an acetyl-transferase activity in murine macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Jan 15;710(1):23–31. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90185-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Nishihira J., Ishibashi T. A phospholipase C with a high specificity for platelet-activating factor in rabbit liver light mitochondria. Lipids. 1986 Dec;21(12):780–785. doi: 10.1007/BF02535412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Okayasu T., Hoshii K., Seyama K., Ishibashi T., Imai Y. Metabolism of platelet-activating factor in primary cultured adult rat hepatocytes by a new pathway involving phospholipase C and alkyl monooxygenase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 Mar 21;876(1):58–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Oshino N., Omura T. Immunochemical evidence for the participation of cytochrome b5 in microsomal stearyl-CoA desaturation reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1973 Aug;157(2):395–404. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90655-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Palmantier R., Dulioust A., Maiza H., Benveniste J., Ninio E. Biosynthesis of paf-acether. XIV. Paf-acether output in murine peritoneal macrophages is regulated by the level of acetylhydrolase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jul 14;162(1):475–482. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92022-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Paltauf F., Holasek A. Enzymatic synthesis of plasmalogens. Characterization of the 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-8n-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine desaturase from mucosa of hamster small intestine. J Biol Chem. 1973 Mar 10;248(5):1609–1615. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Paltuaf F., Prough R. A., Masters B. S., Johnston J. M. Evidence for the participation of cytochrome b5 in plasmalogen biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 1974 Apr 25;249(8):2661–2662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Parthasarathy S., Steinbrecher U. P., Barnett J., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Essential role of phospholipase A2 activity in endothelial cell-induced modification of low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):3000–3004. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.3000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Pfleger R. C., Piantadosi C., Snyder F. The biocleavage of isomeric glyceryl ethers by soluble liver enzymes in a variety of species. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1967 Dec 5;144(3):633–648. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(67)90052-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Prescott S. M., Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M. Platelet-activating factor. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 15;265(29):17381–17384. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Radominska-Pyrek A., Strosznajder J., Dabrowiecki Z., Goracci G., Chojnacki T., Horrocks L. A. Enzymic synthesis of ether types of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides by microsomal fractions from rat brain and liver. J Lipid Res. 1977 Jan;18(1):53–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Ramesha C. S., Pickett W. C. Platelet-activating factor and leukotriene biosynthesis is inhibited in polymorphonuclear leukocytes depleted of arachidonic acid. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jun 15;261(17):7592–7595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Record M., Ribbes G., Tercé F., Chap H. Subcellular localization of phospholipids and enzymes involved in PAF-acether metabolism. J Cell Biochem. 1989 Jul;40(3):353–359. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240400311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Record M., Snyder F. Intracellular location of acetyltransferase in the remodeling pathway of PAF biosynthesis in undifferentiated human leukemic cells (HL-60). J Lipid Mediat. 1990 Jan-Feb;2(1):1–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Remy E., Lenoir G., Houben A., Vandesteene C., Remacle J. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor biosynthesis via the acetyltransferase by arachidonic and oleic acids in ionophore A23187-stimulated bovine neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Sep 11;1005(1):87–92. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90035-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Renooij W., Snyder F. Biosynthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet activating factor and a hypotensive lipid) by cholinephosphotransferase in various rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Feb 23;663(2):545–556. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(81)90182-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Ribbes G., Gelas P., Lumb R., Record M., Terce F., Chap H. Subcellular localization of enzymes related to PAF metabolism in Krebs-II ascites cells: evidence for the lack of intracellular PAF transfer activity. J Lipid Mediat. 1991 Nov;4(3):251–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Ribbes G., Ninio E., Fontan P., Record M., Chap H., Benveniste J., Douste-Blazy L. Evidence that biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (paf-acether) by human neutrophils occurs in an intracellular membrane. FEBS Lett. 1985 Oct 28;191(2):195–199. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80007-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Rock C. O., Snyder F. Biosynthesis of 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate via adenosine triphosphate:1-alkyl-sn-glycerol phosphotransferase. J Biol Chem. 1974 Sep 10;249(17):5382–5387. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Satoh K., Imaizumi T., Kawamura Y., Yoshida H., Hiramoto M., Takamatsu S., Takamatsu M. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) stimulates the production of PAF acetylhydrolase by the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. J Clin Invest. 1991 Feb;87(2):476–481. doi: 10.1172/JCI115020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Satoh K., Imaizumi T., Yoshida H., Takamatsu S. Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on secretion of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase by HepG2 cells. Metabolism. 1993 Jun;42(6):672–677. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90231-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Satoh K., Imaizumi T., Yoshida H., Takamatsu S. High-density lipoprotein inhibits the production of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase by HepG2 cells. J Lab Clin Med. 1994 Feb;123(2):225–231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Schrakamp G., Roosenboom C. F., Schutgens R. B., Wanders R. J., Heymans H. S., Tager J. M., van den Bosch H. Alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase in human fibroblasts and its deficiency in Zellweger syndrome. J Lipid Res. 1985 Jul;26(7):867–873. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Seyama K., Ishibashi T. Biochemical characterization of acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase in rat spleen microsomes. Lipids. 1987 Mar;22(3):185–189. doi: 10.1007/BF02537300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Shikano M., Masuzawa Y., Yazawa K., Takayama K., Kudo I., Inoue K. Complete discrimination of docosahexaenoate from arachidonate by 85 kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 during the hydrolysis of diacyl- and alkenylacylglycerophosphoethanolamine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 May 13;1212(2):211–216. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90255-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Snyder F., Blank M. L., Malone B. Requirement of cytidine derivatives in the biosynthesis of O-alkyl phospholipids. J Biol Chem. 1970 Aug 25;245(16):4016–4018. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Snyder F., Blank M., Lee T. C., Robinson M., Woodard D. Measurement of key enzyme activities involved in the metabolism of platelet activating factor. Methods Enzymol. 1987;141:379–396. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)41085-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Snyder F., Clark M., Piantadosi C. Biosynthesis of alkyl lipids: displacement of the acyl moiety of acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate with fatty alcohol analogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973 Jul 2;53(1):350–356. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91440-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Snyder F., Hibbs M., Malone B. Enzymic synthesis of O-alkyl glycerolipids in brain and liver of rats during fetal and postnatal development. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971 Mar 16;231(2):409–411. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90156-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Snyder F., Lee T. C. 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate phosphatase. Methods Enzymol. 1992;209:230–234. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(92)09028-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Snyder F., Lee T. C., Blank M. L. The role of transacylases in the metabolism of arachidonate and platelet activating factor. Prog Lipid Res. 1992;31(1):65–86. doi: 10.1016/0163-7827(92)90016-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Snyder F., Malone B., Blank M. L. Enzymic synthesis of O-alkyl bonds in glycerolipids. J Biol Chem. 1970 Apr 10;245(7):1790–1799. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Snyder F., Malone B., Piantadosi C. Tetrahydropteridine-dependent cleavage enzyme for O-alkyl lipids: substrate specificity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1973 Aug 23;316(2):259–265. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90018-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Snyder F., Malone B., Wykle R. L. The biosynthesis of alkyl ether bonds in lipids by a cell-free system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1969 Jan 6;34(1):40–47. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90525-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Snyder F. Platelet-activating factor and related acetylated lipids as potent biologically active cellular mediators. Am J Physiol. 1990 Nov;259(5 Pt 1):C697–C708. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1990.259.5.C697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Snyder F., Rainey W. T., Jr, Blank M. L., Christie W. H. The source of oxygen in the ether bond of glycerolipids. 18-O studies. J Biol Chem. 1970 Nov 10;245(21):5853–5856. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Soodsma J. F., Piantadosi C., Snyder F. Partial characterization of the alkylglycerol cleavage enzyme system of rat liver. J Biol Chem. 1972 Jun 25;247(12):3923–3929. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Stafforini D. M., Carter M. E., Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M., Prescott S. M. Lipoproteins alter the catalytic behavior of the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(7):2393–2397. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2393. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Stafforini D. M., McIntyre T. M., Carter M. E., Prescott S. M. Human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Association with lipoprotein particles and role in the degradation of platelet-activating factor. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 25;262(9):4215–4222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Stafforini D. M., McIntyre T. M., Prescott S. M. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase from human plasma. Methods Enzymol. 1990;187:344–357. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)87041-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Stafforini D. M., Prescott S. M., McIntyre T. M. Human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Purification and properties. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 25;262(9):4223–4230. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Stafforini D. M., Prescott S. M., Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in human tissues and blood cells. Lipids. 1991 Dec;26(12):979–985. doi: 10.1007/BF02536488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Steinbrecher U. P., Parthasarathy S., Leake D. S., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Modification of low density lipoprotein by endothelial cells involves lipid peroxidation and degradation of low density lipoprotein phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jun;81(12):3883–3887. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Steinbrecher U. P., Pritchard P. H. Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine during LDL oxidation is mediated by platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J Lipid Res. 1989 Mar;30(3):305–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Stoffel W., LeKim D. Studies on the biosynthesis of plasmalogens. Precursors in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens: on the stereospecificity of the biochemical dehydrogenation of the 1-O-alkyl glyceryl to the 1-O-alk-1'-enyl glyceryl ether bond. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1971 Mar;352(3):501–511. doi: 10.1515/bchm2.1971.352.1.501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Stremler K. E., Stafforini D. M., Prescott S. M., McIntyre T. M. Human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Oxidatively fragmented phospholipids as substrates. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 15;266(17):11095–11103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Stremler K. E., Stafforini D. M., Prescott S. M., Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M. An oxidized derivative of phosphatidylcholine is a substrate for the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase from human plasma. J Biol Chem. 1989 Apr 5;264(10):5331–5334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Strum J. C., Daniel L. W. Identification of a lysophospholipase C that may be responsible for the biosynthesis of choline plasmalogens by Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem. 1993 Dec 5;268(34):25500–25508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Sturk A., Schaap M. C., Prins A., ten Cate J. W., van den Bosch H. Synthesis of platelet-activating factor by human blood platelets and leucocytes. Evidence against selective utilization of cellular ether-linked phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Dec 8;993(2-3):148–156. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90157-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Sturk A., ten Cate J. W., Hosford D., Mencia-Huerta J. M., Braquet P. The synthesis, catabolism, and pathophysiological role of platelet-activating factor. Adv Lipid Res. 1989;23:219–276. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024923-7.50010-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Suga K., Kawasaki T., Blank M. L., Snyder F. An arachidonoyl (polyenoic)-specific phospholipase A2 activity regulates the synthesis of platelet-activating factor in granulocytic HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jul 25;265(21):12363–12371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Sugiura T., Fukuda T., Masuzawa Y., Waku K. Ether lysophospholipid-induced production of platelet-activating factor in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Dec 4;1047(3):223–232. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90520-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Suzuki Y., Miwa M., Harada M., Matsumoto M. Release of acetylhydrolase from platelets on aggregation with platelet-activating factor. Eur J Biochem. 1988 Feb 15;172(1):117–120. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13862.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. TIETZ A., LINDBERG M., KENNEDY E. P. A NEW PTERIDINE-REQUIRING ENZYME SYSTEM FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLYCERYL ETHERS. J Biol Chem. 1964 Dec;239:4081–4090. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Tarbet E. B., Stafforini D. M., Elstad M. R., Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M., Prescott S. M. Liver cells secrete the plasma form of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J Biol Chem. 1991 Sep 5;266(25):16667–16673. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Tessner T. G., Wykle R. L. Stimulated neutrophils produce an ethanolamine plasmalogen analog of platelet-activating factor. J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 15;262(26):12660–12664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Tijburg L. B., Geelen M. J., van Golde L. M. Regulation of the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Jul 17;1004(1):1–19. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90206-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Triggiani M., D'Souza D. M., Chilton F. H. Metabolism of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in the human neutrophil. J Biol Chem. 1991 Apr 15;266(11):6928–6935. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Triggiani M., Fonteh A. N., Chilton F. H. Factors that influence the proportions of platelet-activating factor and 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine synthesized by the mast cell. Biochem J. 1992 Sep 1;286(Pt 2):497–503. doi: 10.1042/bj2860497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Tselepis A. D., Lekka M. E., Tsoukatos D. A PAF-acetylhydrolase activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis cells. FEBS Lett. 1991 Aug 19;288(1-2):147–150. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81022-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Uemura Y., Lee T. C., Snyder F. A coenzyme A-independent transacylase is linked to the formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by generating the lyso-PAF intermediate in the remodeling pathway. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 5;266(13):8268–8272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Vallari D. S., Record M., Snyder F. Conversion of alkylacetylglycerol to platelet-activating factor in HL-60 cells and subcellular localization of the mediator. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990 Feb 1;276(2):538–545. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90756-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Venable M. E., Nieto M. L., Schmitt J. D., Wykle R. L. Conversion of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine to lyso platelet-activating factor by the CoA-independent transacylase in membrane fractions of human neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 5;266(28):18691–18698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Venable M. E., Olson S. C., Nieto M. L., Wykle R. L. Enzymatic studies of lyso platelet-activating factor acylation in human neutrophils and changes upon stimulation. J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 15;268(11):7965–7975. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Venable M. E., Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M., Prescott S. M. Platelet-activating factor: a phospholipid autacoid with diverse actions. J Lipid Res. 1993 May;34(5):691–702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Wardlow M. L., Cox C. P., Meng K. E., Greene D. E., Farr R. S. Substrate specificity and partial characterization of the PAF-acylhydrolase in human serum that rapidly inactivates platelet-activating factor. J Immunol. 1986 May 1;136(9):3441–3446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Webber K. O., Hajra A. K. Purification of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase from guinea pig liver peroxisomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Jan;300(1):88–97. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Wijkander J., Sundler R. An 100-kDa arachidonate-mobilizing phospholipase A2 in mouse spleen and the macrophage cell line J774. Purification, substrate interaction and phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Dec 18;202(3):873–880. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16445.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Winkler J. D., McCarte-Roshak A., Huang L., Sung C. M., Bolognese B., Marshall L. A. Biochemical and pharmacological comparison of a cytosolic, high molecular weight phospholipase A2, human synovial fluid phospholipase A2 and CoA-independent transacylase. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal. 1994 Sep;10(3):315–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Winkler J. D., Sung C. M., Bennett C. F., Chilton F. H. Characterization of CoA-independent transacylase activity in U937 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Feb 5;1081(3):339–346. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90291-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Winkler J. D., Sung C. M., Hubbard W. C., Chilton F. H. Evidence for different mechanisms involved in the formation of lyso platelet-activating factor and the calcium-dependent release of arachidonic acid from human neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Nov 17;44(10):2055–2066. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90109-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Wolf R. A., Gross R. W. Identification of neutral active phospholipase C which hydrolyzes choline glycerophospholipids and plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 in canine myocardium. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jun 25;260(12):7295–7303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Wong B., Tang W., Ziboh V. A. Identification of a membrane-associated 1-0-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine hydrolyzing phospholipase A2 in guinea pig 1 epidermis. Implications in the cutaneous biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor. FEBS Lett. 1992 Jul 6;305(3):213–216. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80670-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Wood R., Walton M., Healy K., Cumming R. B. Plasmalogen biosynthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells grown in tissue culture. J Biol Chem. 1970 Sep 10;245(17):4276–4285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Woodard D. S., Lee T. C., Snyder F. The final step in the de novo biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor. Properties of a unique CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol choline-phosphotransferase in microsomes from the renal inner medulla of rats. J Biol Chem. 1987 Feb 25;262(6):2520–2527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Wykle R. L., Blank M. L., Malone B., Snyder F. Evidence for a mixed function oxidase in the biosynthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogens from 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine. J Biol Chem. 1972 Sep 10;247(17):5442–5447. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Wykle R. L., Kraemer W. F., Schremmer J. M. Specificity of lysophospholipase D. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Jul 14;619(1):58–67. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90242-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Wykle R. L., Kraemer W. F., Schremmer J. M. Studies of lysophospholipase D of rat liver and other tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1977 Nov;184(1):149–155. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90336-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Wykle R. L., Malone B., Snyder F. Enzymatic synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a hypotensive and platelet-aggregating lipid. J Biol Chem. 1980 Nov 10;255(21):10256–10260. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Wykle R. L., Plantadosi C., Snyder F. The role of acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the biosynthesis of O-alkyl glycerolipids by microsomal enzymes of Ehrlich ascites tumor. J Biol Chem. 1972 May 10;247(9):2944–2948. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Wykle R. L., Schremmer Lockmiller J. M. The biosynthesis of plasmalogens by rat brain: involvement of the microsomal electron transport system. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Feb 20;380(2):291–298. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90015-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Wykle R. L., Schremmer J. M. A lysophospholipase D pathway in the metabolism of ether-linked lipids in brain microsomes. J Biol Chem. 1974 Mar 25;249(6):1742–1746. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Wykle R. L., Snyder F. Biosynthesis of an O-alkyl analogue of phosphatidic acid and O-alkylglycerols via O-alkyl ketone intermediates by microsomal enzymes of Ehrlich ascites tumor. J Biol Chem. 1970 Jun;245(12):3047–3058. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Wykle R. L., Snyder F. The glycerol source for the biosynthesis of alkyl glyceryl ethers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1969 Nov 6;37(4):658–662. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90861-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Yanoshita R., Kudo I., Ikizawa K., Chang H. W., Kobayashi S., Ohno M., Nojima S., Inoue K. Hydrolysis of platelet activating factor and its methylated analogs by acetylhydrolases. J Biochem. 1988 May;103(5):815–819. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Zomer A. W., de Weerd W. F., Langeveld J., van den Bosch H. Ether lipid synthesis: purification and identification of alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase from guinea-pig liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Oct 13;1170(2):189–196. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90070-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. de Carvalho M. S., McCormack F. X., Leslie C. C. The 85-kDa, arachidonic acid-specific phospholipase A2 is expressed as an activated phosphoprotein in Sf9 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Nov 1;306(2):534–540. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. van den Bosch H., Sturk A., ten Cate J. W., Aarsman A. J. Studies on the selectivity of enzymes involved in platelet-activating factor formation in stimulated cells. Lipids. 1991 Dec;26(12):967–973. doi: 10.1007/BF02536486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biochemical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biochemical Society

RESOURCES