A Bibliometric Analysis of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome

Abstract

Objective

The goal of this study is to explore the research advancements on Post-COVID-19 syndrome, through bibliometric analysis, thus summarizing our current comprehension of the subject and suggesting directions for future research strategies.

Methods

We acquired literature data from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and conducted keyword and country analyses utilizing CiteSpace and R-project tools.

Results

Until November 2, 2022, a total of 3633 publications were cataloged from WoSCC. The key terms commonly associated with Post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms included: immune response, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, acute lung injury, mental health, and quality of life. The United States emerged as leading in both producing the most research and fostering international cooperation. It was observed that the output of publications from a country is directly proportional to the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and deaths therein.

Conclusion

Utilizing bibliometric analysis, the study highlights the detrimental impact of mental health issues on Post-COVID-19 patients’ quality of life, emphasizing the urgency for further research and treatment. The sheer scale of COVID-19 cases underscores this need, while international collaboration emerges as a pivotal tool for advancing our understanding and addressing this challenge.

Introduction

Since its inaugural outbreak in late 2019, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) rapidly escalated into a global pandemic, infecting hundreds of millions across the globe and leading to millions of fatalities. Despite the containment of virus transmission in certain regions owing to the development and mass administration of vaccines, long-term effects of COVID-19 have started to surface. Post-COVID-19 Syndrome, a significant public health concern, has introduced new challenges to the global healthcare system.¹

Post-COVID-19 syndrome encompasses an array of persistent effects post-initial COVID-19 infection, the symptoms of Post-COVID-19 syndrome are diverse and multifaceted, encompassing various systems including, but not limited to, respiratory (such as dyspnea, cough, and shortness of breath), cardiovascular (including chest pain, myocarditis, and pericarditis), musculoskeletal (manifesting as weakness, myalgia, and joint pain), neurological and mental health (encompassing sleep disturbances, headaches, memory loss, cognitive difficulties, depression, anxiety, dizziness upon standing, paresthesia, and loss of smell or taste), and digestive (like diarrhea and abdominal pain). Furthermore, patients may experience systemic symptoms such as exacerbated fatigue, fever, post-exertional malaise, and chronic fatigue akin to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Additionally, more severe complications may arise, such as thrombosis, alopecia, and chronic kidney disease, all of which significantly impact patients’ daily lives and overall health status.^2,3 These sequelae may arise directly from the biological aftermath of the infection or indirectly due to the stress exerted by the infection on other physiological systems.

While recent research has started to emphasize Post-COVID-19 syndrome, our comprehension of this disease remains nascent, particularly lacking in-depth investigations into its pathogenesis, longer-term health impacts, and effective treatment approaches.

Bibliometrics is a scientific methodology that scrutinizes the quantity, quality, distribution, and impact of scientific literature. It integrates the principles and techniques of metrology, statistics, and information science, aiming to unveil trends and dynamics in scientific research through the quantification and analysis of multiple characteristics and parameters nested in scientific literature.⁴

Hence, this study endeavors to examine the research advancements on Post-COVID-19 syndrome in extant literature, using bibliometric analysis to compile our present understanding of it and propose directions for prospective research and strategic initiatives.

Materials and Methods

Data Acquisition

A literature search was conducted within the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), using “Post-COVID-19 Syndrome” as the search term. Given the onset of the global COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, December 2019 was set as the start date, moving up to the end date, which aligned with the completion of this study - November 2, 2022. Upon collecting the relevant literature, all retrievals were exported before utilizing CiteSpace 5.6.R1⁵ to exclude any duplicate publications.

Subsequently, we will gather COVID-19 related data from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) official website (https://www.who.int/data/sets/global-excess-deaths-associated-with-covid-19-modelled-estimates). This data provides information about the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and resultant fatalities across various countries worldwide - accurate up to November 2, 2022.

Bibliometrics Analysis

We utilized CiteSpace 5.6.R1 for keyword analysis, encompassing aspects such as keyword co-occurrence, clustering, and timeline analysis, with the results being visualized. A bibliometric analysis related to various countries was conducted using the R-project (4.2.3) software⁶ enclosed with the bibliometrix package.⁷ This was accompanied by analysis of keywords most relevant to Post-COVID-19 syndrome. Lastly, we engaged a correlation analysis between the science production by country and parameters such as the number of COVID-19 cases, deaths, as well as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for 2021. Pearson correlation analysis was performed using R-project (4.2.3), and the outcomes were then visualized using the pheatmap package.⁸

Results

Search Results

As of November 2, 2022, a total of 3633 publications were identified within the WoSCC database. In the search results, British scientist Robert M Barker-Davies pioneered the earliest publication elucidating Post-COVID-19 syndrome in August 2020.⁹ Details pertaining to the types of each document can be found in Table 1. The trends in annual production are displayed in Figure 1.

Table 1.

Details of Each Document Types

DOCUMENT TYPES	COUNT
Article	2443
Article; book chapter	1
Article; data paper	2
Article; early access	143
Article; retracted publication	1
Correction	2
Editorial material	94
Editorial material; early access	7
Letter	81
Letter; early access	9
Meeting abstract	81
Proceedings paper	9
Review	721
Review; early access	39

Figure 1.

The trends in annual production.

Keyword Analysis

From the collected literature, a total of 347 keywords were extracted. The top 50 keywords, based on centrality, are tabulated in Table 2 and graphically represented in Figure 2a. Bibliometrics utilizes keyword centrality as an indicator for measuring the significance and influence of keywords within a literature network. It examines keyword dispersion as well as their connectivity within a literature database, uncovering relationships between various keywords and thereby evaluating their central role within a given research field.¹⁰ Through this process, we identified pivotal terms associated with Post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms, such as immune response, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, acute lung injury, mental health, and quality of life.

Table 2.

Top 50 Keywords for centrality.The Larger the Value Represent the Higher the Centrality

Keyword	Centrality	nodes
Pneumonia	0.08	50
Immune response	0.06	18
Posttraumatic stress disorder	0.05	27
Critical illness	0.05	24
association	0.05	22
guideline	0.05	9
sar	0.04	60
depression	0.04	56
outbreak	0.04	51
Sars coronavirus	0.04	44
Risk factor	0.04	34
Symptom	0.04	30
Meta analysis	0.04	20
Acute lung injury	0.04	17
Efficacy	0.04	17
Syndrome sar	0.04	17
Adult	0.04	15
Epidemiology	0.04	15
United States	0.04	14
Severity	0.04	10
Acute respiratory syndrome	0.03	153
Sars cov 2	0.03	62
Respiratory syndrome coronavirus	0.03	58
Quality of life	0.03	49
Expression	0.03	37
Prevalence	0.03	37
Protein	0.03	36
Inflammation	0.03	33
Psychological impact	0.03	30
Mechanism	0.03	27
Mortality	0.03	23
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	0.03	20
Post-traumatic stress disorder	0.03	18
System	0.03	18
Disorder	0.03	17
Exercise capacity	0.03	16
Activation	0.03	14
Brain	0.03	13
Sars cov 2 infection	0.03	13
Feature	0.03	12
Sars cov	0.03	11
Mechanical ventilation	0.03	10
Prevention	0.03	10
Sepsis	0.03	10
validation	0.03	10
Autoantibody	0.03	6
Infection	0.02	133
Survivor	0.02	78
Outcm	0.02	64
Mental health	0.02	63

Figure 2.

Keywords analysis. (a) Keywords co-occurrence (b) Keywords clustering (c)Trend Topics.

Cluster analysis consolidated collected keywords into five categories, represented in Figure 2b. The key terms for each cluster were identified as SARS-CoV-2, post-intensive care syndrome, mental health, long COVID, vaccination, and public health.

Furthermore, the analysis of trending topics showed that scientists began to focus on Post-COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) from 2021 onwards, as demonstrated in Figure 2c.

Country Analysis

Based on the count of publications over the last three years, the top ten contributing countries are the USA, Italy, UK, India, China, Germany, Spain, France, and Australia (Table 3 and Figure 3a). Analyzing collaborations between countries, we observed robust cooperation amongst nations experiencing more severe pandemic conditions (Table 4 and Figure 3b). The citation count serves as an indicator of a publication’s impact and significance. The higher the citation count, the greater the work’s influence within the academic community, highlighting its value as a research output or reference. The citation count can also be utilized as an evaluative measure for academic research accomplishments.¹¹ Citation analysis revealed that publications from the USA, UK, China, Italy, and other prolific contributors hold substantial significance. This prominence is also influenced by the high volume of publications originating from these countries (Figure 3c).

Table 3.

Details of Countries with More Than 10 Publications

region	Document	2021GDP($)	Cases - cumulative total	Cases - cumulative total per 100000 population	Deaths - cumulative total	Deaths - cumulative total per 100000 population
USA	576	69,231	96,206,427	29,065.153	1,060,430	320.369
ITALY	219	35,473	23,531,023	39,454.118	179,101	300.296
UK	210	47,230	23,898,489	35,203.853	193,673	285.292
INDIA	201	1031	44,657,149	3236.015	530,461	38.439
CHINA	142	12,359	9,043,760	614.684	28,579	1.942
GERMANY	121	25,250	35,728,277	42,959.829	154,095	185.284
SPAIN	96	31,471	13,511,768	28,546.423	115,078	243.126
FRANCE	90	40,782	35,800,998	55,045.127	153,555	236.096
AUSTRALIA	83	42,553	10,364,859	40,646.691	14,853	58.247
CANADA	70	29,300	4,336,860	11,490.759	46,389	122.91
SAUDI ARABIA	59	15,416	822,976	2363.931	9412	27.035
BRAZIL	54	8220	34,837,035	16,389.316	688,219	323.777
TURKEY	51	6548	16,919,638	20,061.448	101,203	119.995
NETHERLANDS	43	45,429	8,517,666	48,930.774	22,825	131.121
SWITZERLAND	42	56,711	4,235,228	48,936.048	13,658	157.812
JAPAN	42	28,700	22,432,840	17,736.771	46,781	36.988
PAKISTAN	41	1017	1,574,167	712.64	30,629	13.866
EGYPT	38	2450	515,406	503.649	24,798	24.232
IRAN	36	4460	7,557,920	8998.279	144,580	172.133
POLAND	35	10,858	6,342,404	16,708.944	118,143	311.246
BELGIUM	34	41,605	4,612,239	40,028.319	32,902	285.547
AUSTRIA	34	44,308	5,448,375	61,210.379	20,990	235.815
RUSSIA	30	8612	21,447,518	14,696.678	390,388	267.509
MEXICO	29	8315	7,110,993	5515.273	330,392	256.251
GREECE	28	32,010	5,188,890	48,410.305	33,750	314.874
SINGAPORE	28	34,152	2,112,110	36,102.334	1682	28.75
SOUTH KOREA	26	19,624	25,717,277	50,161.275	29,280	57.11
IRELAND	25	58,883	1,673,665	33,713.067	8066	162.476
SWEDEN	24	47,069	2,614,997	25,320.498	20,753	200.947
PORTUGAL	23	21,408	5,518,766	53,601.542	25,197	244.728
ISRAEL	22	22,073	4,686,069	54,139.528	11,766	135.936
MALAYSIA	20	6897	4,909,846	15,169.765	36,480	112.711
SOUTH AFRICA	19	5724	4,028,651	6792.682	102,311	172.506
DENMARK	19	57,035	3,336,258	57,296.819	7363	126.452
BANGLADESH	18	574	2,035,657	1236.058	29,425	17.867
ROMANIA	15	7352	3,287,870	17,010.179	67,198	347.657
INDONESIA	15	1824	6,507,610	2379.177	158,737	58.034
QATAR	15	68,872	470,098	16,316.881	684	23.741
UKRAINE	15	2830	5,312,632	12,147.668	110,186	251.947
COLOMBIA	14	3614	6,309,716	12,400.467	141,837	278.752
THAILAND	10	3940	4,692,448	6722.707	32,955	47.213
CHILE	10	9698	4,765,929	24,931.361	61,677	322.643
CZECH REPUBLIC	10	18,557	4,160,242	38,902.803	41,624	389.23
NORWAY	10	79,085	1,465,095	27,295.262	4238	78.956
Pearson correlation analysis(with Document)		0.293010039	0.865546016	0.041009037	0.739448678	0.171135525

Figure 3.

Country analysis. (a)Country Scientific Production (b) Country Collaboration (c) Country Scientific Production cited (d) Correlation analysis.

Table 4.

The Top 20 Groups of Countries with the Most Collaboration

From	To	Frequency
USA	UNITED KINGDOM	93
USA	ITALY	77
ITALY	UNITED KINGDOM	51
USA	CANADA	50
USA	INDIA	47
UNITED KINGDOM	GERMANY	43
USA	CHINA	43
USA	GERMANY	39
UNITED KINGDOM	SPAIN	37
ITALY	GERMANY	36
ITALY	SPAIN	36
USA	AUSTRALIA	36
USA	BRAZIL	32
USA	SPAIN	31
UNITED KINGDOM	AUSTRALIA	28
UNITED KINGDOM	NETHERLANDS	28
UNITED KINGDOM	SWITZERLAND	27
USA	SAUDI ARABIA	27
USA	SWITZERLAND	27

Subsequently, in the correlation test, we discovered a positive correlation between country-based publications and the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in each country. However, no correlation was found between the GDP of each country and the COVID-19 death rate per 100,000 (Table 3 and Figure 3d).

Discussion

The surge in research on Post-COVID-19 syndrome, also known as long COVID, as identified by our bibliometric analysis (Figure 1), signals its mounting recognition and concern within the scientific community. This growth in scientific output parallels the rising real-world prevalence of Post-COVID-19 syndrome, a multidimensional condition that continues to impact patients well beyond their initial recovery.¹² Notably, from 2021 onwards, as the COVID-19 pandemic showed signs of ease, researchers devoted increased attention to the mechanisms and treatments of Post-COVID-19 syndrome, leading to a steady year-on-year growth in research accomplishments (Figure 1).

Keyword analysis indicates that researchers are placing significant emphasis on studies related to the quality of life of COVID-19 patients. Studies have illustrated that Post-COVID-19 syndrome exhibits a myriad of symptoms and impacts diverse organ systems, reinforcing the complexity of the condition,^13–15 Mental health issues, common symptoms of Post-COVID-19 syndrome, substantially affect patients’ quality of life,^16,17 warranting their focused attention by researchers. Correspondingly, in the cluster analysis, a considerable quantity of research targets mental health concerns. Key persistent symptoms associated with Post-COVID-19 syndrome such as sleep disturbances, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, brain fog, and other psychiatric symptoms profoundly impact patients’ quality of life. However, the roots of these long-term symptoms remain ill-defined.¹⁸ Hence, the mechanistic understanding and treatment of Post-COVID-19 syndrome-associated mental health problems are expected to continue as the focal points of research for the foreseeable future.

From our analysis of three years’ worth of literature, it appears that the United States holds a leading position in scientific production on Post-COVID-19 syndrome, followed by Italy, the United Kingdom, India, and China. Concurrently, these countries also report some of the highest numbers of COVID-19 patients worldwide. It is widely accepted that disease research necessitates a certain number of cases as a baseline, particularly for novel and poorly understood diseases. When the number of affected individuals crosses a specific threshold, it induces research interest. However, scientific production does not correlate directly with a country’s economic strength (GDP), as depicted in Figure 3d—but primarily, with the level of national attention dedicated to the disease. Nonetheless, it’s not entirely accurate to interpret the study’s results in this manner. Given the global devastation of COVID-19, all countries are likely to invest heavily in research related to the virus, regardless of financial constraints.

International collaboration has emerged as a vital avenue for current disease research. Our study results highlight the prominence of the United States leading Post-COVID-19 syndrome research, along with a notable level of collaboration between countries with high COVID-19 caseloads or global influence. These findings unravel interesting facets of international cooperation in the context of Post-COVID-19 syndrome research (Figure 3). Primarily, the dominant contribution of the United States to COVID-19 research may mirror its superior standing in medical research, coupled with its abundant research resources. The nation boasts prestigious universities, research institutes, and medical centers that draw top-tier scientists and research groups globally. Moreover, factors such as the level of research investment and a favorable policy environment may have bolstered the United States’ pioneering role in Post-COVID-19 syndrome research. Secondly, the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic potentially fosters closer collaboration between nations with high COVID-19 caseloads or major countries, propelling research. Such cooperation facilitates information and resource sharing, accelerating our understanding of Post-COVID-19 syndrome and the generation of potential solutions. Moreover, the pandemic’s broad scale and complexity may impel nations to pursue transnational cooperation to effectively tackle shared challenges.

Limitations

Nonetheless, this study presents some limitations. Bibliometrics primarily rely on published academic manuscripts, but not all research findings end up published. As a result, bibliometrics may not wholly represent the entire scope of scientific research. Furthermore, this study exclusively considers literature from the WOSCC database. Although WOSCC incorporates high-caliber literature, it does not necessarily encompass all high-level investigations. Additionally, due to the nascent stage of this study, the literature from the year 2023 is not included.

Conclusion

This study, utilizing bibliometric analysis, underscores the profound impact of mental health issues on the quality of life among Post-COVID-19 syndrome patients, highlighting these concerns as essential areas for future research and therapeutic interventions. The vast expanse of COVID-19 cases underscores the urgency and significance of such endeavors. Moreover, the study reflects upon the critical role of international collaboration in advancing our understanding and addressing this multifaceted challenge. As we move forward, it is imperative to not only deepen our scientific inquiry but also foster cross-border partnerships to expedite the development of effective strategies for mitigating the mental health burden associated with Post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Funding Statement

2020 Guangxi Medical and Health Appropriate Technology Development and Application Program, that is study on the protective effect of dexmedetomidine in perioperative patients undergoing kidney transplantation (Grant No. S2020014) and the other is the Guangxi Medical and health key discipline construction project.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.