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. 2024 Aug 15;10(16):e35913. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35913

Table 4.

Bootstrapped LSDV results on the effects of investments in agric. Innovation on prevalence of under-nourishment.

Prevalence of Under-Nourishment
Full Sample
Central Africa
East Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Baseline Agric. Res. Agric. R&D Agric. Res. Agric. R&D Agric. Res. Agric. R&D Agric. Res. Agric. R&D Agric. Res. Agric. R&D
Population Growth 0.423*** 0.352*** 0.122 0.055 0.012 −0.007 0.598*** 0.456*** −0.213 −0.397***
(0.031) (0.028) (0.136) (0.174) (0.077) (0.222) (0.035) (0.028) (0.144) (0.128)
Food CPI 0.216*** −0.124 −0.059 −0.466 1.514 −0.659*** −0.484*** −0.699* −1.076*** −0.035 −0.212
(0.073) (0.077) (0.074) (2.147) (1.924) (0.128) (0.125) (0.358) (0.222) (0.170) (0.139)
Food per capita −0.632*** −0.117 −0.189* 2.879*** −1.625*** 0.132 0.231 0.868*** 1.042*** −0.657* −0.691***
(0.106) (0.140) (0.108) (0.235) (0.502) (0.192) (0.663) (0.191) (0.182) (0.370) (0.268)
Agric. Researchers −0.320*** 1.450*** −0.226** −0.527*** −0.147***
(0.023) (0.098) (0.094) (0.0311) (0.045)
Agric. R&D Spending −0.224*** 0.399*** −0.083 −0.330*** −0.257***
(0.021) (0.066) (0.117) (0.023) (0.032)
East Africa 1.121*** 0.951***
(0.071) (0.065)
South Africa 0.418*** 0.453***
(0.103) (0.064)
West Africa
−0.051 0.021

(0.061)
(0.071)








Time Dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Observations 462 392 392 34 34 51 51 137 137 153 153
R-squared 0.236 0.554 0.551 0.973 0.961 0.943 0.884 0.844 0.847 0.326 0.454
Boostrap Replication 50 22 21 45 48 29 28 30 27 50 49

Standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Note: Baseline model is the original Warren's [30] model, Agric. Res. Stands for the Full-time equivalents of agricultural researchers, Agric. R&D stands for the total annual expenditures on agricultural research and development.