Cranial nerve palsies and intracranial aneurysms: A narrative review of patterns and outcomes

Abstract

Background:

Cranial nerve palsy (CNP) in patients with intracranial aneurysms (IAs) can impose significant burdens on a patient’s quality of life. The literature has a paucity of reviews addressing patterns of overall reported cranial nerve (CN) involvement and outcomes in patients with IA.

Methods:

The literature systematically reviewed CNP at presentation in the setting of IA using PubMed, Web-of-Science, and Scopus according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results:

Fifty-two studies reported a total of 513 patients with IA and 630 CNPs observed at presentation: oculomotor (58.25%), abducent (15.87%), optic (12.06%), trochlear (8.7%), and trigeminal (1.9%). Most common aneurysms are located in a posterior communicating artery (46%) and cavernous internal carotid artery (29.2%). Trends of CNP based on the rupture status of IAs showed that 80% were associated with unruptured IAs and 20% with ruptured IAs. Post-treatment of IA, 55% of patients had complete resolution of CNP, with most (89%; n = 134) resolving within the first 6 months. Stratified by CNP type: Complete resolution rate is 100% in CN VII–IX, 60% in CN VI, 59% in CN IV, 54% in CN III, 45% in CN V, and 43% in CN II.

Conclusion:

In patients with cranial nerve palsies attributed to IAs, the location and rupture status of the aneurysm could determine the type and severity of the nerve palsy. Most patients experienced favorable outcomes in terms of their resolution and long-term function of the CNP after treatment of the IA.

INTRODUCTION

Cranial nerve palsy (CNP) in patients with intracranial aneurysms (IAs) can be part of the natural history of the pathology or a result of its treatment. As a presenting finding, CNP can be a component of the constellation of symptoms encountered in patients with cerebral aneurysms.[16] They can be detected at the initial assessment of patients with either unruptured or ruptured aneurysms. In unruptured aneurysms, CNP may denote an underlying aneurysmal growth that stretches the surrounding neuronal tissues and is not uncommon to be the sole finding in this set of patients. On the other hand, in ruptured aneurysms, CNP can result directly from the hemorrhage or indirectly from the resultant increased intracranial pressure and congestion.[23]

Cranial nerve dysfunction can be attributed to either injury to the nerve itself along its course, blood supply, or origin and nuclei within the brainstem.[23,80] It is widely accepted that cranial nerve dysfunction can be a warning sign of aneurysm expansion or impending rupture.[62] Anatomical proximity often forms the background for the association between CNP and an aneurysm. Classic examples include oculomotor nerve palsy associated with a posterior communicating artery (Pcom) aneurysm or superior cerebellar artery aneurysm.[12,80]

IAs can present with CNP (or palsies) that impose a significant burden on a patient’s quality of life. The literature showed a paucity of reviews detailing the patterns of CNP and related aneurysmal characteristics for each cranial nerve (CN) in the setting of IAs. We systematically reviewed the literature on CNP at their presentation in the setting of IAs. We comprehensively summarized the literature on CNP associated with IAs, aiming to delineate the patterns and recovery outcomes of CNP in patients with IAs. We are trying to answer the following four main questions: (1) What are the potential IA locations that can serve as culprits to that CN? (2) What are the patterns of CNP for each location of IAs, for each CNP (3) What are the trends of CNP based on the rupture status of IAs? (4) What is the outcome and duration of palsy for each CN?

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature search

A systematic review was executed in adherence to the PRISMA extension for scoping review protocols.[52,71] On May 10, 2024, systematic database investigations encompassed PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The devised search algorithm utilized Boolean conjunctions, specifically “OR” and “AND,” incorporating a combination of the following keywords: (((cranial nerve) AND ((palsy OR paresis OR injury OR dysfunction)) AND (intracranial aneurysm) AND (treatment))). Post-search, all acquired studies were integrated into Rayyan for deduplication and subsequent analysis.

Study selection

Inclusion and exclusion benchmarks were predetermined. Articles were selected if they encompassed at least one patient manifesting CNP and diagnosed with an intracranial aneurysm that received treatment. CNP was defined as a clinical diagnosis denoting the dysfunction of any cranial nerve, as recognized or reported by the respective authors. For intracranial aneurysms, the diagnosis was based on computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, or digital subtraction angiography. Duplicated studies were excluded. The presence of single or multiple CNPs was deemed acceptable. However, traumatic CNPs were excluded from the study. Extracranial aneurysms, untreated aneurysms, and multiple aneurysms were excluded from the study. Exclusions were also for studies with no relevant data on CNP or aneurysmal characteristics, non-English language-based studies, conference abstracts, technical reports, book chapters, letters to the editor, editorials, radiological studies, anatomical studies, or those employing animal or cadaveric subjects. Although review articles were excluded from the review, references to these studies were screened to determine whether other original studies were relevant. Based on the rarity of the association of CNP at presentation and IAs, we decided to include case series and reports of less than ten patients. The purpose is to provide an inclusive review that aids in answering the critical questions we aimed for.

Four distinct reviewers (A.M., F.O., M.A., and M.I.) systematically scrutinized the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles, advancing to comprehensive text analysis for those aligning with the stipulated inclusion criteria. Discrepancies, when encountered, were mediated by a fifth reviewer (S.H.). Following the pre-established guidelines, relevant articles were integrated, and their reference lists were examined for additional pertinent studies.

Data extraction

Reviewers A.M., F.O., M.A., and M.I. initiated the data extraction, which was subsequently cross-checked for accuracy by reviewer S.H. Extracted parameters included Author - Year, Country of Origin, Study Configuration, Population Size, Age Demographics, Gender Distribution, Status of Aneurysm Rupture, Aneurysm characteristics, CNP characteristics, Intervention Methodology, Glasgow Coma scale, CNP outcome, Comprehensive CNP Outcome Overview, Monitoring Span (in months) for CN Functionality, and Duration Until CNP Resolution. In the current investigation, evidence classification and weighting adhered to the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence delineated by Howick.[22]

Data synthesis, quality assessment, and statistical analysis

For the variables under consideration, analyses of proportions were undertaken to secure aggregated estimates. Two separate authors (S.H. and M.I.) meticulously assessed the risk of bias inherent in the included studies through the JBI checklists. Each article’s evidence caliber was ascertained in alignment with the 2011 OCEBM criteria.[45]

RESULTS

Study selection

Figure 1 illustrates our literature screening. The preliminary search across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases retrieved 744 articles, distributed as follows: PubMed (n = 408), Scopus (n = 196), and Web of Science (n = 140). After a full-text review, 52 studies were deemed suitable for inclusion.[2-7,9,11,15,17,19,20,24,25,27-37,39-44,46-48,50,51,54,57-61,63,66-68,72-74,77-79] All incorporated studies are either cohort analyses or case reports. Each study exhibited a low risk of bias, ensuring an overall low risk of bias for this review, further demonstrated in Supplementary File 1.

Figure 1:

Flowchart of the study selection process.

We incorporated 52 studies that reported a total of 513 patients with intracranial aneurysms and CNPs observed at presentation. Of those 52 studies, 15 were clinical cohorts with more than ten patients, which revealed 408 patients (80%). The other articles include small case series or reports that denote 105 cases (20%).

CNP characteristics

The incidence of CNP in IAs ranges from 0.1 to 7%, based on a few studies that include the total number of aneurysms cohorts.[19,20] Out of the included cases, 630 cranial nerve palsies from CN II to CN XII were collected. The most affected cranial nerve was the third nerve, with 58.25% of the total CNP cases in our review (n = 367), followed by the sixth cranial nerve in 15.87% cases (n = 100), and the second cranial nerve with 12.06% cases (n = 76). The fourth cranial nerve was observed in 8.7% of cases (n = 55), and the fifth nerve was the less commonly identified in 1.9% of cases (n = 12). The lower CNPs (seventh to twelfth) were observed in 3.17% of cases (n = 20). Complete CNP was most prevalent in the sixth CNP (73%, n = 19), whereas partial CNP was more frequent in the third CNP cases (50.4%, n = 130). The laterality of CNP in relation to aneurysm was analyzed; the majority were ipsilateral, especially in the third CNP (96%, n = 72), fourth CNP (100%, n = 4), and fifth CNP (86%, n = 6). Bilateral CNP involvement was present in a few cases, notably in the second (50%, n = 3) and sixth CNP cases (46.4%, n = 13). The highest rate of complete functional recovery from CNP was observed in cases involving the sixth cranial nerve, with a recovery rate of 60% (n = 40). This was followed by the fourth cranial nerve with a recovery rate of 59% (n = 20), the third cranial nerve at 54% (n = 159), the fifth nerve at 45% (n = 5), and the second cranial nerve at 43% (n = 18). The resolution duration was <6 months in most cases (89.3%; n = 134) [Table 1].

Table 1:

Characteristics of intracranial aneurysm cases based on the cranial nerve involved.

Aneurysm location characteristics

Based on aneurysmal location, the characteristics of 513 intracranial aneurysms in patients with CNP at presentation are detailed in Table 2. Aneurysmal location was most frequently in Pcom (46%), followed by cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) in 29.2%, paraclinoid aneurysms in 13.4%, posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in 6.2%, and basilar artery (BA) trunk in 1.5% of cases.

Table 2:

Characteristics of intracranial aneurysms in patients with CNP at presentation based on aneurysm location.

In an evaluation of Pcom aneurysms, a cohort of 236 subjects was considered. The majority were unruptured (72.4%, n = 150), while 27.5% (n = 57) were ruptured. The majority exhibited CNP associated with the third nerve palsy (98.6%; n = 224), and scattered cases were observed with the fifth (0.8%) and sixth CNP (0.4%). For cavernous ICA aneurysms, 150 subjects were studied. All were unruptured (100%). The third nerve palsy was the most frequent (39%; n = 51), followed by the sixth nerve palsy in 33% (n = 43) and the fourth nerve palsy in 18% (n = 24). Furthermore, 69 patients with paraclinoid ICA aneurysms were studied, all of which were unruptured (100%). CNP analysis revealed that the second nerve was the most commonly affected in 32.4% (n = 12) of cases, followed by the third nerve in 30% (n = 11) of cases, and the fourth and sixth nerves affected in 20% (n = 7) for each nerve palsy.

PICA aneurysms were seen in 32 patients who had CNP at presentation. With 16.6% (n = 3) being unruptured and 83.3% (n = 15) ruptured. The sixth nerve was affected at a rate of 39% (n = 14), followed by the tenth nerve at 27.7% (n = 10). In addition, PICA aneurysms were the single highest cause of lower CNP in our study (55.5%, n = 20).

For BA trunk aneurysm-associated CNPs, eight cases were identified, and all of them were unruptured (100%). Nearly 50% of these cases were with third nerve palsy, 37.5% with fourth palsy, and 12.5% with fifth nerve impairment.

Aneurysm rupture status characteristics

Characteristics of patients with CNP in relation to aneurysm rupture status are presented in Table 3. In a cohort of 498 cases, 396 (79.5%) patients had unruptured intracranial aneurysms, and 102 (20.5%) had ruptured aneurysms. Cavernous ICA and paraclinoid aneurysms were only observed in the unruptured group, with 36.4% and 18.3%, respectively. Pcom, anterior communicating artery (Acom), and PICA aneurysms were found in both groups. CNP severity was initially complete in most cases of both groups, with 80% and 75% as complete CNP in the unruptured and ruptured groups, respectively. In the unruptured group, most cases had unilateral CNP (95.2%), while the ruptured group had more bilateral CNP cases (36%). Complete resolution was the most common outcome in both groups: 61.6% in the ruptured group and 49.9% in the unruptured group. Most unruptured aneurysm patients experienced resolution within 1–3 months (64.7%), while ruptured aneurysm patients had a relatively longer recovery duration, with 58% resolving within 3–6 months.

Table 3:

Characteristics of intracranial aneurysms in patients with CNP at presentation based on the aneurysm rupture status.

Any study in our review cannot confirm the exact mechanism of CNP. However, some studies suggest a peculiar description of their cohorts. Direct compression was identified as the predominant mechanism causing CNP in the unruptured group, accounting for 98% of the cases. In contrast, indirect cranial nerve injury due to hemorrhage was the most commonly reported mechanism observed in 63% of ruptured group cases, with direct compression credited as the cause in the remainder.

DISCUSSION

The cranial nerves can be affected as a part of the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms. The intracranial course and the proximity to surrounding vascular structures determine the degree of palsy in the aneurysm location. Along with aneurysmal location, the rupture status can play a pivotal role in the causation of CNP.[16,23] In our review, the most affected cranial nerve was the third nerve, representing 58.25%, followed by the 6^th (15.87%), 2^nd (12.06%), 4^th (8.7%), and 5^th (1.9%) of the total CNP cases.

The potential aneurysm sites that serve as culprits for each CNP

Based on all the recruited cases, the IA locations that can cause 3^rd CNP at presentation include mainly Pcom and cavernous ICA (91%), followed by paraclinoid, Acom, PICA, BA, posterior cerebral artery, Acom, and middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms in order of frequency. For the 6^th CNP, cavernous ICA and PICA aneurysms represent 82% of the culprit locations, followed by other rarer sites such as paraclinoid, Acom, Pcom, and MCA aneurysms. The cavernous and paraclinoid IAs were the most common cause for both the 2^nd and 4^th CNP, while cavernous and Pcom IAs were the most common culprits for the 5^th CNP. Finally, PICA aneurysms were the only aneurysm location reported to have lower cranial nerve palsies at presentation [Table 1]. Those results represent an inclusive picture of the reported cases to be highlighted for practicing surgeons and students while dealing with diagnosis and management of aneurysm-related CNPs at presentation.

The cranial nerves that are mostly linked to intracranial aneurysms through the literature are the third CNP. The majority of oculomotor palsies are attributed to intracranial aneurysms related to the anterior circulation arteries.[18,53,70,75] However, few reports suggest an involvement of the oculomotor nerve in a high posterior circulation aneurysm location as well.[3,9] The occurrence of 3^rd nerve palsy due to Pcom aneurysms is a widely recognized clinical symptom and localizing sign. This association can be estimated to occur in up to 25% of Pcom aneurysm cases.[19,27,80,81] In our review, the 3^rd nerve palsy was mostly secondary to Pcom aneurysms (74.9%). This correlation has been described extensively in the literature.

When we analyzed the recovery of 3^rd nerve palsy, it was complete in 54%, partial in 33% of cases, while 13% were with persistent palsy. We hypothesize that the diversity in recovery outcomes may stem from the distinct mechanisms by which aneurysms induce third nerve palsy, whether they are ruptured or unruptured, and how long this nerve was involved, as previously discussed.

Anatomically, the abducent nerve follows a peculiar intracranial pathway and is susceptible to being affected by an enlarged aneurysm along the distance from the brainstem to the orbit. Among all cases of abducent nerve lesions, some studies suggest that 3.6% of 6^th nerve palsies can be attributed to intracranial aneurysms.[7,16] In our analysis, abducent palsy was observed in 15.87% of all CNP cases. We also observed that the cavernous ICA aneurysm was the dominant cause of 6^th nerve palsy (62.3%). In addition, PICA aneurysms were the cause of 6^th nerve palsy in 20% of cases. We hypothesize that due to the close anatomical proximity of the abducent nerve’s origin at the pontomedullary junction to that of the PICA from the vertebral artery, the PICA aneurysm holds the potential to serve as a compressive element affecting the sixth cranial nerve at the root exit zone [Figure 2].

Figure 2:

Artistic depiction showing examples of intracranial aneurysms related cranial nerve palsy. BA: Basilar artery, AICA: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, PICA: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery, SCA: Superior cerebellar artery, PCA: Posterior cerebral artery, III: Oculomotor Nerve, IV: Trochlear Nerve, V: Trigeminal Nerve, VI: Abducens Nerve, VII: Facial Nerve, VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve, IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve, X: Vagus Nerve. Illustration prepared by Ahmed Muthana and courtesy of Samer Hoz.

The lower cranial nerve palsies (7^th–12^th) are not frequently related to intracranial aneurysms at presentation. Out of all CNPs analyzed in our study, lower cranial nerves were affected in only 13 patients. Almost all these nerve dysfunctions are attributed to posterior circulation aneurysms, particularly PICA aneurysms. Due to the proximity to the brainstem and the origin of lower cranial nerves, impairment of these nerves may occur at presentation time of posterior circulation aneurysms.[1,56]

The patterns of CNP for each location of intracranial aneurysms

Aneurysmal location was most frequently Pcom (46%), followed by cavernous ICA (29.2%), Paraclinoid (13.4%), PICA (6.2%), and BA (1.5%) IAs. For Pcom aneurysms, the reported CNP includes 3^rd CN (98.6%), in addition to rare cases involving 5^th and 6^th CNs. Regarding cavernous ICA aneurysms, the analyzed CNP cases include 3^rd CN (39%), 6^th (33%), and 4^th (18%), in addition to rare reports for 5^th and 2^nd CNs. For paraclinoid aneurysms, the reported CNP includes 2^nd (33%), 3^rd (39%), 4^th (18%), and 6^th (18%) cranial nerves. Those with PICA aneurysms can result in CNP for most lower cranial nerves in addition to the 6^th CNP well. In addition, the reported CNP for BA aneurysms includes the 3^rd, 4^th, and 5^th CNP [Table 2]. Those results might widen or narrow the differential diagnosis for each CNP according to the described reported potential locations of IAs.

The precise location of an intracranial aneurysm, whether related to the anterior or posterior circulation, has a pivotal role in the determination of which cranial nerves could potentially be affected. The relationship between the specific aneurysmal locations and cranial nerves is intricately tied to the anatomical proximity of these aneurysms to the cranial nerves. Furthermore, the proximity of the aneurysm to the brainstem and its relationship with the cavernous sinus also carry significance in this clinical context.[23] The aneurysms related to anterior circulation in our study were the predominant location attributed to CNP (88.7%), while posterior circulation aneurysms account for 7.8% of these cases.

For anterior circulation aneurysms, 25% of intracranial aneurysms arise from ICA at the Pcom origin, making this site the second most frequent location after Acom aneurysms.[21] Although most patients with cavernous ICA aneurysms are asymptomatic, the mass effect exerted by cavernous ICA aneurysms is a relatively common etiology for CNP at presentation time.[13,64,65] Among the literature, patients who have a symptomatic cavernous segment aneurysm can present with a combination of CNPs or with cavernous sinus syndrome, which involves 3^rd, 4^th, and 6^th nerve palsies.[8,13,64] However, the discussed pattern of CNP caused by cavernous ICA aneurysm suggests that the multiple CNP combinations were less common in this location. As we mentioned above, many reports suggest that paraclinoid aneurysms can cause visual field symptoms. Yasargil reported that 18% of patients with aneurysms of the paraclinoid segment presented with visual symptoms.[76] Day reported that 30% of the 80 patients with aneurysms of the paraclinoid segment had only visual symptoms at the time of presentation.[10] This is very similar to our results, as 32.4% of CNPs related to paraclinoid aneurysms affecting the optic nerve, which confirms this correlation. However, we cannot conclude a localizing sign related to this association as we observed that paraclinoid aneurysms were also implicated in 30% of third CNPs and 20% of each fourth and sixth CNPs.

Concerning posterior circulation aneurysms they encompass approximately 10–15% of the entire spectrum of cerebral aneurysms.[1,56] These aneurysmal locations are situated in close proximity to the origins of cranial nerves emerging from the brainstem and their corresponding nuclei. This relation possesses the potential to impact cranial nerves through mechanisms involving direct compression of nerve fibers or their nuclei or by the effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, aneurysms of posterior circulation are less likely to cause CNP compared to those located in the anterior circulation.[56]

The trends of CNP based on the rupture status of IAs

When comparing the CNP trends in the ruptured against unruptured groups of IAs, the affected cranial nerve was found to be consistent in both groups as the 3^rd CN followed by the 6^th CN. In addition, the 2^nd and 4^th CN represent approximately a quarter of CNP in the unruptured group. Moreover, the complete resolution of CNP is more common after ruptured IAs as compared to unruptured IAs (62% vs. 50%, respectively). Finally, the unruptured IAs have an earlier resolution time for their CNP when compared to ruptured aneurysms [Table 3].

The underlying mechanism of CNP resulting from unruptured aneurysms differs from those seen in cases of ruptured aneurysms, with different potential theories proposed explaining the pathogenesis of this correlation through the literature. In ruptured aneurysms, damage to cranial nerves can be attributed to direct trauma from the jet of blood, localized hematoma formation, and/or irritation caused by the presence of blood in subarachnoid space.[27,49,55,80] In the setting of unruptured aneurysms, cranial nerves can be affected by the direct pressure from the expanding aneurysmal sac, the transmission of arterial pulsations, nerve ischemia due to affection of blood supply, or a combination of these mechanisms.[69] In our analysis, we found that the difference in CNP laterality between the unruptured and ruptured aneurysm groups, with a higher proportion of bilateral cases in the ruptured group, suggests that laterality could potentially serve as an indicator of aneurysm rupture risk. In addition, the prominent involvement of the third cranial nerve in both unruptured and ruptured groups is indicative of the vulnerability of this nerve to aneurysmal compression either directly or by the effect of SAH.

The outcome and duration of palsy for each cranial nerve in the setting of IAs

The highest rate of complete functional recovery from CNP was observed in cases involving the sixth cranial nerve, with a recovery rate of 60% (n = 40). This was followed by the fourth cranial nerve with a recovery rate of 59% (n = 20), the third cranial nerve at 54% (n = 159), the fifth nerve at 45% (n = 5), and the second cranial nerve at 43% (n = 18). The resolution duration was <6 months in most cases (89.3%; n = 134) [Table 1]. For visual dysfunction related to cerebral aneurysms, paraclinoid ICA aneurysms are the most common cause of visual field deficit. According to previous reports, visual loss occurs in approximately one-third of the aneurysms of the paraclinoid segment due to its close anatomical relation to the optic nerve.[14,26,38,53] Our findings align with these observations, as paraclinoid aneurysms were the most frequent aneurysmal location that causes optic nerve dysfunction (52.12%). In addition, we found scattered cases that reported Acom and cavernous ICA aneurysms as a cause of optic impairment. The recovery outcomes of optic nerve dysfunction in our study showed complete resolution in 43%, partial resolution in 38%, and persistent symptoms in 19% of patients. Our review of the occurrence of trigeminal nerve impairment related to intracranial aneurysms showed that it is relatively rare. In our study, the PICA aneurysms were the predominant cause behind the 7^th–12^th dysfunctions (100%), and all these palsies showed complete resolution after treatment.

In summary, the most affected cranial nerve was the third nerve, representing 58.25% of the total CNP case at presentation in the setting of IAs, followed by the 6^th, 2^nd, 4^th, 5^th, and lower cranial nerves in decreasing frequency. The IA locations that can cause 3^rd CNP at presentation include mainly Pcom and cavernous ICA. For the 6^th CNP, cavernous and PICA aneurysms represent the most common culprit locations. The ICA cavernous and ICA paraclinoid IAs were the most common cause for both the 2^nd and 4^th CNP. The patterns of CNP associated with Pcom aneurysms include 3^rd CN, most frequently followed by 5^th and 6^th CNs. Regarding cavernous ICA aneurysms, the pattern of CNP cases includes 3^rd, 6^th, and 4^th in order of frequency. Those with PICA aneurysms can result in CNP for most lower cranial nerves in addition to the 6^th CNP well. The trends of CNP based on the rupture status of IAs showed that the most affected cranial nerve in both ruptured and unruptured groups is the 3^rd CN, followed by the 6^th CN. In addition, the complete resolution of CNP is more common after ruptured IAs as compared to unruptured IA. Finally, the unruptured IAs have an earlier resolution time for their CNP when compared to ruptured aneurysms. The highest rate of complete functional recovery from CNP was observed in cases involving the sixth cranial nerve, followed by the fourth cranial nerve. The resolution duration was <6 months in most cases of CNP.

Limitations

Our study has certain limitations. For aneurysms, particularly ruptured ones, factors such as distant SAH vasospasm in cranial nerve-supplying arteries and adhesions remain influential, even in carefully selected cases based on anatomical correlations and timing. Our focus on English-language articles may have excluded relevant research in other languages, possibly introducing language bias. Most reviewed articles were retrospective, introducing inherent selection bias due to preexisting data. Although we found no evidence of publication bias, institutional reporting bias cannot be entirely ruled out. Another limitation is that the majority of included studies were cohort analyses of more than ten cases, which contributed to 80% of the cases in our review. However, 20% represent case series and reports of less than ten patients. This is a limitation to review from generalizability, incidence, and prevalence perspectives. Arguably, this study aims to maximize the inclusivity of the reported cases to provide a thorough descriptive outcome that can be valuable on the other arm of the equation. Despite these limitations, our review offers valuable insights into the CNPIA relationship, providing a comprehensive overview of the literature and highlighting areas for future research.

CONCLUSION

In patients with cranial nerve palsies attributed to intracranial aneurysms, the location and rupture status of the aneurysm could determine the type and severity of the nerve palsy. Most of the patients experienced favorable outcomes of the cranial nerve palsies in terms of their resolution and long-term function of the CNP after treatment of the culprit intracranial aneurysms.

Ethical approval

The Institutional Review Board approval is not required.

Declaration of patient consent

Patient’s consent was not required as there are no patients in this study.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

Dr. Gross is a consultant for Medtronic, Stryker, and MicroVention. Dr. Nogueira reports consulting fees for advisory roles with Stryker Neurovascular, Cerenovus, Medtronic, Phenox, Anaconda, Genentech, Biogen, Prolong Pharmaceuticals, Imperative Care and stock options for advisory roles with Brainomix, Viz-AI, Corindus Vascular Robotics, Vesalio, Ceretrieve, Astrocyte, and Cerebrotech.

Use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for manuscript preparation

The authors confirm that there was no use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for assisting in the writing or editing of the manuscript and no images were manipulated using AI.

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