Figure 1.

Screening of Al₂O₃, SiO₂, and TiO₂ nanoparticles (nanoparticles and hydrated nanoparticles at room temperature, and nanoparticles at 120 °C) on the removal of FFAs, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and peroxides from crude canola oil. (A) Acid value (FFA content), (B) carotenoid content, (C) chlorophyll content, (D) peroxide value. The letter above each bar plot denotes significance. All variables with the same letter indicate that the difference between the means was not statistically significant; meanwhile, variables with different letters indicate significance.