Table 2.
Participants’ characteristics among the dietary patterns.
| Rice Group | Vegetables Group | Seafoods Group | Sweets Group | Rice vs. Vegetables | Rice vs. Seafoods | Rice vs. Sweets | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 259 | n = 160 | n = 151 | n = 157 | ||||||||
| age (year) | 52 | (39–65) | 45 | (36–58) | 61 | (42–70) | 55 | (39–64) | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.981 |
| sex, male | 115 | (44.4%) | 28 | (17.5%) | 67 | (44.4%) | 39 | (24.8%) | <0.001 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 | (20.5–24.7) | 21.5 | (19.4–24.1) | 22.8 | (20.7–25.6) | 21.8 | (19.3–24.5) | 0.007 | .0.406 | 0.018 |
| CAP (dB/m) | 222.0 | (192.0–261.0) | 208.0 | (163.8–253.8) | 235.0 | (192.0–275.0) | 213.0 | (174.5–262.5) | 0.050 | 0.343 | 0.477 |
| LSM (kPa) | 4.4 | (3.4–5.4) | 4.2 | (3.5–4.9) | 4.3 | (3.5–5.2) | 4.4 | (3.6–5.6) | 0.849 | 0.996 | 0.802 |
| AST (IU/L) | 21.0 | (17.0–25.0) | 19.0 | (16.0–22.0) | 21.0 | (18.0–26.0) | 19.0 | (16.5–24.0) | <0.001 | 0.607 | 0.141 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 19.0 | (14.0–26.0) | 15.0 | (12.0–19.8) | 19.0 | (15.0–25.0) | 16.0 | (12.0–23.0) | <0.001 | 0.734 | 0.058 |
| γGT (IU/L) | 21.0 | (15.0–32.0) | 18.0 | (14.0–25.8) | 23.0 | (17.0–35.0) | 18.0 | (14.0–30.0) | 0.013 | 0.109 | 0.232 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 91.0 | (86.0–98.0) | 88.0 | (84.0–93.0) | 94.0 | (87.0–103.0) | 91.0 | (85.0–99.5) | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.999 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 | (5.5–5.9) | 5.6 | (5.4–5.8) | 5.7 | (5.5–6.0) | 5.7 | (5.5–5.9) | 0.001 | 0.396 | 0.954 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.1 | (0.8–1.6) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.5) | 1.3 | (1.0–1.9) | 1.2 | (0.9–1.6) | 0.725 | 0.004 | 0.554 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 82.0 | (54.0–118.0) | 62.0 | (47.3–84.0) | 89.0 | (63.0–118.0) | 72.0 | (53.0–104.0) | <0.001 | 0.305 | 0.349 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 60.0 | (49.0–71.0) | 69.0 | (59.0–82.0) | 62.0 | (52.0–75.0) | 64.0 | (54.5–77.5) | <0.001 | 0.273 | 0.02 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 118.0 | (99.0–139.0) | 110.5 | (92.3–129.0) | 119.0 | (107.0–142.0) | 116.0 | (95.5–138.0) | 0.053 | 0.627 | 0.994 |
| smoking habit (%) | 34 | (13.1%) | 14 | (8.8%) | 29 | (19.2%) | 16 | (10.2%) | 0.031 | ||
| exercise habit (%) | 30 | (11.6%) | 38 | (23.8%) | 37 | (24.5%) | 22 | (14.0%) | <0.001 | ||
| MASLD (%) | 78 | (30.1%) | 44 | (27.5%) | 57 | (37.7%) | 41 | (26.1%) | 0.118 | ||
Data are presented as numbers (%) or median (range). BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; LSM, liver stiffness measure; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.