Table 1.

Species and functions of the gut microbiome.

Gut microbiome species	Function	References
Bacteroidetes	Mycobacterium avium: Basic metabolic activities, suppression of inflammation. Bacteroides fragilis Intestinal inflammation suppression, polysaccharide secretion, regulatory T cell differentiation. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Dietary fiber breakdown, abundant SCFA production, reduction of inflammatory response. Akkermansia muciniphila Inhibition of intestinal inflammation, reduction of mucus layer spoilage, protection of intestinal epithelial cells. Potential for promoting inflammation. Bacteroides vulgatus Endotoxin secretion, stimulation of intestinal inflammatory response prevotella copri Damage to intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, stimulation of intestinal inflammatory response. Escherichia coli Toxin production, induction of intestinal inflammation	[[21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]]
Firmicutes	Beneficial bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, common probiotic. Clostridium difficile, Resistant bacterium, gastrointestinal infections.	[[32], [33], [34]]
Proteobacteria	Includes many pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori	[35]
Actinobacteria	Health benefits, breakdown of complex carbohydrates, antibiotic production, unclear relationship with metabolic disease	[36]