Table 3.
Design | Treatment | Nutrient Effects | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
In vivo human | Coffee | Circulating Vitamin D ↑ | Inhibition of Vitamin D receptors | Al-Othman et al. 2012 [89] |
In vivo human | Caffeine | Calcium levels ↓ | Imbalance of Calcium/inhibition of Vitamin D receptors | Barger-Lux & Heaney 1995 [90] |
In vivo human | Coffee | Zinc levels ↓ | Binding of phenolic compounds | Pécoud et al. 1975 [91] |
In vivo human | Coffee | Iron absorption ↓ | Phenolic binding of nonheme iron in the lumen | Morck 1983 [92] |
In vivo human | Coffee | B vitamin levels ↓ | Complex formation with polyphenols | Ulvik 2008 [93] |
In vivo human | Coffee | Glucose ↓ | Inhibition of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase | Ohnaka 2012 [94] |
Notes: ↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.