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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2024 Sep;38(9):1071–1078. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202404095

前交叉韧带完整性对内侧活动平台膝关节单髁置换术短中期疗效的影响

Effect of anterior cruciate ligament integrity on the short- and mid-term effectiveness of mobile-bearing medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Lin HAO 1, Zhengyuan LI 1, Shenghong CHEN 1, Kai PENG 1, Jun WANG 1, Zongsheng YIN 1,*
PMCID: PMC11440160  PMID: 39300881

Abstract

目的

探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的完整性对内侧活动平台膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)术后短中期临床疗效的影响。

方法

回顾分析2019年6月—2021年6月接受内侧活动平台UKA的128例前内侧骨关节炎患者临床资料,根据术中直视下ACL结构的完整程度,分为正常组(30例)、滑膜缺损组(53例)及纵裂组(45例)。3组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数及术前膝关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)、髋-膝-踝角(hip-knee-ankle angle,HKA)、膝关节协会评分(KSS)、西安大略与麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数(WOMAC)评分等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。记录并比较术前及末次随访时3组患者膝关节ROM、KSS评分(包括临床和功能评分)、WOMAC评分(包括疼痛、僵硬和功能评分),以及末次随访时Lysholm评分、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分、关节遗忘评分(FJS-12)。影像学检查评估膝关节外侧胫股间室及髌股间室软骨有无磨损,测量末次随访时HKA及胫骨后倾角(posterior tibial slope,PTS)。

结果

术后3组患者均获随访,随访时间22~56个月,平均40.4个月;3组间随访时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时影像学检查均未见膝关节外侧胫股间室及髌股间室软骨有明显磨损进展,随访期间均未出现假体无菌性松动、活动衬垫脱位、感染等不良事件。末次随访时,膝关节ROM、HKA、KSS各项评分及WOMAC各项评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但3组间上述各指标手术前后差值以及Lysholm评分、IKDC评分、FJS-12评分和PTS比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论

ACL的完整性对稳定膝关节内侧活动平台UKA术后短中期临床疗效无明显影响。

Keywords: 活动平台假体, 膝关节单髁置换术, 前交叉韧带, 膝骨关节炎


膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一种常见的慢性退行性疾病,会导致膝关节疼痛、功能障碍乃至残疾[1]。随着人口老龄化和预期寿命的延长,其全球疾病负担和卫生成本也将继续增加[2]。超过90% KOA患者膝关节病变累及内侧间室,其中一半以上仅累及前侧[3]。终末期前内侧骨关节炎患者可行人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)或膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)[4]。与TKA相比,UKA损伤小、术后恢复快、运动功能和本体感觉改善明显、不良事件发生率低[35-6]。这些优点与UKA保留了膝关节的固有韧带有关,尤其是前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)。ACL是关键的膝关节稳定装置,能限制胫骨运动以防止其过度前移和内旋[7-8]

UKA假体有固定平台和活动平台两种结构,活动平台假体聚乙烯磨损发生率较低,但自由移动的衬垫可能发生脱位[6],因此对膝关节稳定性的要求更加严格[9]。有研究者认为ACL的完整性会影响UKA术后膝关节运动学[10],在ACL缺陷患者中行内侧UKA会导致衬垫及外侧软骨的接触应力增加,进而继发假体早期松动及外侧间室骨关节炎[11]。但也有研究者认为ACL完整性对活动平台UKA的保护作用有限[12],并不影响术后翻修率和功能评分[13]。目前,ACL完整性是否影响内侧活动平台UKA假体植入仍存在争议[1214-16],也未详细指出ACL完整性的具体判定标准。现回顾分析2019年6月—2021年6月于我院行UKA患者的临床资料,探讨ACL完整性是否影响内侧活动平台UKA短中期疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者纳入标准:① 符合KOA诊断标准,疼痛局限于内侧间室;② 年龄≥50岁;③ 经3个月保守治疗无效,无特殊手术禁忌证;④ 术前均完善X线片,明确磨损局限于胫骨平台前内侧;⑤ 膝关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)≥90°,屈曲、内翻畸形<15°,且畸形可被手法矫正;⑥ 无既往膝关节及周围骨折、手术史;⑦ 膝关节未发现明显前后不稳定,内外侧副韧带功能正常;⑧ 临床资料及影像学资料均完整。排除标准:① 患有重要脏器功能不全导致无法耐受手术及配合术后功能锻炼者;② 同时进行双侧膝关节手术者;③ 既往有感染性关节炎或创伤性骨关节炎病史者;④ 严重骨质疏松者。

2019年6月—2021年6月共128例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。根据术中直视下ACL结构的完整程度,分为正常组(30例)、滑膜缺损组(53例)及纵裂组(45例)。3组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数及术前膝关节ROM、髋-膝-踝角(hip-knee-ankle angle,HKA)、膝关节协会评分(KSS)、西安大略与麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数(WOMAC)评分等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

表 1.

Comparison of baseline data among 3 groups

3组患者基线资料比较

基线资料
Baseline data
正常组(n=30)
Normal group
(n=30)
滑膜缺损组(n=53)
Synovial defect
group (n=53)
纵裂组(n=45)
Longitudinal split
group (n=45)
统计量
Statistical value
P
P value
性别(男/女,例) 6/24 18/35 16/29 χ2=2.337 0.311
年龄(x±s,岁) 59.7±6.8 60.3±6.4 62.2±6.8 F=1.527 0.221
身体质量指数(x±s,kg/m2 27.7±3.6 26.6±3.2 26.6±2.6 F=1.284 0.280
术前膝关节ROM(x±s,°) 108.3±6.8 106.9±6.2 106.3±6.7 F=0.845 0.432
术前HKA(x±s,°) 171.5±2.8 171.6±2.8 171.1±2.4 F=0.354 0.702
术前KSS临床评分(x±s,分) 50.2±9.6 49.1±9.5 46.1±8.1 F=2.143 0.122
术前KSS功能评分(x±s,分) 53.2±12.3 52.2±13.2 49.8±11.1 F=0.792 0.455
术前WOMAC疼痛评分(x±s,分) 9.9±3.0 10.6±2.7 11.2±2.4 F=2.055 0.132
术前WOMAC僵硬评分 [MQ1Q3),分] 4.0(3.0,5.0) 4.0(3.0,5.0) 4.0(4.0,5.0) H=2.574 0.276
术前WOMAC功能评分(x±s,分) 35.8±7.4 36.4±7.9 37.7±7.0 F=0.663 0.517

1.2. 手术方法

3组均采用美国Biomet公司的活动平台单髁假体,手术均由同一主刀医师执行。患者全身麻醉后于患侧大腿根部安装止血带,取半截石位,常规消毒、铺巾。取膝关节内侧髌旁入路,探查各个间室软骨退变及磨损情况,再用神经钩探查ACL并牵拉。如果ACL功能良好,无外侧间室及髌股间室软骨退变,则继续行UKA;如果ACL缺失或强度降低(非常薄,碎片化,无法对抗牵拉并且容易被神经钩损伤),则改行TKA。术中直视膝关节情况,各组分别表现为[17]:① 正常组:ACL形态完整,滑膜层完整覆盖并被结缔组织包围成束状,神经钩滑动探查并未发现滑膜层破损或有裂口;② 滑膜缺损组:ACL形态完整,滑膜部分或完全缺失,韧带暴露在外,神经钩滑动探查可探入滑膜裂口中;③ 纵裂组:ACL有纵裂,滑膜完全缺失,可见韧带纵向撕裂或部分缺损,神经钩可探入韧带裂口。见图1。胫骨截骨采用髓外定位,后倾角度为7°;股骨侧采用髓内定位。依次截骨后安装合适型号的试模,全面活动膝关节,确认内外侧平衡、下肢力线及半月板运动轨迹良好后,调和骨水泥,安装假体。大量生理盐水冲洗术区,放置负压引流管,逐层缝合切口,加压包扎后放松止血带。

图 1.

图 1

Schematic diagram of ACL anatomy and grouping

ACL解剖及分组示意图

1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

3组术后康复方案相同。术后当天指导患者行踝泵及股四头肌等长收缩锻炼,预防性使用抗生素24 h[18];术后第1天起皮下注射4 000 U低分子肝素钠,预防下肢深静脉血栓形成;术后24 h拔除引流管;术后第2天指导患者坐在床边行膝关节屈曲锻炼,并行直腿抬高锻炼;术后3~5 d在助行器辅助下尝试行走。

记录并比较术前及末次随访时3组膝关节ROM、KSS评分(包括临床和功能评分)、WOMAC评分(包括疼痛、僵硬和功能评分),以及末次随访时Lysholm评分[19]、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分[20]、关节遗忘评分(FJS-12)[21]。完善下肢全长正侧位及膝关节正侧位X线片,评估膝关节外侧胫股间室及髌股间室软骨有无磨损,测量末次随访时的HKA及胫骨后倾角(posterior tibial slope,PTS)。见图2。记录患者术后有无假体无菌性松动、活动半月板衬垫脱位、感染、翻修等不良事件。由对患者分组情况不知情的独立观察者进行疗效评价。

图 2.

Measurement diagram of X-ray films

X线片测量示意图

a. HKA;b. PTS

a. HKA; b. PTS

图 2

1.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS26.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验,如符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用SNK检验;组内手术前后比较采用配对t检验。如不符合正态分布,数据以MQ1Q3)表示,组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验,组内手术前后比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料组间比较采用列联表卡方检验。检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

术后3组患者均获随访,随访时间22~56个月,平均40.4个月;3组间随访时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时影像学检查均未见膝关节外侧胫股间室及髌股间室软骨有明显磨损进展,随访期间均未出现假体无菌性松动、活动衬垫脱位、感染等不良事件。末次随访时,膝关节ROM、HKA、KSS各项评分及WOMAC各项评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但3组间上述各指标手术前后差值以及Lysholm评分、IKDC评分、FJS-12评分和PTS比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2图35

表 2.

Comparison of outcome indicators among 3 groups

3组患者结局指标比较

结局指标
Outcome indicator
正常组(n=30)
Normal group
(n=30)
滑膜缺损组(n=53)
Synovial defect
group (n=53)
纵裂组(n=45)
Longitudinal split
group (n=45)
P
P value
随访时间(x±s,月) 41.7±7.6 40.0±7.0 40.0±7.1 0.932
手术前后差值
 膝关节ROM(x±s,°) 15.1±5.2 14.4±5.8 15.2±3.6 0.719
 HKA(x±s,°) 4.7±2.0 4.6±1.6 4.3±1.3 0.538
 KSS临床评分(x±s,分) 30.2±6.0 31.0±6.4 31.6±7.5 0.705
 KSS功能评分(x±s,分) 32.7±8.8 30.9±8.9 31.0±8.9 0.657
 WOMAC疼痛评分(x±s,分) 7.3±1.7 7.7±1.7 8.0±1.7 0.178
 WOMAC僵硬评分 [MQ1Q3),分] 2.0(2.0,3.0) 2.0(2.0,3.0) 2.0(2.0,3.0) 0.902
 WOMAC功能评分(x±s,分) 25.5±3.7 25.1±4.1 25.5±4.8 0.851
PTS [MQ1Q3),°] 7.00(6.50,7.00) 7.00(6.75,7.00) 7.00(6.50,7.00) 0.080
IKDC评分(x±s,分) 75.2±14.7 74.5±11.4 70.1±10.6 0.097
Lysholm评分(x±s,分) 85.4±9.9 84.8±8.6 81.8±8.3 0.147
FJS-12评分(x±s,分) 69.7±17.3 67.2±14.7 65.1±14.0 0.436

图 3.

A 63-year-old female patient with anteromedial osteoarthritis of right knee in normal group

正常组患者,女,63岁,右膝前内侧骨关节炎

a. 术前矢状位MRI示ACL正常;b~d. 术前膝关节正侧位及双下肢全长正位X线片;e. 术中见完整滑膜包裹着形态正常的ACL;f~h. 术后43个月膝关节正侧位及双下肢全长正位X线片示假体在位,胫股外侧间室及髌股间室未见明显骨关节炎进展

a. Preoperative sagittal MRI showed that ACL was normal; b-d. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of knee, and full-length anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower limbs; e. Intraoperative image showed complete synovium wrapped with normal ACL; f-h. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of knee, and full-length anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower limbs at 43 months after operation showed that the prosthesis was in position, and there was no obvious osteoarthritis progression in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment and patellofemoral compartment

图 3

图 5.

A 65-year-old female patient with anteromedial osteoarthritis of right knee in longitudinal split group

纵裂组患者,女,65岁,右膝前内侧骨关节炎

a. 术前矢状位MRI示ACL损伤;b~d. 术前膝关节正侧位及双下肢全长正位X线片;e. 术中见ACL纵向撕裂,神经钩可探入;f~h. 术后41个月膝关节正侧位及双下肢全长正位X线片示假体在位,胫股外侧间室及髌股间室未见明显骨关节炎进展

a. Preoperative sagittal MRI showed ACL injury; b-d. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of knee, and full-length anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower limbs; e. Intraoperative image showed that the ACL was torn longitudinally and the nerve hook could be penetrated; f-h. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of knee, and full-length anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower limbs at 41 months after operation showed that the prosthesis was in position, and there was no obvious osteoarthritis progression in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment and patellofemoral compartment

图 5

图 4.

A 69-year-old female patient with anteromedial osteoarthritis of left knee in synovial defect group

滑膜缺损组患者,女,69岁,左膝前内侧骨关节炎

a. 术前矢状位MRI示ACL基本正常;b~d. 术前膝关节正侧位及双下肢全长正位X线片;e. 术中见ACL滑膜部分缺失;f~h. 术后40个月膝关节正侧位及双下肢全长正位X线片示假体在位,胫股外侧间室及髌股间室未见明显骨关节炎进展

a. Preoperative sagittal MRI showed that ACL was basically normal; b-d. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of knee, and full-length anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower limbs; e. Intraoperative image showed partial absence of ACL synovium; f-h. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of knee, and full-length anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower limbs at 40 months after operation showed that the prosthesis was in position, and there was no obvious osteoarthritis progression in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment and patellofemoral compartment

图 4

3. 讨论

随着UKA广泛应用于保守治疗无效的KOA患者中,手术操作及假体设计也在不断更新与改进。传统“金标准”[22]因过于严格而限制了UKA的应用。研究者们调整了UKA的适应证,年龄<60岁、肥胖、髌骨关节退变及软骨钙质沉着症已被证实为非必要禁忌证[23-26],但ACL缺陷患者能否行UKA仍有争议。本研究结果表明,行内侧活动平台UKA的ACL滑膜缺损及ACL有纵裂患者在膝关节功能、稳定性、疼痛及本体感觉方面与ACL正常患者相比,术后短中期差异无统计学意义,其他间室无明显软骨磨损进展且未发生衬垫脱位等不良事件。

3.1. ACL完整性的评估

临床上一般通过专科体格检查、影像学检查及术中直视观察ACL的形状及评估其完整性。专科体格检查包括Lachman试验、前抽屉试验、轴移试验、杠杆试验及压痛点判断等,通常对急性ACL损伤诊断有效,但在KOA导致的慢性ACL损伤中有时呈假阴性结果,可能是由于膝关节周围软组织挛缩、骨赘增生导致膝关节仍能维持前后向稳定,或者患者出于疼痛而产生肌肉紧张引起保护性反应[27]。影像学检查包括膝关节标准正侧位X线片及MRI检查。Keyes等[28]通过分析膝关节侧位X线片上胫骨的磨损范围及程度,将内侧间室骨关节炎进展分为5级,以此预测ACL完整性,带有一定主观色彩。MRI可以更直接观察软骨、韧带结构,识别内侧胫骨及其他间室的磨损程度,通过测量胫骨后侧平台完整软骨的百分比以提示ACL的功能[29]。但MRI过于敏感,常受到水肿、出血等信号的影响,夸大骨关节炎中软组织损伤程度,扫描和成像质量不足也导致无法显示完整ACL,且异常的MRI表现与UKA失败无关[30]。高估ACL的缺陷程度会降低UKA使用率,但目前并无关于ACL缺陷的明确定义。鉴于此,本研究通过术中直视下探查ACL形态,探讨ACL完整性对内侧活动平台UKA术后短中期临床疗效的影响。

入组患者可优先考虑行内侧活动平台UKA,将TKA作为备选方案,根据术中直视下ACL的实际情况选择手术方式。术中用神经钩牵拉ACL,若能承受足够张力,代表ACL功能良好,考虑行UKA,反之则行TKA。

3.2. ACL对膝关节功能及稳定性的影响

ACL是一条连接股骨和胫骨并由滑膜层包裹的结缔组织带,通常被含有脂肪组织的髌下滑膜褶皱覆盖,为无血管组织,主要通过滑膜组织提供营养[31]。其主要功能是防止胫骨前移,协助保持膝关节的前后向稳定[8]。ACL附着点也可看作一个器官,其中形成和包绕附着点的邻近组织(如滑膜、Hoffa脂肪垫和纤维软骨)均有助于维持其整体功能和稳态[32]。在前内侧骨关节炎膝关节中,除了切迹区域骨赘生长导致ACL撞击,炎症、胶原纤维紊乱也可能是继发ACL变性损伤的潜在机制[33]。ACL缺损将导致胫骨前移增加、枢轴移位及旋转中心偏移[34],加速膝关节退行性变,软骨磨损逐渐延伸至后侧[2935]。活动平台UKA是在球形股骨假体与扁平的胫骨假体之间插入1个可移动的聚乙烯衬垫,这种设计增加了接触面积,减少了接触面应力,从而降低聚乙烯磨损率[936]。但自由移动的衬垫需要韧带和肌肉约束才能保持人工膝关节稳定[9]。Suggs等[37]发现在ACL缺陷的膝关节行UKA,术后膝关节前后向松弛程度增加1倍以上,膝关节稳定性下降,功能也受到影响。但本研究发现与ACL正常者相比,ACL滑膜缺损及纵裂对活动平台UKA术后短中期功能及稳定性无明显影响。

近年国内外研究也得出了相似结论,接受UKA的ACL缺陷患者与ACL完整患者在功能及稳定性评分上并无显著差异[1538-39]。如刘少华等[38]认为ACL缺陷并不影响稳定膝关节的固定平台UKA假体植入,Hamilton等[16]研究得出ACL的宏观状态并不影响活动平台UKA的功能结果或假体存活率。但既往研究并未详细描述ACL不同宏观状态的具体判定标准。

3.3. ACL对膝关节本体感觉及疼痛的影响

膝关节本体感觉包括对关节运动的意识及位置感,有助于维持关节功能及预防损伤[40-41]。滑膜富含的以自由神经末梢、鲁菲尼小体和帕氏小体为代表的机械感受器能将机械信号转化为神经信号,维持膝关节的本体感觉[31]。随着ACL损伤时间延长,滑膜下的机械感受器逐渐减少,导致膝关节本体感觉减退,从而丧失运动控制功能[42]。本研究发现与ACL正常者相比,ACL完整性并不影响活动平台UKA术后膝关节本体感觉及疼痛。

3.4. 胫骨假体后倾角度的选择

保持适当的侧副韧带张力是UKA成功的关键之一,而这种张力可以通过改变PTS来调整。减少PTS会增加侧副韧带的张力,对于ACL缺陷的膝关节而言,需要更小的PTS来确保UKA假体的成功植入[14]。Shu等[43]利用开发的有限元肌肉骨骼模型分析得出,随着PTS的增大,ACL的拉力也随之增加,这可能会提高ACL损伤风险。此外,PTS的增加还会导致胫骨前移和股骨外旋。当PTS增加至11.4° 时,ACL缺陷的膝关节表现出不稳定性。Plancher等[14]通过尸体研究发现,将PTS减小至4° 可以显著减少ACL缺陷膝关节的胫骨过度前移,使其与ACL完整的膝关节无显著区别。其后续的一项临床研究[44]也表明,过大的PTS与UKA早期失败相关,术后PTS>7° 的患者疼痛明显加重。随着时间推移,在ACL缺陷的膝关节中,过大的PTS会产生更大接触应力,这在活动平台假体植入中尤为重要。本研究中,3组的PTS中位数均为7°,未发现ACL滑膜缺损及纵裂对活动平台UKA术后PTS产生影响。

综上述,本文系统回顾并研究了不同ACL状态患者行内侧活动平台UKA术后短中期疗效,明确了ACL损伤程度的判定标准。对于ACL滑膜缺损及纵裂但仍稳定的膝关节,内侧活动平台UKA的短中期临床疗效与ACL正常者无显著差异。但本研究为单中心回顾性研究,存在选择偏倚,观察例数及随访时间有限,且对ACL的评估取决于手术医师,观察者的判断可能会影响结果。后期将开展多中心前瞻性研究,扩大样本量、延长随访时间,进一步验证上述结论。

志谢 安徽医科大学第一附属医院关节外科、麻醉科和手术室全体医护人员的全力配合

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经安徽医科大学第一附属医院临床医学研究伦理委员会批准(PJ2024-1-56)

作者贡献声明 郝琳、李正远:研究实施及论文撰写;陈圣洪、彭凯:数据收集:王俊:数据分析、文章校对:尹宗生:试验总体设计与手术技术指导

Funding Statement

安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2023AH053327)

Key Natural Science Research Projects of Universities in Anhui Province (2023AH053327)

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