Figure 5.

Cytokine-specific dependence on CD28 co-stimulation in untreated HIV infection

Univariate analyses of cytokine expression in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells after 15h of aAPCs stimulation of purified T cells from UD versus UNT participants. Unless specified, the ratios presented are 1:4:0 (aCD3:aCD28:IgG; aCD3 aCD28 aAPCs).

(A and B) ORgate-identified, background subtracted net (A) CD4⁺ and (B) CD8⁺ cytokine⁺ T cell responses from UNT after aAPCs stimulation. Friedman test was used.

(C and D) Comparison of residual signal in the absence of CD28 co-stimulation for cytokine⁺ (C) CD4⁺ or (D) CD8⁺ T cells in UD versus UNT participants.

(E and F) Comparison of residual signal in the absence of CD28 co-stimulation in (E) CD4⁺ or (F) CD8⁺ T cells between UD and UNT for each individual cytokine. In (C-F), Mann-Whitney test results are shown. In (A–F), n = 12. In (A-F), error bars represent the interquartile range. In (A) and (E), gray borders represent responses <0.1% that could not be represented on the logarithmic scale and hence were given arbitrary values of 0.1%.