Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Clinical Pathology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Pathology
. 1980 May;33(5):417–429. doi: 10.1136/jcp.33.5.417

Blood rheology.

J Stuart, M W Kenny
PMCID: PMC1146104  PMID: 6995492

Full text

PDF
417

Images in this article

418Fig. 2
on p.418
419Fig. 3
on p.419
419Fig. 4
on p.419
420Fig. 5
on p.420
421Fig. 6
on p.421

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. BLOCH E. H., KAFIG E., MERYMAN H. T., POWELL A., WARNER L. A comparison of the surfaces of human erythrocytes from health and disease by in vivo light microscopy and in vitro electron microscopy. Angiology. 1956 Dec;7(6):479–494. doi: 10.1177/000331975600700601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bailey M. J., Johnston C. L., Yates C. J., Somerville P. G., Dormandy J. A. Preoperative haemoglobin as predictor of outcome of diabetic amputations. Lancet. 1979 Jul 28;2(8135):168–170. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91434-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barnes A. J., Locke P., Scudder P. R., Dormandy T. L., Dormandy J. A., Slack J. Is hyperviscosity a treatable component of diabetic microcirculatory disease? Lancet. 1977 Oct 15;2(8042):789–791. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90724-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Begg T. B., Hearns J. B. Components in blood viscosity. The relative contribution of haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen and other proteins. Clin Sci. 1966 Aug;31(1):87–93. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Berger S., Aledort L. M., Gilbert H. S., Hanson J. P., Wasserman L. R. Abnormalities of platelet function in patients with polycythemia vera. Cancer Res. 1973 Nov;33(11):2683–2687. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bodey G. P., Powell R. D., Jr, Hersh E. M., Yeterian A., Freireich E. J. Pulmonary complications of acute leukemia. Cancer. 1966 Jun;19(6):781–793. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196606)19:6<781::aid-cncr2820190607>3.0.co;2-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bonnar J., McNicol G. P., Douglas A. S. Fibrinolytic enzyme system and pregnancy. Br Med J. 1969 Aug 16;3(5667):387–389. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5667.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brereton W., Murphy J. R. Rheologic studies of deoxygenated normal and hereditary spherocytosis blood and separated erythrocytes. J Lab Clin Med. 1974 Jan;83(1):112–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bucher W. C., Gall E. P., Becker P. T. The zeta sedimentation ration (ZSR) as the routine monitor of disease activity in a general hospital. Am J Clin Pathol. 1979 Jul;72(1):65–67. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/72.1.65. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bull B. S., Brailsford J. D. The zeta sedimentation ratio. Blood. 1972 Oct;40(4):550–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bunn H. F., Briehl R. W. The interaction of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate with various human hemoglobins. J Clin Invest. 1970 Jun;49(6):1088–1095. doi: 10.1172/JCI106324. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Böttiger L. E., Svedberg C. A. Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age. Br Med J. 1967 Apr 8;2(5544):85–87. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. COTTON R. C., WADE E. G., SPILLER G. W. THE EFFECT OF ATROMID ON PLASMA FIBRINOGEN AND HEPARIN RESISTANCE. J Atheroscler Res. 1963 Sep-Dec;3:648–652. doi: 10.1016/s0368-1319(63)80048-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Capra J. D., Kunkel H. G. Aggregation of gamma-G3 proteins: relevance to the hyperviscosity syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1970 Mar;49(3):610–621. doi: 10.1172/JCI106272. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Card R. T., Weintraub L. R. Metabolic abnormalities of erythrocytes in severe iron deficiency. Blood. 1971 Jun;37(6):725–732. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Carvalho A., Ellman L. Activation of the coagulation system in polycythemia vera. Blood. 1976 Apr;47(4):669–678. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chien S., Jan K. Ultrastructural basis of the mechanism of rouleaux formation. Microvasc Res. 1973 Mar;5(2):155–166. doi: 10.1016/0026-2862(73)90068-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chien S., Usami S., Bertles J. F. Abnormal rheology of oxygenated blood in sickle cell anemia. J Clin Invest. 1970 Apr;49(4):623–634. doi: 10.1172/JCI106273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Clayton J. K., Anderson J. A., McNicol G. P. Preoperative prediction of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Br Med J. 1976 Oct 16;2(6041):910–912. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6041.910. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Copley A. L., King R. G., Chien S., Usami S., Skalak R., Huang C. R. Microscopic observations of viscoelasticity of human blood in steady and oscillatory shear. Biorheology. 1975 Aug;12(5):257–263. doi: 10.3233/bir-1975-12501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Di Perri T., Forconi S., Agnusdei D., Guerrini M., Laghi Pasini F. The effects of intravenous isoxsuprine on blood viscosity in patients with occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978 Mar;5(3):255–260. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb01633.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Dintenfass L., Julian D. G., Miller G. E. Viscosity of blood in normal subjects and in patients suffering from coronary occlusion and arterial thrombosis. An in vitro study in the absence of anticoagulants, by means of a rotational cone-in-cone trolley viscometer. Am Heart J. 1966 May;71(5):587–600. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(66)90308-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dintenfass L., Lake R. Letter: Beta blocker and blood viscosity. Lancet. 1976 May 8;1(7967):1026–1026. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91906-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ditzel J., Bang H. O., Thorsen N. Myocardial infarction and whole-blood viscosity. Acta Med Scand. 1968 Jun;183(6):577–579. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10526.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ditzel J. Haemorheological factors in the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1967 Dec;51(12):793–803. doi: 10.1136/bjo.51.12.793. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Dodds A. J., O'Reilly M. J., Yates C. J., Cotton L. T., Flute P. T., Dormandy J. A. Haemorrheological response to plasma exchange in Raynaud's syndrome. Br Med J. 1979 Nov 10;2(6199):1186–1187. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6199.1186. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Dormandy J. A. Clinical significance of blood viscosity. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1970 Oct;47(4):211–228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Dormandy J. A., Edelman J. B. High blood viscosity: an aetiological factor in venous thrombosis. Br J Surg. 1973 Mar;60(3):187–190. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800600306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Dormandy J. A., Goyle K. B., Reid H. L. Treatment of severe intermittent claudication by controlled defibrination. Lancet. 1977 Mar 19;1(8012):625–626. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92059-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Dormandy J. A., Gutteridge J. M., Hoare E., Dormandy T. L. Effect of clofibrate on blood viscosity in intermittent claudication. Br Med J. 1974 Nov 2;4(5939):259–262. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5939.259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dormandy J. A., Hoare E., Colley J., Arrowsmith D. E., Dormandy T. L. Clinical, haemodynamic, rheological, and biochemical findings in 126 patients with intermittent claudication. Br Med J. 1973 Dec 8;4(5892):576–581. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5892.576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Dormandy J. A. Influence of blood viscosity on blood flow and the effect of low molecular weight dextran. Br Med J. 1971 Dec 18;4(5789):716–719. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5789.716. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Drummond M. M., Lowe G. D., Belch J. J., Barbenel J. C., Forbes C. D. An assessment of red cell deformability using a simple filtration method. J Clin Pathol. 1980 Apr;33(4):373–376. doi: 10.1136/jcp.33.4.373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Eaton J. W., Skelton T. D., Swofford H. S., Kolpin C. E., Jacob H. S. Elevated erythrocyte calcium in sickle cell disease. Nature. 1973 Nov 9;246(5428):105–106. doi: 10.1038/246105a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Ehrly A. M. Improvement of the flow properties of blood: a new therapeutical approach in occlusive arterial disease. Angiology. 1976 Mar;27(3):188–196. doi: 10.1177/000331977602700306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ehrly A. M. Influence of Arwin on the flow properties of blood. Biorheology. 1973 Sep;10(3):453–456. doi: 10.3233/bir-1973-10320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Erdi A., Thomas D. P., Kakkar V. V., Lane D. A. Effect of low-dose subcutaneous heparin on whole-blood viscosity. Lancet. 1976 Aug 14;2(7981):342–344. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92595-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Evans E. A., La Celle P. L. Intrinsic material properties of the erythrocyte membrane indicated by mechanical analysis of deformation. Blood. 1975 Jan;45(1):29–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. FAHEY J. L., BARTH W. F., SOLOMON A. SERUM HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME. JAMA. 1965 May 10;192:464–467. doi: 10.1001/jama.1965.03080190030008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. FREIREICH E. J., THOMAS L. B., FREI E., 3rd, FRITZ R. D., FORKNER C. E., Jr A distinctive type of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with "blastic crisis" in patients with leukemia. Cancer. 1960 Jan-Feb;13:146–154. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196001/02)13:1<146::aid-cncr2820130126>3.0.co;2-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Forbes C. D., Barbenell J., Prentice C. R. Treatment of thrombosis by sequential therapy with ancrod followed by streptokinase. Clinical pharmacology and rheology. Haemostasis. 1976;5(6):348–354. doi: 10.1159/000214155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. GREGERSEN M. I., PERIC B., USAMI S., CHIEN S. Relation of molecular size of dextran to its effects on the rheological properties of blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1963 Apr;112:883–887. doi: 10.3181/00379727-112-28198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Girolami A., Cella G. Effect of low-dose subcutaneous heparin on whole-blood viscosity. Lancet. 1976 Oct 23;2(7991):909–909. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90570-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Goldsmith H. L. Deformation of human red cells in tube flow. Biorheology. 1971 May;7(4):235–242. doi: 10.3233/bir-1971-7407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Goyle K. B., Dormandy J. A. Abnormal blood viscosity in Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 1976 Jun 19;1(7973):1317–1318. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92651-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gross G. P., Hathaway W. E., McGaughey H. R. Hyperviscosity in the neonate. J Pediatr. 1973 Jun;82(6):1004–1012. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(73)80433-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. HARKNESS J. A new instrument for the measurement of plasma-viscosity. Lancet. 1963 Aug 10;2(7302):280–281. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(63)90177-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Hakanson D. O., Oh W. Necrotizing enterocolitis and hyperviscosity in the newborn infant. J Pediatr. 1977 Mar;90(3):458–461. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80716-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Harkness J. The viscosity of human blood plasma; its measurement in health and disease. Biorheology. 1971 Dec;8(3):171–193. doi: 10.3233/bir-1971-83-408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Harris A. L. Leukostasis associated with blood transfusion in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br Med J. 1978 May 6;1(6121):1169–1171. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6121.1169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Honger P. E. Albumin metabolism in normal pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1968;21(1):3–9. doi: 10.3109/00365516809076969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Honger P. E. Intravascular mass of albumin in pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1967;19(3):283–287. doi: 10.3109/00365516709090639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Humphreys W. V., Walker A., Charlesworth D. Altered viscosity and yield stress in patients with abdominal malignancy: relationship to deep vein thrombosis. Br J Surg. 1976 Jul;63(7):559–561. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800630715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hutchinson R. M., Eastham R. D. A comparison of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity in detecting changes in plasma proteins. J Clin Pathol. 1977 Apr;30(4):345–349. doi: 10.1136/jcp.30.4.345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hutton R. D. The effect of iron deficiency on whole blood viscosity in polycythaemic patients. Br J Haematol. 1979 Oct;43(2):191–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb03741.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Jahnsen T., Nielsen S. L., Skovborg F. Blood viscosity and local response to cold in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 1977 Nov 12;2(8046):1001–1002. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92895-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Jasin H. E., LoSpalluto J., Ziff M. Rheumatoid hyperviscosity syndrome. Am J Med. 1970 Oct;49(4):484–493. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(70)80043-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Johnson G. J., Allen D. W., Cadman S., Fairbanks V. F., White J. G., Lampkin B. C., Kaplan M. E. Red-cell-membrane polypeptide aggregates in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutants with chronic hemolytic disease. A clue to the mechanism of hemolysis. N Engl J Med. 1979 Sep 6;301(10):522–527. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197909063011004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. KELLOGG F., GOODMAN J. R. Viscosity of blood in myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 1960 Sep;8:972–979. doi: 10.1161/01.res.8.5.972. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kilpatrick D., Fleming J., Clyne C., Thompson G. R. Reduction of blood viscosity following plasma exchange. Atherosclerosis. 1979 Mar;32(3):301–306. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(79)90173-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Klug P. P., Lessin L. S., Radice P. Rheological aspects of sickle cell disease. Arch Intern Med. 1974 Apr;133(4):577–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kuehl K. S., Perry L. W., Scott L. P. Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 1971 Sep;79(3):430–435. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(71)80152-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. LaCelle P. L. Alteration of membrane deformability in hemolytic anemias. Semin Hematol. 1970 Oct;7(4):355–371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Leonhardt H., Arntz H. R., Klemens U. H. Studies of plasma viscosity in primary hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis. 1977 Sep;28(1):29–40. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(77)90196-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Lindsley H., Teller D., Noonan B., Peterson M., Mannik M. Hyperviscosity syndrome in multiple myeloma. A reversible, concentration-dependent aggregation of the myeloma protein. Am J Med. 1973 May;54(5):682–688. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90127-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Lipiński B., Worowski K., Myśliwiec M., Farbiszewski R. Erythrocyte sedimentation and soluble fibrin monomer complexes. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1969 Apr 30;21(2):196–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lowe G. D., Drummond M. M., Lorimer A. R., Hutton I., Forbes C. D., Prentice C. R., Barbenel J. C. Relation between extent of coronary artery disease and blood viscosity. Br Med J. 1980 Mar 8;280(6215):673–674. doi: 10.1136/bmj.280.6215.673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Lund F., Cronestrand R., Sonnenfeld T. Troxerutin in Raynaud's syndrome. Br Med J. 1980 Feb 2;280(6210):334–335. doi: 10.1136/bmj.280.6210.334-c. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. MINKOWSKI A. [Cardiac repercussion of neonatal (in twins) and post-natal (in single infants) polycythemia]. Biol Neonat. 1962;4:61–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Mackintosh T. F., Walker C. H. Blood viscosity in the newborn. Arch Dis Child. 1973 Jul;48(7):547–553. doi: 10.1136/adc.48.7.547. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Mannik M. Blood viscosity in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Blood. 1974 Jul;44(1):87–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Marsh N. A. The accelerating effect of fibrinogen and early fibrinogen degradation products on erythrocyte sedimentation. Thromb Haemost. 1979 Aug 31;42(2):757–763. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Mathews J. D., Mason T. W. Letter: Plasma viscosity and pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 1974 Aug 17;2(7877):409–409. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91792-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Mayer G. A. Blood viscosity and oral anticoagulant therapy. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976 Mar;65(3):402–406. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/65.3.402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. McGrath M. A., Peek R., Penny R. Raynaud's disease: reduced hand blood flows with normal blood viscosity. Aust N Z J Med. 1978 Apr;8(2):126–131. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1978.tb04497.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. McKee L. C., Jr, Collins R. D. Intravascular leukocyte thrombi and aggregates as a cause of morbidity and mortality in leukemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 1974 Nov;53(6):463–478. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197411000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. McMillan D. E. Plasma protein changes, blood viscosity, and diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes. 1976;25(2 Suppl):858–864. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. McMillan D. E., Utterback N. G., La Puma J. Reduced erythrocyte deformability in diabetes. Diabetes. 1978 Sep;27(9):895–901. doi: 10.2337/diab.27.9.895. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Mentzer W. C., Jr, Baehner R. L., Schmidt-Schönbein H., Robinson S. H., Nathan D. G. Selective reticulocyte destruction in erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1971 Mar;50(3):688–699. doi: 10.1172/JCI106539. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Mentzer W. C. Polycythaemia and the hyperviscosity syndrome in newborn infants. Clin Haematol. 1978 Feb;7(1):63–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Missirlis Y. F., Brain M. C. An improved method for studying the elastic properties of erythrocyte membranes. Blood. 1979 Nov;54(5):1069–1079. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Mohandas N., Phillips W. M., Bessis M. Red blood cell deformability and hemolytic anemias. Semin Hematol. 1979 Apr;16(2):95–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Morris M. W., Pinals R. S., Nelson D. A. The zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR) and activity of disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1977 Dec;68(6):760–762. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/68.6.760. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Nicolaides A. N., Horbourne T., Bowers R., Kidner P. H., Besterman E. M. Blood viscosity, red-cell flexibility, haematocrit, and plasma-fibrinogen in patients with angina. Lancet. 1977 Nov 5;2(8045):943–945. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90886-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. O'Reilly M. J., Talpos G., Roberts V. C., White J. M., Cotton L. T. Controlled trial of plasma exchange in treatment of Raynaud's syndrome. Br Med J. 1979 Apr 28;1(6171):1113–1115. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6171.1113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Oh W., Lind J. Venous and capillary hematocrit in newborn infants and placental transfusion. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1966 Jan;55(1):38–48. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1966.tb15207.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Oh W., Wallgren G., Hanson J. S., Lind J. The effects of placental transfusion on respiratory mechanics of normal term newborn infants. Pediatrics. 1967 Jul;40(1):6–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. POOLE J. C., SUMMERS G. A. Correction of E.S.R. in anaemia; experimental study based on interchange of cells and plasma between normal and anaemic subjects. Br Med J. 1952 Feb 16;1(4754):353–356. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4754.353. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Palek J., Thomae M., Ozog D. Red cell calcium content and transmembrane calcium movements in sickle cell anemia. J Lab Clin Med. 1977 Jun;89(6):1365–1374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Papageorgiou A., Stern L. Polycythemia and gangrene of an extremity in a newborn infant. J Pediatr. 1972 Nov;81(5):985–987. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(72)80557-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Paulsen E. P., Koury M. Hemoglobin AIc levels in insulin-dependent and -independent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1976;25(2 Suppl):890–896. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Pearson T. C., Wetherley-Mein G. Vascular occlusive episodes and venous haematocrit in primary proliferative polycythaemia. Lancet. 1978 Dec 9;2(8102):1219–1222. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92098-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Phillips M. J., Harkness J. Plasma and whole blood viscosity. Br J Haematol. 1976 Nov;34(3):347–352. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1976.tb03581.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Pincherle G., Shanks J. Value of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a screening test. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1967 Jul;21(3):133–136. doi: 10.1136/jech.21.3.133. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Platt H. A., Chuba J. V., Kaplan H. S. Initial studies of the temperature-viscosity relationship of human plasma and serum. Biorheology. 1978;15(1):29–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Pope R. M., Mannik M., Gilliland B. C., Teller D. C. The hyperviscosity syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis due to intermediate complexes formed by self-association of IgG-rheumatoid factors. Arthritis Rheum. 1975 Mar-Apr;18(2):97–106. doi: 10.1002/art.1780180201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Powles R., Smith C., Kohn J., Hamilton Fairley G. Method of removing abnormal protein rapidly from patients with malignant paraproteinaemias. Br Med J. 1971 Sep 18;3(5776):664–667. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5776.664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Preston F. E., Cooke K. B., Foster M. E., Winfield D. A., Lee D. Myelomatosis and the hyperviscosity syndrome. Br J Haematol. 1978 Apr;38(4):517–530. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1978.tb01077.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Preston F. E., Sokol R. J., Lilleyman J. S., Winfield D. A., Blackburn E. K. Cellular hyperviscosity as a cause of neurological symptoms in leukaemia. Br Med J. 1978 Feb 25;1(6111):476–478. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6111.476. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. RAND P. W., LACOMBE E., HUNT H. E., AUSTIN W. H. VISCOSITY OF NORMAL HUMAN BLOOD UNDER NORMOTHERMIC AND HYPOTHERMIC CONDITIONS. J Appl Physiol. 1964 Jan;19:117–122. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1964.19.1.117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Redman C. W., Denson K. W., Beilin L. J., Bolton F. G., Stirrat G. M. Factor-VIII consumption in pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 1977 Dec 17;2(8051):1249–1252. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92661-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Reid H. L., Barnes A. J., Lock P. J., Dormandy J. A., Dormandy T. L. A simple method for measuring erythrocyte deformability. J Clin Pathol. 1976 Sep;29(9):855–858. doi: 10.1136/jcp.29.9.855. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Reid H. L., Dormandy J. A., Barnes A. J., Lock P. J., Dormandy T. L. Impaired red cell deformability in peripheral vascular disease. Lancet. 1976 Mar 27;1(7961):666–668. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92778-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Richardson S. G., Matthews K. B., Stuart J., Geddes A. M., Wilcox R. M. Serial changes in coagulation and viscosity during sickle-cell crisis. Br J Haematol. 1979 Jan;41(1):95–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb03685.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Rieber E. E., Veliz G., Pollack S. Red cells in sickle cell crisis: observations on the pathophysiology of crisis. Blood. 1977 Jun;49(6):967–979. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Russell J. A., Powles R. L. The relationship between serum viscosity, hypervolaemia and clinical manifestations associated with circulating paraprotein. Br J Haematol. 1978 Jun;39(2):163–175. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1978.tb01086.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. SMITH E., KOCHWA S., WASSERMAN L. R. AGGREGATION OF IGG GLOBULIN IN VIVO. I. THE HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Am J Med. 1965 Jul;39:35–48. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(65)90243-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. SOLOMON A., FAHEY J. L. Plasmapheresis therapy in macroglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med. 1963 May;58:789–800. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-58-5-789. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Schlichting K., Heidrich H. Einfluss von Isoxsuprine auf die Blutviskosität. Vasa. 1976;5(1):51–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Schmid-Schönbein H., Volger E. Red-cell aggregation and red-cell deformability in diabetes. Diabetes. 1976;25(2 Suppl):897–902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Schmid-Schönbein H., Weiss J., Ludwig H. A simple method for measuring red cell deformability in models of the microcirculation. Blut. 1973 Jun;26(6):369–379. doi: 10.1007/BF01632746. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Schmid-Schönbein H., Wells R. Qualification of the dynamics of red cell aggregation. Bibl Anat. 1969;10:45–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Schröter W., Tillmann W. Decreased deformability of erythrocytes in haemolytic anaemia associated with glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Br J Haematol. 1977 Aug;36(4):475–484. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1977.tb00987.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sirs J. A. The measurement of the haematocrit and flexibility of erythrocytes with a centrifuge. Biorheology. 1968 Mar;5(1):1–14. doi: 10.3233/bir-1968-5101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Skovborg F., Nielsen A. V., Schlichtkrull J., Ditzel J. Blood-viscosity in diabetic patients. Lancet. 1966 Jan 15;1(7429):129–131. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(66)91264-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Somer T. The viscosity of blood, plasma and serum in dys- and paraproteinemias. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1966;456:1–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Stefanovich V. Effect of pentoxifylline on energy rich phosphates in rat's erythrocytes. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 Apr;10(4):747–750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Studd J. W., Blainey J. D., Bailey D. E. Serum protein changes in the pre-eclampsia-eclampsia syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1970 Sep;77(9):796–801. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1970.tb04401.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Talpos G., Horrocks M., White J. M., Cotton L. T. Plasmapheresis in Raynaud's disease. Lancet. 1978 Feb 25;1(8061):416–417. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91205-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Talstad I., Haugen H. F. The relationship between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma proteins in clinical materials and models. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1979 Oct;39(6):519–524. doi: 10.1080/00365517909108829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Thomas D. J., Marshall J., Russell R. W., Wetherley-Mein G., du Boulay G. H., Pearson T. C., Symon L., Zilkha E. Effect of haematocrit on cerebral blood-flow in man. Lancet. 1977 Nov 5;2(8045):941–943. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90885-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Thomas D. J., du Boulay G. H., Marshall J., Pearson T. C., Ross Russell R. W., Symon L., Wetherley-Mein G., Zilkha E. Cerebral blood-flow in polycythaemia. Lancet. 1977 Jul 23;2(8030):161–163. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90179-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Thurston G. B. The effects of frequency of oscillatory flow on the impedance of rigid, blood-filled tubes. Biorheology. 1976 Jun;13(3):191–199. doi: 10.3233/bir-1976-13306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Tietjen G. W., Chien S., Leroy E. C., Gavras I., Gavras H., Gump F. E. Blood viscosity, plasma proteins, and Raynaud syndrome. Arch Surg. 1975 Nov;110(11):1343–1346. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1975.01360170083011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Tillmann W., Labitzke N., Schröter W. Rheological properties of red cells in haemoglobin Köln disease. Br J Haematol. 1976 Jun;33(2):279–287. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1976.tb03539.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Tillmann W., Schröter W. Rheological properties of erythrocytes in heterozygous and homozygous beta thalassaemia. Br J Haematol. 1979 Nov;43(3):401–411. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb03767.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Tuddenham E. G., Whittaker J. A., Bradley J., Lilleyman J. S., James D. R. Hyperviscosity syndrome in IgA multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 1974 May;27(1):65–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb06775.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Usami S., Chien S., Bertles J. F. Deformability of sickle cells as studied by microsieving. J Lab Clin Med. 1975 Aug;86(2):274–279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Vettore L., Falezza G. C., Cetto G. L., De Matteis M. C. Cation content and membrane deformability of heterozygous beta-thalassaemic red blood cells. Br J Haematol. 1974 Jul;27(3):429–437. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb06809.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Volger E., Schmid-Schönbein H., Emmerich B. Red cell aggregation and deformability in plasma cell dyscrasias. Bibl Anat. 1977;(16 Pt 2):513–516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. WELLS R. E., Jr, GAWRONSKI T. H., COX P. J., PERERA R. D. INFLUENCE OF FIBRINOGEN ON FLOW PROPERTIES OF ERYTHROCYTE SUSPENSIONS. Am J Physiol. 1964 Nov;207:1035–1040. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.207.5.1035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wells R. Syndromes of hyperviscosity. N Engl J Med. 1970 Jul 23;283(4):183–186. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197007232830406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Yates C. J., Berent A., Andrews V., Dormandy J. A. Increase in leg blood-flow by normovolaemic haemodilution in intermittent claudication. Lancet. 1979 Jul 28;2(8135):166–168. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91433-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Pathology are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES