Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Biochemical Journal logoLink to Biochemical Journal
. 1986 Mar 15;234(3):497–506. doi: 10.1042/bj2340497

Gaining access to the cytosol: the technique and some applications of electropermeabilization.

D E Knight, M C Scrutton
PMCID: PMC1146599  PMID: 3521588

Full text

PDF
497

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allan D., Michell R. H. The possible role of lipids in control of membrane fusion during secretion. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1979;33:323–336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker P. F., Knight D. E. Calcium control of exocytosis and endocytosis in bovine adrenal medullary cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1981 Dec 18;296(1080):83–103. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1981.0174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker P. F., Knight D. E. Calcium-dependent exocytosis in bovine adrenal medullary cells with leaky plasma membranes. Nature. 1978 Dec 7;276(5688):620–622. doi: 10.1038/276620a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker P. F., Knight D. E. Chemiosmotic hypotheses of exocytosis: a critique. Review. Biosci Rep. 1984 Apr;4(4):285–298. doi: 10.1007/BF01140492. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baker P. F., Knight D. E., Umbach J. A. Calcium clamp of the intracellular environment. Cell Calcium. 1985 Apr;6(1-2):5–14. doi: 10.1016/0143-4160(85)90030-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baker P. F. Transport and metabolism of calcium ions in nerve. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 1972;24:177–223. doi: 10.1016/0079-6107(72)90007-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Berridge M. J., Irvine R. F. Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Nature. 1984 Nov 22;312(5992):315–321. doi: 10.1038/312315a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bikle D. D., Murphy E. W., Rasmussen H. The ionic control of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 synthesis in isolated chick renal mitochondria. The role of potassium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976 Jul 21;437(2):394–402. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90009-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blioch Z. L., Glagoleva I. M., Liberman E. A., Nenashev V. A. A study of the mechanism of quantal transmitter release at a chemical synapse. J Physiol. 1968 Nov;199(1):11–35. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Castagna M., Takai Y., Kaibuchi K., Sano K., Kikkawa U., Nishizuka Y. Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jul 10;257(13):7847–7851. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cockcroft S., Gomperts B. D. Role of guanine nucleotide binding protein in the activation of polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase. Nature. 1985 Apr 11;314(6011):534–536. doi: 10.1038/314534a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Davis B., Lazarus N. R. An in Vitro system for studying insulin release caused by secretory granules-plasma membrane interaction: definition of the system. J Physiol. 1976 Apr;256(3):709–729. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Douglas W. W. Involvement of calcium in exocytosis and the exocytosis--vesiculation sequence. Biochem Soc Symp. 1974;(39):1–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gomperts B. D. Involvement of guanine nucleotide-binding protein in the gating of Ca2+ by receptors. Nature. 1983 Nov 3;306(5938):64–66. doi: 10.1038/306064a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gordon P. B., Seglen P. O. Autophagic sequestration of [14C]sucrose, introduced into rat hepatocytes by reversible electro-permeabilization. Exp Cell Res. 1982 Nov;142(1):1–14. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(82)90402-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gratzl M., Dahl G., Russell J. T., Thorn N. A. Fusion of neurohypophyseal membranes in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977 Oct 3;470(1):45–57. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90060-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gögelein H., Hüby A. Interaction of saponin and digitonin with black lipid membranes and lipid monolayers. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1984 Jun 13;773(1):32–38. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(84)90547-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Haslam R. J., Davidson M. M., Davies T., Lynham J. A., McClenaghan M. D. Regulation of blood platelet function by cyclic nucleotides. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 1978;9:533–552. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Haslam R. J., Davidson M. M. Guanine nucleotides decrease the free [Ca2+] required for secretion of serotonin from permeabilized blood platelets. Evidence of a role for a GTP-binding protein in platelet activation. FEBS Lett. 1984 Aug 20;174(1):90–95. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81084-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Haslam R. J., Davidson M. M. Potentiation by thrombin of the secretion of serotonin from permeabilized platelets equilibrated with Ca2+ buffers. Relationship to protein phosphorylation and diacylglycerol formation. Biochem J. 1984 Sep 1;222(2):351–361. doi: 10.1042/bj2220351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Haslam R. J., Davidson M. M. Receptor-induced diacylglycerol formation in permeabilized platelets; possible role for a GTP-binding protein. J Recept Res. 1984;4(1-6):605–629. doi: 10.3109/10799898409042576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Imaoka T., Lynham J. A., Haslam R. J. Purification and characterization of the 47,000-dalton protein phosphorylated during degranulation of human platelets. J Biol Chem. 1983 Sep 25;258(18):11404–11414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Impraim C. C., Foster K. A., Micklem K. J., Pasternak C. A. Nature of virally mediated changes in membrane permeability to small molecules. Biochem J. 1980 Mar 15;186(3):847–860. doi: 10.1042/bj1860847. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Jones P. M., Stutchfield J., Howell S. L. Effects of Ca2+ and a phorbol ester on insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans permeabilised by high-voltage discharge. FEBS Lett. 1985 Oct 21;191(1):102–106. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81002-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kikkawa U., Minakuchi R., Takai Y., Nishizuka Y. Calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) from rat brain. Methods Enzymol. 1983;99:288–298. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)99064-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kinosita K., Jr, Tsong T. Y. Formation and resealing of pores of controlled sizes in human erythrocyte membrane. Nature. 1977 Aug 4;268(5619):438–441. doi: 10.1038/268438a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Knight D. E., Baker P. F. Calcium-dependence of catecholamine release from bovine adrenal medullary cells after exposure to intense electric fields. J Membr Biol. 1982;68(2):107–140. doi: 10.1007/BF01872259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Knight D. E., Baker P. F. Guanine nucleotides and Ca-dependent exocytosis. Studies on two adrenal cell preparations. FEBS Lett. 1985 Sep 23;189(2):345–349. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81053-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Knight D. E., Baker P. F. The chromaffin granule proton pump and calcium-dependent exocytosis in bovine adrenal medullary cells. J Membr Biol. 1985;83(1-2):147–156. doi: 10.1007/BF01868746. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Knight D. E., Hallam T. J., Scrutton M. C. Agonist selectivity and second messenger concentration in Ca2+-mediated secretion. Nature. 1982 Mar 18;296(5854):256–257. doi: 10.1038/296256a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Knight D. E., Kesteven N. T. Evoked transient intracellular free Ca2+ changes and secretion in isolated bovine adrenal medullary cells. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1983 May 23;218(1211):177–199. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1983.0033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Knight D. E., Koh E. Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotide dependence of amylase release from isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells rendered permeable by intense electric fields. Cell Calcium. 1984 Aug;5(4):401–418. doi: 10.1016/0143-4160(84)90007-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Knight D. E., Niggli V., Scrutton M. C. Thrombin and activators of protein kinase C modulate secretory responses of permeabilised human platelets induced by Ca2+. Eur J Biochem. 1984 Sep 3;143(2):437–446. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08391.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Knight D. E., Scrutton M. C. Cyclic nucleotides control a system which regulates Ca2+ sensitivity of platelet secretion. Nature. 1984 May 3;309(5963):66–68. doi: 10.1038/309066a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Knight D. E., Scrutton M. C. Direct evidence for a role for Ca2+ in amine storage granule secretion by human platelets. Thromb Res. 1980 Nov 15;20(4):437–446. doi: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90282-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Knight D. E., Scrutton M. C. Effect of various excitatory agonists on the secretion of 5-hydroxytryptamine from permeabilised human platelets induced by Ca2+ in the presence or absence of GTP. FEBS Lett. 1985 Apr 22;183(2):417–422. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80823-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Konings F., De Potter W. Calcium-dependent in vitro interaction between bovine adrenal medullary cell membranes and chromaffin granules as a model for exocytosis. FEBS Lett. 1981 Apr 6;126(1):103–106. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)81043-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lefkowitz R. J., Stadel J. M., Caron M. G. Adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors: structure and mechanisms of activation and desensitization. Annu Rev Biochem. 1983;52:159–186. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.001111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Mauco G., Dangelmaier C. A., Smith J. B. Inositol lipids, phosphatidate and diacylglycerol share stearoylarachidonoylglycerol as a common backbone in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Biochem J. 1984 Dec 15;224(3):933–940. doi: 10.1042/bj2240933. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McClellan G. B., Winegrad S. The regulation of the calcium sensitivity of the contractile system in mammalian cardiac muscle. J Gen Physiol. 1978 Dec;72(6):737–764. doi: 10.1085/jgp.72.6.737. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Menashi S., Authi K. S., Carey F., Crawford N. Characterization of the calcium-sequestering process associated with human platelet intracellular membranes isolated by free-flow electrophoresis. Biochem J. 1984 Sep 1;222(2):413–417. doi: 10.1042/bj2220413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Menashi S., Weintroub H., Crawford N. Characterization of human platelet surface and intracellular membranes isolated by free flow electrophoresis. J Biol Chem. 1981 Apr 25;256(8):4095–4101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Mori T., Takai Y., Yu B., Takahashi J., Nishizuka Y., Fujikura T. Specificity of the fatty acyl moieties of diacylglycerol for the activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. J Biochem. 1982 Feb;91(2):427–431. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a133714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Niggli V., Knight D. E., Baker P. F., Vigny A., Henry J. P. Tyrosine hydroxylase in "leaky" adrenal medullary cells: evidence for in situ phosphorylation by separate Ca2+ and cyclic AMP-dependent systems. J Neurochem. 1984 Sep;43(3):646–658. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12784.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Pilwat G., Richter H. P., Zimmermann U. Giant culture cells by electric field-induced fusion. FEBS Lett. 1981 Oct 12;133(1):169–174. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80497-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Pollard H. B., Pazoles C. J., Creutz C. E., Ramu A., Strott C. A., Ray P., Brown E. M., Aurbach G. D., Tack-Goldman K. M., Shulman N. R. A role for anion transport in the regulation of release from chromaffin granules and exocytosis from cells. J Supramol Struct. 1977;7(3-4):277–285. doi: 10.1002/jss.400070302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Pollock W. K., Armstrong R. A., Brydon L. J., Jones R. L., MacIntyre D. E. Thromboxane-induced phosphatidate formation in human platelets. Relationship to receptor occupancy and to changes in cytosolic free calcium. Biochem J. 1984 May 1;219(3):833–842. doi: 10.1042/bj2190833. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Purdon A. D., Daniel J. L., Stewart G. J., Holmsen H. Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in porcine platelets. Regulation by an intracellular nonmitochondrial calcium pump and increase after thrombin stimulation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1984 Jul 30;800(2):178–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Riemann F., Zimmermann U., Pilwat G. Release and uptake of haemoglobin and ions in red blood cells induced by dielectric breakdown. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Jul 3;394(3):449–462. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(75)90296-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Rink T. J., Smith S. W., Tsien R. Y. Cytoplasmic free Ca2+ in human platelets: Ca2+ thresholds and Ca-independent activation for shape-change and secretion. FEBS Lett. 1982 Nov 1;148(1):21–26. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)81234-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Rittenhouse-Simmons S. Production of diglyceride from phosphatidylinositol in activated human platelets. J Clin Invest. 1979 Apr;63(4):580–587. doi: 10.1172/JCI109339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Rose B., Loewenstein W. R. Calcium ion distribution in cytoplasm visualised by aequorin: diffusion in cytosol restricted by energized sequestering. Science. 1975 Dec 19;190(4220):1204–1206. doi: 10.1126/science.1198106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Schulz I., Kimura T., Wakasugi H., Haase W., Kribben A. Analysis of Ca2+ fluxes and Ca2+ pools in pancreatic acini. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1981 Dec 18;296(1080):105–113. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1981.0175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Schwarze P. E., Seglen P. O. Reduced autophagic activity, improved protein balance and enhanced in vitro survival of hepatocytes isolated from carcinogen-treated rats. Exp Cell Res. 1985 Mar;157(1):15–28. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(85)90148-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Seglen P. O., Gordon P. B. Amino acid control of autophagic sequestration and protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;99(2):435–444. doi: 10.1083/jcb.99.2.435. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Tolleshaug H., Gordon P. B., Solheim A. E., Seglen P. O. Trapping of electro-injected [14C]sucrose by hepatocyte mitochondria: a mechanism for cellular autofiltration? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Mar 30;119(3):955–961. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90866-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Tsien R. Y. A non-disruptive technique for loading calcium buffers and indicators into cells. Nature. 1981 Apr 9;290(5806):527–528. doi: 10.1038/290527a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Tsien R. Y. New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures. Biochemistry. 1980 May 27;19(11):2396–2404. doi: 10.1021/bi00552a018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Tsien R. Y., Pozzan T., Rink T. J. Calcium homeostasis in intact lymphocytes: cytoplasmic free calcium monitored with a new, intracellularly trapped fluorescent indicator. J Cell Biol. 1982 Aug;94(2):325–334. doi: 10.1083/jcb.94.2.325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Vacquier V. D. The isolation of intact cortical granules from sea urchin eggs: calcium lons trigger granule discharge. Dev Biol. 1975 Mar;43(1):62–74. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90131-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Weinstein I. B. Current concepts and controversies in chemical carcinogenesis. J Supramol Struct Cell Biochem. 1981;17(2):99–120. doi: 10.1002/jsscb.380170202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Whitaker M. Polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis is associated with exocytosis in adrenal medullary cells. FEBS Lett. 1985 Sep 9;189(1):137–140. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80858-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Yaseen M. A., Pedley K. C., Howell S. L. Regulation of insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans rendered permeable by electric discharge. Biochem J. 1982 Jul 15;206(1):81–87. doi: 10.1042/bj2060081. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Zimmermann U., Pilwat G., Riemann F. Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes. Biophys J. 1974 Nov;14(11):881–899. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(74)85956-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Zimmermann U., Pilwat G., Riemann F. Preparation of erythrocyte ghosts by dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Jan 28;375(2):209–219. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(75)90189-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Zuurendonk P. F., Tager J. M. Rapid separation of particulate components and soluble cytoplasm of isolated rat-liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1974 Feb 22;333(2):393–399. doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(74)90022-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biochemical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biochemical Society

RESOURCES