Table 1.

Classified negative health effects of consuming fodder contaminated with mycotoxins.

Species of Animals	Clinical Symptoms	Breeding Problems
Pigs (boars, sows)	Damage to the digestive tract and kidneys, vulva swelling and redness, rectal prolapse, interfere with cell function and signaling in many tissues, immunosuppression, liver dysfunction, such as hemorrhages, jaundice, in boars, suppresses testosterone levels [48,54,55,56].	Fertility problems, low libido, decreased productivity, fetal death, infections, reduced feed consumption, weight loss by reducing body fat, slow growth of piglets consuming mycotoxins with milk, vomiting, diarrhea, severe respiratory signs, with labored and openmouthed breathing, heart failure and fluid accumulation in the lungs, deaths [48,54,55,56].
Cattle (dairy cows, beef cattle)	Decreased globulin levels in serum, disturbances in protein synthesis, inhibition of DNA synthesis, inflammation and cirrhosis of the liver, inflammation of the kidneys, decreased blastogenesis of bovine lymphocytes, immunosuppression, and changes in liver cells [47,50,55].	Decreased milk production, reproductive dysfunction, loss of appetite, anorexia, intermittent diarrhea, other digestive upsets, unthriftiness, rough hair coat, and deaths [47,50,55].
Poultry (laying hens, ducks, broilers, turkeys)	Decreased intestinal integrity, gastric erosions, coccidiosis, immunodeficiency, organ changes including liver enlargement and dysfunction, focal hemorrhage, biliary tract hypertrophy, nodular lymphoid infiltrates, inactivation of enzymes responsible for starch breakdown, digestion of lipids and proteins, reduction of serum protein levels, anemia [43,52,55,57].	Decreased size, quality, and egg production increased susceptibility to infection, decreased productivity, poor pigmentation of skin, eggs, and yolk, growth retardation, abnormal feathering, and deaths [43,52,55,57].
Horses	Disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system (including leukoencephalomalacia), ataxia, paresis, apathy, impaired locomotor function, changes in the cerebral cortex and white matter necrosis in the brain, central nervous system dysfunction, increased heart rate [47,55].	Reduced feed intake or refusals, general lethargy, increased susceptibility to disease, altered heat cycles, and swollen mammary glands in mares deaths [47,55].
Sheeps	Changes and disorders of the liver and kidneys, metabolic disorders, cardiological disorders (atrial fibrillation), necrosis of the tongue and cheeks epithelial tissues, and disorders of DNA and protein synthesis [55,58].	Deaths, reduced fodder intake, reproductive dysfunction, and weight loss by reducing body fat [55,58].
Fishes	Anemia, impaired blood clotting, sensitivity to bruising, damage to the liver and other organs, and decreased immune responsiveness increase vulnerability to bacteria and viral or parasitic infections [59,60].	Decreased body weight, growth impairment, changes in swimming behavior, higher rates of disease, and mortality [59,60].