Table 2.
The major species of farm animals that are endangered by molds producing mycotoxins that infect individual plant crops [10,14,18,37,57,61].
| Mycotoxins | The Major Species of Molds Producing Mycotoxins | The Most Important Health Effects | Main Crops Threatened with Infestation | The Major Group Endangered Species of Farm Animals | Recommended Maximum Value of Mycotoxins in Feed Materials or Compound Feed Intended for Animal Feeding * (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 | Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nominus | Carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and teratogenic effects | Peanuts, nuts, corn, cotton seeds, wheat, barley, cocoa beans, dried fruit, spices | Poultry, pigs, fish, | Feed materials: 0.02 (AFB1) Complementary and complete feed: 0.005–0.01 (AFB1) ** |
| Deoxynivalenol |
Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae |
Cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects, digestive disorders, and reduced weight gain | Wheat, barley, corn, oats, rye, rice, grain products | Poultry, pigs, ruminants, fish | Cereals and cereal products: 8 Maize by-products: 12 Compound feed: 0.9–5 |
| Fumonisins |
Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. subglutfinans |
Carcinogenic and hepatotoxic effects, pulmonary effects, encephalomalacia (brain necrosis) in horses | Corn, grapes | Pigs, horses | Maize and maize products (FB1 + FB2): 60 Compound feed (FB1 + FB2): 5–50 |
| Ochratoxin A. |
Penicillum verrucosum, P. commune, P. nordicum, P. purpurescens, Aspergillus ochraceus, A. alutaceus, A. melleus, A. carbonarium, A. niger |
Carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxin (kidney toxin) in pigs teratogenic, immunosuppressive effects, nephrotoxic effect | Grains, legumes, oilseeds, peanuts, cashews, dried fruit | Poultry, pigs | Cereals and cereal products: 0.25 Compound feed: 0.05–0.1 |
| T-2 toxin; HT-2 toxin |
F. sporotrichioides, F. langsethiae F. poae, F. solani |
Digestive disorders, hematologic changes, negative influence on the immune system | Cereals | Poultry, pigs, ruminants, fish | Feed materials: 0.5 Complete feed: 0.25 |
| Zearalenone |
Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. cerealia, F. equiseti |
Estrogenic, potentially carcinogenic, and teratogenic activity, reproductive disorders | In all types of cereals, processed cereals, the highest levels in maize and wheat bran | Pigs, ruminants, lambs | Cereals and cereal products: 2 Maize by-products: 3 Compound feed: 0.1–0.5 |
Comments: * The recommended mycotoxin content in feed materials intended for animal feeding mg/kg (ppm), (2006/576/EC) (2013/165/EU), (574/2011/EC), (OJ L 140, 30.5.2002, p. 10). The recommended maximum content of mycotoxins in animal feed varies depending on the species and age of the farm animal. ** (2002/32/EC): maximum content in mg/kg (ppm) relative to a feed with a moisture content of 12%.