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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2024 Sep 12;56(5):828–832. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.05.012

中文版口腔健康素养量表简版(HeLD-14)在学龄前儿童家长中应用的信度和效度评价

Evaluation of reliability and validity of Chinese version of a short-form of Health Literacy Dental scale (HeLD-14) in the application among parents of preschool children

Shuangyun ZHAO 1, Siyu ZOU 2, Xueying LI 2, Lijuan SHEN 2, Hong ZHOU 2,*
PMCID: PMC11480554  PMID: 39397461

Abstract

Objective

To assess the reliability, and validity of the Chinese version of a short-form of Health Literacy Dental scale (HeLD-14) in 3-6 years old preschool children's parents.

Methods

The study population consisted of those eligible 3-6 years old preschool children's parents in Yanqing District, Beijing, China in 2021. A total of 1 479 preschool children's parents were surveyed by questionnaire to understand the general situation of parents and oral health literacy related content. SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 7.4 were used for statistical analysis. Through Cronbach's α coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation calculation, Student's t test and other methods, the internal consistency reliability, structure validity, calibration validity and discrimination validity of the scale were evaluated.

Results

The Cronbach's α coefficient of Chinese version HeLD-14 scale was 0.958, and Cronbach's α coefficient of different constructs ranged from 0.778 to 0.963. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor loadings of each item of the Chinese version HeLD-14 scale were between 0.719 and 0.977 (P < 0.001), root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.04, comparative fix index (CFI)=0.992, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)=0.988, and the model had good goodness of fit. The total score of the Chinese version HeLD-14 scale and the scores of the dimension of concerning, understanding, supporting, financial burden, medical treatment, communication, and application were all positively correlated with general self-efficacy, and the correlation coefficients were 0.439, 0.406, 0.370, 0.344, 0.346, 0.367, 0.373, 0.390, respectively (P all < 0.05). For parents in the high group with the top 27% HeLD-14 score, the average HeLD-14 score was 69.27±1.06, which was higher than the low group with the bottom 27% HeLD-14 score, 41.29±11.09 (t=48.13, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The Chinese version HeLD-14 scale has good reliability and validity in the 3-6 years old preschool children's parents, and can be used as a tool to assess the oral health literacy of parents of preschool children.

Keywords: Oral health, Health literacy, Parents, Preschool child, Reproducibility of results


据《2017年全球疾病负担研究》估计,全世界约5.3亿儿童患有乳牙龋齿[1]。我国2018年发布的第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查显示5岁儿童乳牙患龋率高达71.9%[2]。如何采取有效干预措施减少儿童龋齿的发生成为不可忽视的重要问题。

口腔健康素养是指个人获得、处理和理解基本口腔健康信息和所需的服务以做出适当健康决策的能力[3]。研究证据表明,口腔健康素养较低的家长会更少遵循推荐给家长的儿童口腔健康实践(用含氟牙膏给孩子刷牙等)[4],且更有可能做出不利于儿童口腔健康的行为(夜间采用奶瓶喂养、不给孩子每天刷牙等),导致儿童口腔健康状况更差[5-6]。Duijester等[7]研究证据还显示,有着较强口腔健康意识的父母会有意识的促进孩子的口腔健康行为,并监督孩子的膳食摄入及口腔卫生习惯,降低儿童龋病的发生[8-9]。因此,科学有效地评估家长口腔健康素养对于预测和有针对性地预防儿童口腔疾病尤为重要。

目前,国际上掀起了开发用于评价包括儿童家长在内的成年人口腔健康素养相关工具的研究热潮,包括成人口腔素养快速评估量表(Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry,REALD-30)[10]、口腔健康素养量表(Health Literacy Dental scale,HeLD-29)[11]、口腔健康素养量表简版(a short-form Health Literacy Dental scale,HeLD-14)[11]等。然而,我国有关口腔健康素养评价工具的相关研究起步较晚,目前在临床工作中多采用自制量表进行评价,有效、可比性好且使用方便的评估工具相对缺乏[12]。因此,本研究评价了HeLD-14在3~6岁学龄前儿童家长中应用的信度和效度,旨在为将来应用该量表评估儿童家长口腔健康素养以进行儿童龋齿的早期干预奠定基础。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究采取方便抽样,于2021年1月选择北京市延庆区幼儿园3~6岁儿童家长作为研究对象,由保健医向儿童家长讲解调查的目的、内容及意义,家长在知情同意后参与调查。纳入标准为填写人有基本读写及理解能力,有能力完成问卷填写;排除不愿意参加问卷填写的人群。

1.2. 研究工具

1.2.1. 一般情况

一般情况包括研究对象的年龄、性别、文化程度等,由研究者在文献回顾的基础上结合本次研究对象自行设计问卷。

1.2.2. 中文版HeLD-14

中文版HeLD-14共有14个条目,包括7个维度:关注(2条目)、理解(2条目)、支持(2条目)、经济负担(2条目)、就医(2条目)、沟通(2条目)、运用(2条目)。采用Likert 5级评分法,“无法做到(非常困难)”计1分,“较困难”计2分,“一般”计3分,“较不困难”计4分,“没有任何困难”计5分,得分范围为14~70分,得分越高,表明口腔健康素养越好。本研究在取得原量表编译者的授权后,对英文原版进行了汉化。

1.2.3. 一般自我效能感量表

一般自我效能感量表(general self-efficacy scale,GSES)的中文版由王才康等[13]于2001翻译修订完成,其具有良好的适用性,内部一致性系数为0.87,重测信度为0.83,折半信度为0.90。GSES共10个条目,分为四级评分,“完全不同意”计1分,“不同意”计2分,“同意”计3分,“完全同意”计4分,得分范围为10~40分,得分越高,表明自我效能感越好。自我效能感是指个体在面对环境中的挑战时是否具备采取适应性行为的知觉或信念,本研究采用GSES作为HeLD-14的效标。

1.3. 资料收集

本研究通过自填电子问卷的方式进行,问卷通过问卷星发放,由儿童家长自行填写,数据由问卷星后台直接导出用于分析,由研究人员对问卷填写情况进行逻辑核查。

1.4. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件计算Cronbach’s α系数,评价量表的内部一致性信度,Cronbach’s α系数大于0.8,可认为内部一致性良好。采用Mplus 7.4软件通过验证性因子分析(confirmatory factor analysis,CFA)来评价量表的结构效度,通过近似误差均方根(root-mean-square error of approximation,RMSEA)、比较拟合指数(comparative fix index,CFI)和Tucker-Lewis指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)来评价量表模型的拟合优度情况,RMSEA < 0.08,TLI和CFI均>0.90,可认为模型拟合良好。采用Pearson相关分析法计算中文版HeLD-14与GSES的相关性来评价该量表的效标效度。将HeLD-14得分排在前27%者作为高分组,得分排在后27%者作为低分组,采用t检验比较两组家长HeLD-14得分之间的差异,以评价该量表的区分效度。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般情况

共回收问卷1 479份,在剔除内容不完整的相关问卷后纳入本研究的有效问卷为1 318份,有效率为89.11%。1 318份问卷中198份(15.02%)由父亲填写,1 120份(84.98%)由母亲填写;父母的年龄范围为20~57岁,平均(33.82±4.29)岁。在全部被纳入分析的1 318名家长中,汉族占93.8%,文化程度以大专或本科居多(占65.2%),家庭年收入以5万至20万元为主(占60.2%),具体见表 1

表 1.

被调查家长基本情况(n=1 318)

The basic information of the investigated parents (n=1 318)

Characteristics n %
Family role
  Mother 1 120 84.9
  Father 198 15.0
Ethnicity
  Han 1 237 93.8
  Minority 81 6.1
Highest educational level
  Primary school or below 11 0.8
  Junior school 109 8.2
  Technical secondary school or high school 303 22.9
  College or university 860 65.2
  Master degree or above 35 2.6
Annual income(Chinese 10 000 yuan)
   < 5 301 22.8
  ≥5 & < 20 794 60.2
  ≥20 & < 50 201 15.2
  ≥50 22 1.6

2.2. 信度分析

中文版HeLD-14量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.958,关注、理解、支持、经济负担、就医、沟通、运用维度的Cronbach’s α系数分别为0.903、0.925、0.778、0.963、0.887、0.946、0.951。

2.3. 结构效度分析

采用最大似然法进行验证性因子分析,模型拟合优度检验结果为:χ2=128.325,RMSEA=0.04,CFI=0.992,TLI=0.988,具体见表 2。验证性因子分析结果显示,关注、理解、支持、经济负担、就医、沟通、运用维度各条目的因子负荷在0.719~0.977,均具有统计学意义(P < 0.001,表 3)。

表 2.

中文版HeLD-14量表的验证性因子分析模型拟合优度结果

The goodness of fit of Chinese version HeLD-14 by confirmatory factor analysis

Items χ 2 df χ2/df P CFI TLI RMSEA
HeLD-14, a short-form Health Literacy Dental scale; CFI, comparative fix index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; RMSEA, root-mean-square error of approximation.
Reference standard < 5 < 0.001 >0.9 >0.9 < 0.08
Seven-factor model 128.325 56 2.291 < 0.001 0.992 0.988 0.04

表 3.

中文版HeLD-14验证性因子分析结果

Results of Chinese version HeLD-14 confirmatory factor analysis

Dimensions Items Factor loadings
Concerning Do you care about your teeth or oral health? 0.874
Do you spend time doing things that are good for your teeth or oral health? 0.901
Understanding Are you able to read relevant text information, such as the treatment form given by your dentist? 0.912
Are you able to read dental or oral health information manuals available in dental clinics and waiting rooms? 0.933
Supporting Are you able to take your family or friends to the dentist? 0.847
When you go to the dentist, do you ask other people to go with you? 0.719
Financial burden Can you afford to the cost of going to the dentist (treatment and tests)? 0.961
Can you afford your medication for dental or oral care? 0.961
Medical treatment Do you know how to go to the dentist? 0.900
Do you know what you need to do to see a dentist? 0.854
Communication Do you seek advice from a dental professional about your teeth or oral health care? 0.935
Can you use the information given by your dentist to make decisions about your teeth or oral health care? 0.968
Application Are you able to carry out the dentist’s orders? 0.977
Can you take advice from your dentist to make decisions about your teeth or oral health? 0.904

2.4. 校标效度分析

Pearson相关分析结果显示,中文版HeLD-14量表总分及关注、理解、支持、经济负担、就医、沟通、运用均与一般自我效能感正相关,相关系数分别为0.439、0.406、0.370、0.344、0.346、0.367、0.373、0.390,均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。一般自我效能感量表在本次研究当中的Cronbach’s α系数为0.955。

2.5. 区分效度分析

分析显示,本研究调查的延庆幼儿园3~6岁儿童家长的中文版HeLD-14量表得分为57.75±12.60;得分排在前27%的高分组3~6岁儿童家长的口腔健康素养得分为69.27±1.06,高于得分排在后27%的低分组(41.29±11.09),差异具有统计学意义(t=48.13,P < 0.01),提示中文版HeLD-14具有较好的区分效度。

3. 讨论

HeLD-14是以健康素养管理量表(Health Lite-racy Management,HELMS)为理论基础开发的,与测量医学专业词汇认知能力的成人医学素养快速评估(Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine,REALM)量表及测量健康信息理解能力和计算能力的成人功能性健康素养测试(Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults,TOFHLA)量表相比[14],HeLD-14考虑了口腔健康素养概念的多元性,衡量个人寻求、理解和利用健康信息以做出适当健康决策的能力。HeLD-14条目数较少,条目内容简洁明了,便于理解。

信度是效度的必要条件,良好的信度是效度的基础。本研究中文版HeLD-14量表的Cronbach’s α系数在可接受范围内,提示中文版HeLD-14量表在中国成年人群中的应用具有较好的内部一致性;各个条目间的同质性较好,说明中文版HeLD-14量表在中国成年人群中的应用具有可靠性。这一结果与2018年陈满满[15]的研究结果一致,该项研究中作者采用译制的中文版HeLD-14在150名孕妇中开展研究,结果显示量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.92,具有良好的内部一致性,但遗憾的是该项研究未对其进行效度检验。

本研究验证性因子分析结果显示,中文版HeLD-14量表的各个条目因子负荷均大于0.7,表明各条目均能较准确估计其所属维度情况。模型拟合优度检验结果显示,量表的七因子模型具有较好的拟合优度,理论模型结构与实证数据较为契合,可以认为量表在3~6岁学龄前儿童家长中具有较好的结构效度。既往研究显示,在澳大利亚大样本成年人群研究中,HeLD-14量表七维度模型在验证性因子分析中表现出良好的拟合优度(CFI=0.99,GFI=0.98,RMSEA=0.045)[]。同样地,在巴西成年人群中,HeLD-14量表七维度模型也表现出良好的拟合优度(CFI=0.98,GFI=0.95,RMSEA=0.05;CFI=0.99,GFI=0.96,RMSEA=0.04)[17-18]。本研究还显示,3~6岁学龄前儿童家长的口腔健康素养与一般自我效能感呈正相关,家长缺乏自我效能会影响其口腔健康素养,表明中文版HeLD-14量表在学龄前儿童家长中效标关联效度较好。此外,本研究还显示高分组家长的口腔健康素养得分高于低分组,表明中文版HeLD-14量表在3~6岁学龄前儿童家长中具有较好的区分效度,提示该量表能够有效区分具有不同人群特征的口腔健康素养的能力。

家庭是儿童生长和发育的主要环境,由于儿童生理、心理尚未发育成熟,家长对其口腔健康有重要的影响。大多数评估龋齿的研究发现,较低的父母口腔健康素养与较高的龋齿患病率之间存在关联[19]。运用经过信度和效度评价后的测量工具对学龄前儿童家长口腔健康素养进行评估,不仅可以进行国内和国际上的比较,了解成人口腔健康素养的现状,还可进一步分析儿童家长的口腔健康素养状况对儿童口腔健康所产生的影响,对未来开展儿童龋齿的早期干预具有重要意义。

但是,需要指出的是,本研究用于评估中文版HeLD-14量表信度和效度的人群为学龄前儿童家长,年龄相对年轻,文化程度和家庭经济状况相对较好,无法代表整个成年人群体;而且回收的问卷中由于部分问卷量表相关内容填写不完整,无法进一步进行量表评分及分析,可能会在一定程度上影响研究人群的代表性,影响本研究的分析结果,这是本研究的局限所在。

综上,中文版HeLD-14量表条目数较少,条目内容简洁明了,普适性较高。本研究发现中文版HeLD-14量表在中国学龄前儿童父母中具有良好的信度和效度,为HeLD-14量表进一步在中国成年人群中的应用提供了基础,为未来开展口腔健康素养相关研究提供了方便且有力的测量工具。

Footnotes

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  赵双云:提出研究思路;赵双云、周虹:设计研究方案;邹思雨、李雪莹、沈丽娟:收集、分析、整理数据;赵双云、沈丽娟:撰写论文;周虹:总体把关和审定论文。

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