FIGURE 3.

The cytokine secretion profile of age‐associated B cells (ABCs) is different from other B‐cell subsets. Sorted cells from established rheumatoid arthritis patients (n = 5) were incubated with a stimulation cocktail (Imiquimod, CpG A, CpG B, PWM, anti‐CD40, IL‐21, IL‐4 and IFN‐γ) for 5 days. The culture supernatants were harvested, and the concentration of each cytokine was detected using a U‐PLEX Custom Biomarker immunoassay from MSD. The dotted line indicates the unstimulated levels. Statistical significance was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons of the two conditions in each B‐cell subset; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. IL‐6 (a), IL‐10 (b), IL‐12p70 (c), IL‐23 (d), GM‐CSF (e) and TNF‐α (f)