Personalised approaches are necessary for successful antimicrobial therapy due to interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters and differences in pathogen susceptibility.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), combined with population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models and machine learning (ML) techniques, offers a promising strategy for individualising antimicrobial drug dosing.

The implementation of TDM and advanced modelling techniques poses challenges, including rigorous model selection and validation, understanding the relationship between drug exposure and clinical outcomes, and ensuring regulatory compliance.